Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Studi Dinamika Proses Distilasi Reaktif Dalam Produksi 2-EthylhexylDodecanoate Menggunakan Aspen Plus Dynamics: Fungsi Alih Antara Komposisi Produk Terhadap Beban Reboiler dan Laju Refluks
No full textIn chemical industry, control system is one of the most important things to ensure production quality andsafety. In designing the control system, dynamics models in the form of transfer functions are required. In acomplex process the transfer functions are derived from black box models, in which the relationshipsbetween input and output variables are obtained from the dynamic data regression. One of the complexprocesses that can be found in the chemical industry is reactive distillation (RD). RD control system usuallytake the products compositions as controlled variable (CV) while manipulated variable or controller output(CO) are reboiler duty and reflux flow rate. This research aims to find the form of the transfer functionbetween CV and CO, as well as the values of the parameters of the transfer function. To achieve this goals,dynamic simulations of RD column was carried out by step test using Aspen Plus Dynamics. The result wasthen regressed to obtain the most appropriate transfer function. The chemical process that is applied in thecolumn RD is the production of 2-ethylhexyl-dodecanoate, a fatty acid ester which has a high economic valuefor it is widely used as raw materials of specialty chemica
Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Migas dengan Adsorpsi Pada Kolom Fixed – Bed
No full textPetroleum processing industry activities generate wastewater containing phenol. If the effluent directly released into the environment will cause environmental pollution. This study aims to determine the effect of flow rate and height of bed to the reduction in the phenol content in wastewater oil and gas industry by using activated carbon adsorbent in a fixed-bed column. The study begins with the pre-treatment of wastewater by aeration to separate the oil content in the waste water. Furthermore sewage flowed into a fixed-bed column at various flow rates and high bed. Effluent from each - each variation of measured and calculated% concentration phenol removal. The results showed that the reduction in flow rate increases the amount of phenol is absorbed. For the high bed 25%, 50% and 75% of the fixed-bed column height, the higher the bed the higher the amount of phenol is absorbed. Best results are obtained on a high bed 75% and a flow rate of 0.8 mL / sec with% phenol removal amounted to 98.99%
Penyediaan Katalis Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 untuk Katalis Sintesis-Langsung DME
No full textDirect synthesis of dimethyl eter (DME) using Cu-based catalyst was studied with varying amounts of Zn for methanol synthesis, and Al2O3 as a component for methanol dehydration. Catalyst was prepared using two methods, i.e. the sol gel co-precipitation and the co-precipitation. Mass ratio of (Cu + Zn) to Al2O3 was held constant of 2. The characterization test indicated that co-precipitation catalyst had a better mechanical strength than sol-gel catalyst.Characteristic analysis (BET, XRD, SEM, and AAS) and activity tests (at 220oC). The sol gel co-precipitation method consisted of a higher portion of crystals 61.1%, while the coprecipitation catalyst had 21.8% crystals.However,the solgelco-precipitation had the smallest surface area of the catalyst 47.8m^2/g, while the co-precipitation had 114 m2/g. From the results of SEM analysis showed that almost all of catalyst texture contained amorf (50-70%) than crystal (20-40%). Catalyst CZA1 contained many amorf (78.2%) than crystal (21.8%), and this is match from XRD analysis. The amount of ZnO contained in catalyst (from the analysis of AAS) is quite far away from the target, this is due to lack of time aging in metal forming ZnO. Aging 6 hours enough for formation of crystal ZnO, but give a smallest surface area (20.4 m^2 /g). Co-precipitation method with aging 2 hours tested its activity in the synthesis of DME varied the active phase and promoter. CZA2 provide the best catalyst activity in the test activation and catalytic reduction process. CO convertion was 16% by CZA2 catalyst at 220oC and 1 bar
Pengaruh Aktivator Stardec terhadap Proses Pembuatan Pupuk Organik dari Kotoran Sapi
No full textCow’s feces originated from farms dairy an organic waste that can causing an environmental pollutiontherefore need to be process to make something such as fertilizer using activators that help the decompositionprocess run faster. Activator used in this experiment is Stardec. Decomposition of cow’s feces becomingorganic fertilizer by mixing cow’s feces with Stardec activator. Ratio of cow’s feces weight (Metric Ton) byweight (Kilogram) of Stardec activator is 1:0; 1:1; 1:2; 1:3; 1:4. Thereafter, add the anorganic fertilizer(Urea, KCl, SP-36) and limestone to the mixture each about 2,5 kilograms after that cover the mixture withplastic wrap and make some holes with bamboo. The allowing the mixture for 3 weeks to make an analysis ontemperature and C/N ratio for 3 days. The experiment result shows that process of composition for 21 dayson Stardec with 10 kg weight to produce organic fertilizer consist about 15,23% organic carbon, 0,84% totalnitrogen, 18,13 C/N ratio. These result meet the quality standards set by the Minister of AgricultureNo.70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011
Gasifikasi Cangkang Sawit dalam Updraft Fixed Bed Gasifier: Pengukuran Laju Gasifikasi Spesifik
Get PDFGasification is process conversion solid material into fuel gas. This study were carried on updraft fixed bedgasifier. Commercial application for updraft gasifier is used in Asphalt Mixing Plant at Ngawi with thecapacity 1 ton/hour. Palm shell was used as feedstock in this study with air as gasifying agent. Feedingconducted as batch and intermittent (0.5 kg every 12 minute in certain time). Gasification process alsoproduced an undesirable product called tar. The analysis of tar measurement and gas composition wasperformed by impinger bottle method and GC-TCD respectively. Gasification performance observed includesflare ignition, temperature progress, tar quantity, and specific gasification rate. Biomass with high moisturecontent produces producer gases that will be difficult to burnt because producer gases carried moisturecontent from biomass. Flare ignition on biomass with moisture content 7,01% would be slower 2 minutesthan moisture content 4%. Flammable producer gases when net calorific value more than 3500 kJ/Nm3.Temperature progress with intermittent feeding increase faster than batch feeding. However, temperaturprogress decreases when biomass was fed into the reactor. Tar content with high temperature on intermittentfeeding (4.8 mg/Nm3) was smaller than batch feeding (14 mg/Nm3). In this study, spesific gasification rate(SGR) about 47.7 - 65.4 kg/m2h
Perbaikan Mutu Minyak Kelapa Sawit Curah dengan Metode Adsorpsi dalam Tangki Berpengaduk
Get PDFThis research objective is to improve the quality of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). In general, CPO contain free fatty acid known as FFA. CPO purification is necessary to eliminate FFA. In this research, CPO purification conducted by using adsorption method with various adsorbent. The adsorbent has to be activated with NaOH 0,087 N before being used. The variable used are variation of adsorbent (zeolite, bioceramics, and carbon active), adsorbent size (mesh of 20,30, 40,80, 100), and mixing time (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes). CPO quality can be analyzed by acidic-alkaline method to measure the number of acid, proxyde, saponification, iodine, and water value. The result showed that the optimum condition occurred when using zeolite of 100 mesh and 50 minutes mixing time. Before adsorption, the measurement for number of acid, peroxide, saponification, iodine and water value are respectively 1,9889; 16; 150,0675; 19,6695; and 6,572%. While the measurement result after adsorption are 0,1989 for acid number; 2 for peroxide number; 200,5575 for saponification number; 45,684 for iodine number; and 0,242% for water value. Compare to SNI 01-3741-1995 Standar Mutu Minyak Goreng, the result showed that CPO quality is improved and in line with the SNI requirement
Conversion of Ligno-cellulosic Biomass Waste into Cellulose Nano-Fibril (CNF) Biodegradable Film for Bioactive Food Packaging
Get PDFIndonesia is rich in tropical fruit. However, many tropical fruits face a post-harvesting problem related to the short shelf-life of fruits due to the high respiration, transpiration, and decaying by fungi. To solve this problem, it is necessary to prolong the shelf-life of tropical fruit by applying bioactive food packaging which can prevent fruit from decaying and rotting. Among the prospective bioactive food packaging is biodegradable film made of cellulose nanofibril (CNF). CNF is new nanomaterial containing thin fiber from cellulose. This material forms transparent gel, thus it is easily to be modified into biodegradable film which is homogenous, safe, environmentally friendly, and renewable. CNF nanomaterial can be derived from lingo-cellulosic material through the process of lingo-cellullose degradation followed by homogenization using fluidization process. This process results in CNF transparent gel which can be readily modified as biodegradable film. This biodegradable film is then can be applied to the tropical fruits to prolong their shelf-life. CNF bioactive food packaging has high mechanical strength and high protection against oxidation process. This paper comprehensively reviews the advanced technology of upgrading lingo-cellulosic biomass waste into CNF biodegradable film and the technic of applying it as bioactive fruit packaging
Pengaruh Sudut Masuk Impeller Terhadap Pola Alir Dalam Reaktor Biogas dengan Side Entering Mixer
No full textSide-entering impeller is widely used in the biogas plant. Liquid effluent is processed anaerobically in a hugetank with a relatively small impeller-to-tank diameter ratio.The purpose of this research is to study the sideeffects of entering angle against the flow characteristics in a stirred tank with side-entering mixers (SEM)using flow visualization techniques. This work was conducted on the tank cylinder with a diameter of 40 cmand 40 cm high liquid. Impeller 3-blade propeller which made from stainless steel with 3 and 4 cm indiameter. Variable speed rotary impeller used is 100 to 400 rpm. Side entry angle used are 5 °, 10 °, and 15 °right and left side.Visualization techniques used in this research, specifically focus on the light liquid layervertically and horizontally desired then photographed with a DSLR camera and observation in order tocharacterize the flow pattern. In the type of impeller propeller with an increase in rotational speed, thegeneral layout circulation flow getting to the top is almost half of the liquid level. The changes of side entryangle does not really give much influence over the location of the circulation flow that occurs in the tank
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Performance of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and Sn Composite as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery
No full textLithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) and tin (Sn) composites are successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The objectives of this research were to obtain a spinel structure of LTO at a calcination temperature of 500C, and to improve performance of LTO by addition of Sn. The thermal, crystal structure, microstructure and electrical properties of the samples have been characterized by DT/TGA, XRD, SEM/EDX, and EIS, respectively. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties were analyzed using a charge-discharge battery analyzer. The results showed that the spinel phase was obtained for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite with the highest conductivity value of 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Cyclic voltammetry test showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation (redox) voltages at 1.48V and 1.74 V for LTO and at 1.65 V and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn occurred at 0.61 V. The charge/discharge test of LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed that the addition of Sn exhibited capacity at low current-voltage (0.6 V), identifying the advantages of composite which still had discharge capacity at low voltage. The specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite increased from 76 to 110 mAh/g at 0.3C rate. And the spinel LTO sample can work up to 60C rate