Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Pengaruh Kondisi Operasi pada Pembuatan Green Diesel dari MinyakNyamplung dengan Katalis NiMo/Al2O3 dan NiW/Al2O3
No full textThe attractiveness of biodiesel as an alternative fuel compared to fossil fuels because it has many advantages such as the availability of abundant raw materials, more environmentally friendly, high combustion efficiency, low sulfur content, high cetane number and biodegradability. Making biodiesel from callophylum inophyllum oil has been done through the hydrogenation process. Callophylum inophylum oil was treated via degumming and neutralisation to remove all impurities before hydroprocesing. Hydroprocessing was carried out in a 500ml autoclve at 30 – 50 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure, 300 – 400 oC of reaction temperature and equiped with stirrer and cooling sistem. NiMo/Al2O3 or NiW/Al2O3 was activated with CS2 mixture at 370 oC prior to the reaction. Some physical and chemical properties of the catalytic hydroprocessing product have been investigated in accordance to ASTM standard. The measurement result of product varies according to the operation condition. The result showed that calophyllum inophullum oil can be used as raw material for green diesel over NiMo/Al2O3 and NiW/Al2O3. Sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts are preferred due to high diesel yield
PENGARUH DENSITAS MINYAK BUMI TERHADAP OIL LOSSES PADA PENCAMPURAN MINYAK BUMI DI LAPANGAN ‘X’ SUMATRA SELATAN
No full textField experience shows that, when two or more oils have different densities mixtures and transported throughthe pipeline at the same time, the mixtures will form a new characteristics of oils that different than oilsinitially, then the volume of the oil mixture is delivered from the SP ( Gathering Station), as the transferpoint, the volume will be different on the tank received. Differences between the sending and receiving ofthese so-called oil losses. One factor is the shrinkage volume of oil that caused the process of mixing two ormore of oils which have different characteristics in the pipeline or tank .Laboratory testing use to calculateshrinkage of oil, but the other use the American Petroleum Institute method.In a case study conducted in theoil field \u27X\u27 in South Sumatra there are some groups that have different characteristics of petroleum, andfrom laboratory experiments and mathematical calculations showed that the shrinkage in the Group 1 isequal to 0.115% or 2.386 BOPD, shrinkage in the Group 2 is equal to 0131% or 3.931 BOPD. The amountof shrinkage in Group 3 of 0.476% which is equivalent to 6.748 BOPD and for Group 4 seen that shrinkageof this group amounted to 0.189% or 2.082 BOPD and shrinkage for Group 5 amounted to 5% or 38.507BOPD. While the total shrinkage in the network system from upstream to downstream (group 1- 5) isapproximately 0.257%, or approximately 54.37 BPO
Karakterisasi Bio-Oil dari Hasil Pirolisis terhadap Biomasa
Get PDFThe utilization of biomass as a source of new and renewable energy is being carried out. One of the technologies to convert biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis which is converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil. Bio-oil is a liquid which produced by steam condensation process from the pyrolysis of coconut shell. The composition of biomass such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin will be oxidized to phenol, alcohol, and acetate acid as the main content of the bio-oil. The experiments typically occurred at the atmospheric pressure in a laboratory furnace at temperatures ranging from 300 to 550oC with a heating rate of 10oC/min and a holding time of 1 hour at the pyrolysis temperature. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to analyze the bio-oil components. The obtained bio-oil has the viscosity of 1.185 cp (coconut husk), 1.133 cp (coffee husk), 1,094 cp (sawdust); the density of 1.008 g/cm3 (coconut husk), 0.994 g/cm3 (coffee husk), 0.98 g/cm3 (sawdust);the caloric value of 3500kcal/kg (coconut husk),4200 kcal/kg (coffee husk), 1500 kcal/kg (sawdust); and the moisture content of 16% (coconut husk),31% (coffee husk),13% (sawdust). The analysis of GC-MS result showed that the bio-oil from coconut husk contained ethyl ester (37.60%), phenol (40.01%); bio-oil from coffee husk contained acetic acid (26%), phenol (34%); and bio-oil from sawdust contained acetaldehyde (26.15%), acetic acid (20.90%)
Adsorpsi Zat Warna Direct Black 38 Menggunakan Kitosan Hidrogel
No full textThe dye widely used in sarung samarinda textile dyeing is direct black 38 (DB 38). A batch system applied tostudy the adsorption of DB 38 from aqueous solutions by chitosan hydrogel beads as adsorbent. The ioniccross-linking reagent sodium tripolyphosphate (STTP) used to obtain more rigid chitosan beads. The effectsof contact time and adsorbent dose were evaluated. DB 38 and adsorbent inserted into flasks and wereshaked at 150 rpm using an electric shaker at room temperature. Samples were filtered and analyzed using aUV-Vis at a wavelength of 505.7 nm to determine the concentration of DB 38. The results showed thatchitosan produced in a spherical shape and diameter of 3 mm. The beads observed solid, rigid, white milk,not sticky and has water content of 96%. The use of chitosan hydrogel dose of 0,34 g (dry based) and contacttime of 360 minutes can removal of DB 38 up to 92,42%. The maximum adsorption capacity is 4,93 mg/g,which followed Freundlich model
Sintesis Carboxymethyl Konjac-Glucomannan (CM-KGM) dari Tepung Porang: Pengaruh Media dan Suhu Karboksimetilasi terhadap Nilai Derajat Substitusi
No full textTo increase the solubility of porang flour or konjac flour, the konjac flour was modified chemically into carboxymethylation konjac-glucomannan (CM-KGM). CM-KGM was prepared by alkalization of konjac flour using sodium hydroxide for 30 minutes at 30oC. After then, product alkalization was carboxymeted using sodium monochloroacetic (Na-MCA) with ratio 1:1 gram flour/NA-MCA. The aims of this research were to study the effect of concentration ethanol as the solvent media (50% ethanol and 90% ethanol) and temperature (45-50oC dan 65-70oC) to the rate of degrees of substitution (DS) formation in carboxymethylation step. Based on the data, the highest DS was attained by carboxymethylation using media solvent 90% ethanol, time of carboxymethylation 150 minute and temperature carboxymethylation 45-50C. The relationship between temperature and reaction constant (k) follows k = 0,3082 exp (-15.227,8064/8,314T
Pengaruh Jenis Ion Logam Berat Terhadap Daya Adsorpsi dan Desorpsi Thermosensitive NIPAM-co-DMAAPS Gel
No full textThe development of industrial field causes increasing amount of heavy metal ions in the environment. A promising method to deal with the problem above is by utilizing reversible thermosensitive gel as an adsorbent to adsorb heavy metal ions in the environment. The purpose of this research is to develop a reversible thermosensitive gel that able to adsorb heavy metal ions from contaminated water. Copolymergel containing zwitterionic betaine N,N’-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl) ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAAPS) and thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) copolymer was employed as an adsorbent that able to adsorb and regenerate heavy metal ion in salt solutions. The effect of different ion in various salt solutions and temperature on the adsorption, desorption, and swelling degree of the gel were investigated in this research. The solution used in this experiment are Zn(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2 solutions. The gels were synthesized using free radical copolymerization. The synthesized gel showed higher adsorption and desorption ability in Pb(NO3)2 solution than that in Zn(NO3)2 solution. However, gel has a higher value of swelling degree in Zn(NO3)2 solution than that in Pb(NO3)2 solution. Other noticeable result is that swelling degree, desorption, and adsorption ability of the gels decreases in all solution as temperature rises
Pengaruh Asupan Berbagai Jenis Biji-bijian Terhadap Peningkatan Kadar Asam Urat pada Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus)
No full textGrains known as foods that contain purine. The existence of purines can cause gout patients/ hyperuricemiaincreased levels of uric acid in the blood. High levels of uric acid cause gout arthritis. This study aims todetermine the increase in uric acid levels in male rats (Rattus norvegicus) by the intake of various types ofgrain. Male rats per group were given intake melinjo (Gnemon gnetum), soy (Glycine max), white rice(Oryza sativa), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), green beans (Vigna radiata),and BR1 (as control). Long treatment for 15 days. Calculation of uric acid levels in male rats at the start ofthe day to 0, 5, 10, and 15. The measurement results showed that rats with intake a diet melinjo seeds haveelevated levels of uric acid highest is 20 mg/dl and the lowest is peanuts (7,2 mg/dl), while control is 4,2mg/dl. The amount of uric acid content in rats with grain intake showed a high purine content. This studyconcluded that contribute grain in elevated uric acid levels are highest is melinjo, rice, green beans,soybeans, red beans, and peanuts
Optimasi Proses Ozonasi Untuk Penurunan Kadar Krom (Cr) dalam Limbah Cair Elektroplating dengan Metode Respon Permukaan
Get PDFIndustrial wastewater from electroplating process containing the heavy metals, such as Chromium (Cr). The initial content of Cr in electroplating waste water was approximately 78.24 ppm. The Cr content may be discharged into waters and safe for the environment is 2 ppm.Industrial electroplating waste water usually treated with a combination of chemical and physical processes such as coagulation and flocculation. However, conventional processing system requires a long of processing time and a large area. This study aims to provide an alternative treatment of electroplating wastewater through the application of ozonation technology. Response Surface Methodology was used to obtain optimum conditions in decreased levels of Cr content. Variable for ozonation process included of ozonation time (X1), pH (X2) and ozone gas flow rate (X3). The results showed that the effectiveness of ozonation treatment increase at lower pH. The high value of correlation (R2 = 0.93767) indicated that a high correlation values between the experimental and prediction data. The optimum conditions for Cr degradation at 30 minutes of ozonation treatment, pH 2 and ozone gas flow rate of 3 L min-1, with the lowest contentration of Cr was 1.92 ppm
Studi Pengaruh Co-doping Neodymium (Nd) Terhadap Sifat Fisik Elektrolit Ce0.9Gd1-xNdxO2-z dengan Metode Sol-Gel untuk Aplikasi IT-SOFC
No full textNeodymium and Gadolinium co-doped ceria (Ce0.9Gd1-xNdxO2-z) is a promising alternative as a solidelectrolyte for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) due to its low operating temperatureand its high electrical conductivity. Ce0.9Gd1-xNdxO2-z powders, with x=0.25, 0.50 and 0.75mol% ofneodymium were successfully syhnthesized with a sol-gel method and citric acid as an organic precursor.The samples were calcined at temperature of 750oC for 5 hours. The powders properties were thencharacterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetry analysis, and thesintered pellets were evaluated by Archimedes method for calculate the density. Sintered Ce0.9Gd1-xNdxO2-zsamples exhibited the maximum theorical density of 97% which is suitable for solid electrolytes. TheCe0.9Gd1-xNdxO2-z powders consist of face-centered cubic fluorite ceria structure confirmed with x-raydiffraction (XRD). methodology investigated showed a better control of stoichiometry, impurities, and lowcost
Produksi Gula Pereduksi dari Depolimerisasi Pati Singkong Melalui Proses Pelarutan disertai Pemanasan dan Hidrotermal
No full textIn cassava, the major component are starch (60%). This component can be converted into a high valueproduct, such a reducing sugar and oligosaccharides. Starch conversion can be done by de-polymerizationusing a hydrothermal process. The effect of reaction time in hydrothermal process in reducing sugarproduction was studied in this research. Cassava starch suspension (1:20 (w/v)) was pre-mixing with heatingat 60°C and 45 minutes. Then proceed with the hydrothermal process at 100°C and 100 bar in variousreaction time (15-120 minutes). The solid product were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Anthrone analysis (starch). And liquid products were analyzed by DNSanalysis to calculate concentration of reducing sugars. From SEM analysis showed hydrothermal processwas attacked the garnules surface deeply and also the inner grannules parts. And concentration of reducingsugars was increase by increasing hydrothermal time