Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Pectin Extraction of Citrus aurantifolia’s Peel Using Microwave Assisted Extraction
No full textThis research investigated pectin extraction of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel with oxalic acid solvent using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method. Prior of usage, lime peel was dried and ground to reduce water content and increase contact surface. Extraction using conventional method was also performed to study comparison with extraction using MAE. Extraction using MAE was performed to 10 g material and 300 mL oxalic acid 0.2 N. Pectin solution was then dehydrated using 96% ethanol (1:1 v/v) to get pure pectin. Experiment showed that MAE method obtained pectin with shorter duration (6 minutes with rendement 10.9%) compared to conventional method (20 minutes with rendement 11.8%). Pectin extraction using MAE for 6 minutes at 450 Watt produced 10.9 g pectin, higher than 350 W which produced 10.2 g. At 450 Watt with duration of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 minutes, pectin obtained are 0.75; 0.87; 0.93; 1.01 and 1.09 g respectively. The result of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and other properties analysis showed that pectin consists of ester, cyclic-carbon, carboxylic and carbonile; and also 8.15% metoxil, 74.57% galacturonic acid, 2.7% water, 0.236% ash, esterification degree of 79.2%, and equivalent weight of 612
Optimasi Proses Dealuminasi Modernite sebagai Katalis Perengkahan Minyak Goreng Bekas menjadi Biofuel
No full textUsed cooking oil is a food industry waste and household waste, which has high potential to be used as biofuel feedstock, which has the chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms high. Biofuel can be produced by the method of catalytic cracking. Modernite is potential to be used as an acid catalyst for the cracking process. To get a good acidity catalyst, modernite can be modified catalyst by dealumination process. The raw material used is used cooking oil and used modernite type zeolite catalyst with a trademark CBV 21A, which having a mole ratio of SiO2 / Al2O3 of 20 and a surface area of 500 m2/g. The reactor used in the form of a catalytic reactor and a three-stage process i.e dealumination of the catalyst, catalyst calcination process, and catalyst testing to reaction of used cooking oil catalytic cracking. Dealuminated catalyst is carried on a temperature that is 30, 50, 70°C. Modernite catalyst dealumination results included in the pipe nozzle and injected into the furnace by flowing N2 gas at a temperature of 600oC for 5 jam. For catalyst testing for used cooking oil cracking reaction under temperature 450 oC. In this study, the optimization equation for the liquid product is Y = 2,801712 + 0,296807 X1 + 0,579137 X2 + 0,486784 X3 – 0,1875 X - 0,2125 X2X3 – 0,211775 X1^2 + 0,467905 X2^2 – 0,59326 X3^
Kajian Pengaruh Ukuran Penambat Pada Fermentasi Etanol Secara Continue dengan Batu Apung Sebagai Media Penambat Pada Fermentor Kolom Fixed Bed
No full textEthanol production is increasing every year due to the great need. Ethanol is widely used as chemicalsynthesis ingredient, as a solvent and can be used as a fuel mixture of gasoline, there by ethanol become analternative renewable fuel. Difficulties often encountered in the fermentation process, namely the separationof the product of yeast used. Tethered cell method (immobilized cell) may be one method that can be used asan alternative, and pumice can be used as an immobilized media. The purpose of this study was todetermine ethanol concentration and value of ethanol yield in the continues fermentation process usingcoloumn fixed bed fermenters with pumice as an immobilized cell media and comparing with free cellcondition. The parameters in this study is glucose concentration of 150 g / L with a temperature of 34 ° C,pH 4.5, substrat flow rate of 0,555 mL/min , pumice height is 50% fermentor height, and the number of cellsthat is tethered. While the variable in this study include the condition of the cell that is free and immobilized ,pumice size with mesh 6/8 and mesh 16/18 . Results obtained with the best conditions on a continuousethanol fermentation in a fixed bed column was obtained on condition of immobilized cells with a pumice sizemesh 16/18 with ethanol consentrasion of 61.8 % v/ v, the value of ethanol yield at 23,22% w / w and theaverage percentage of cells that escape 0.213%
Fuel Grade Ethanol Production by Batch Distillation Using Ternary Components
Get PDFEthanol is a chemical compound whose production is abundant in Indonesia. Ethanol is also widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, solvents, and spiritus fuel. Pure ethanol also has a high octane rating making it suitable used to raise the octane number of the gasoline. One way that can be done to purify the ethanol is a way to shift the ternary distillation azeotrope so that its purity can reach over 99.5%. Chemicals used to raise the boiling point of water include sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, ethylene glycol, glycerol and citric acid at certain concentrations. Ternary components were added to the raw material alcohol 86% specified in such order to obtain increasing boiling point of water as the heavy fraction by 5 oC, 10 oC, 15 oC, 20 oC and 25 oC.The distillation process is done in batch include column packing material at atmospheric pressure. Distilled provide 99.57% up to 99.91% purity ethanol in ternary addition of sulfuric acid, 99.59% up to 99.79% in the ternary addition of sodium hydroxide, 99.55% in the ternary addition of ethylene glycol, 99.64% on a ternary addition of glycerol, and 99.42% in ternary addition of citric acid. So in this experiment only the addition of sulfuric acid ternary who can give the best results with ethanol content 99.91%
Effect of Zinc Phosphating and Adhesive Thickness on Delamination Bonding Strength for Rubber/Steel Laminate Composite
No full textRubber/steel laminate composite is widely used for Rubber Vibration Insulator (RVI), part of the diesel power plant engine. This study aims to determine the effect of phosphating process and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of rubber/steel laminate composite. After shot blasting process, some substrates are coated with zinc phosphate and other substrates are remain uncoated. Variations of the thickness of primer adhesive are 2.7, 6.8 and 11.9 μm combined with variations of topcoat adhesive thickness are 2.4, 7.1 and 12.5 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 160C in 450 seconds. The laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Delamination surface was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that zinc phosphating process on substrate effectively to increase the bonding strength of laminate composite due to the metal zinc phosphate formation and impurities cleanliness. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer achieved in 6.8 μm combined with 7.1 μm topcoat adhesive thickness, which bonding strength was reached 252.2 N
Extraction of Phytochemical Compounds from Pressed-Palm Fiber Using Water and Pressurize Carbon Dioxide
No full textSub-critical extraction of palm oil from pressed palm fiber using water and preassured carbon dioxide solventwas conducted via the dynamic mode to investigate the ability of water and CO2 to extract α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and phenolic compounds. The yield of palm oil and the solubility of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, andphenolic compounds were investigated at 120; 140; 160; and 180oC and pressure range from 30–100 bar. Theextracted oil was analysed α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and phenolic compounds content using UV–Visspectrophotometry. The results The temperature increase on the process of extracting hydrothermal on thetemperature (120-180oC) increase yield α-tocopherol .The steady to extract α-tocopherol , an acid palmitateand β-carotene on the temperature 180oc with pressure 10 MPa .From the experiment done get the best resulton the temperature 180oC to pressure 10 MPa with yield α-tocopherol 271,28 mg/g sample (% recovery is73,06%), yield pamitate acid 2,066 mg/g sample (% recovery is 0,55% ), and yield β-carotene 0,008 mg/gsample (% recovery is 0,0021 %) as compared to that achieved through conventional palm oil processingindicates that extraction of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and phenolic compounds using this methode is viable
Analisis Kadar Zat Menguap dan Kadar Karbon Terikat Pada Briket Eceng Gondok – Sekam Padi
No full textWater hyacinths are aquatic weeds that have negative impacts of social, economical, and environmental. Water hyacinth has not been widely used as a renewable energy. Aim of this research is to analyze volatile matter content and fixed carbon content at renewable energy sources in the form of water hyacinth – rice husk briquette. The research design is experiment using Factorial Complete Randomized Design (3x3) with two factors; the charcoal combinations of rice husk : water hyacinth and the percentage of tapioca binder. This experiment is repeated 3 times, so there are 27 treatments. The calculation of volatile matter content using ASTMD-3175 standard and the calculation of fixed carbon content using ASTMD-3172 standard. The results show that the lowest volatile matter content (50.5%) and the highest fixed carbon content (20.3%) are owned by briquette A1P3 (combination of rice husk : water hyacinth 1:1 and the percentage of tapioca binder 5%). That briquette is not appropriate with the standards of charcoal briquette (SNI 01-6235-2000
Penentuan Chemicals Kritis pada Industri Migas Menggunakan Analisis ABC (Studi Kasus pada Petro China Internatioal Jabung Ltd.)
No full textChemicals are key supporting items for production processes in the oil and gas industry. One of the strategies to control the supply of the chemicals is identifying them based on their critical level. This study deals with the identification of critical chemicals in a private oil and gas company. Currently there are 47 chemicals that are declared by the company as critical items. The company determined critical itemsmainly based on theirdemand. In this study we identified the critical level of the chemicals using ABC analysis. We used the last five-year data and considered the total inventory costs of each item. The study shows different result from the one that is currently done by the company. The analysis indicates that there are 14 chemicals that are classified as critical items. The result of the study can be used as the basis for the company to control the inventory of the critical chemicals. In addition to inventory costs, future study can be done to develop method for classifying critical itemsby taking into accountmultiple criteria such as expired date, ordering lot size, and delivery time of the materials
