Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Pengaruh Waktu Pengendapan dan Dosis Biokoagulan dari Biji Kelor dan Biji Kecipir terhadap Limbah Laundry
Get PDFOne of the water treatment techniques is coagulation. Moringa Oleifera nut as natural coagulant is widely utilized in the process of water purification. Accordingly, the objective of the research was to identify the effect of Moringa Oleifera nut and Phospocarpus tetragonolobus nut powderas natural coagulantto decrease the contents of the total Susupended Solid (TSS), COD, BOD and pH in Domestic laundry waste. The research was initialized by pouring 1 liter of domestic laundry waste water in a basin. Next, it was added with moringa oleifera and Phospocarpus tetragonolobus nut powders in 60 mesh as much as 4 gram with ratios between the moringa oleifera and Phospocarpus tetragonolobus nut powder of 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3 and 0:4 into the samples. Next, it was stirred by means of jar test instrument with 100 rpm speed for 5 minutes. The samples were precipitated for 30, 60, 90 minutes. Then it was proceeded with filtrate test with parameters of pH, COD and TSS. Based on the research findings it was concluded that application of biocoagulant, i.e. moringa oleifera and Phospocarpus tetragonolobus nut powders did not significantly affect the pH and COD as the value of the pH was arround still 9. The best COD value was attained in 3012 mg/ l by 90 minute precipitation and application ratio between themoringa oleifera and Phospocarpus tetragonolobus nut powder of 4:0. The lowest pH, i.e. : 9,16 was attained by 90 minute precipitation and application ratio between the moringa oleifera nut powder and Phospocarpus tetragonolobus nut powder of the 4:0
Effect of Ultrasound for Reducing Sugar Production from Cassava Starch
Get PDFCassava is one high carbohydrate natural resource which has abundant presence in Indonesia. Its carbohydrate contain with main composition of starch (60%). Starch of cassava can be converted into reducing sugar which utilized as main material in food, pharmacy and many sugar based industry. Sonication is one of high intensive irradiation method which can depolimerize starch. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of ultrasound process operation time on reducing sugar production from cassava starch. In this study was conducted by using cassava starch suspension in aquadest (1/20 (w / v)). The ultrasound process is carried under operating conditions 35ᵒC, 75% amplitude at various processing time (20-60 minutes). Products was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Dinitrosalylic Acid (DNS) method. No significant sugar can be producted from the sonication process, but surprisingly it succesfully solubilize the starch solution. Therefore, this result show that sonication can depolymerize the starch into its oligomer form. Solubilized starch will be more easier to be hydrolized to reducing sugar. Hence, ultrasound is suitable as pre-treatment process for reducing sugar production from cassava starch
The Making of Tomato Powder with Addition of Maltodextrin as a Carrier Agent and Egg White Powder as a Foaming Agent
Get PDFTomato (Lycopersicones culentum Mill.) were selected as raw because it is fairly high water levels, with vitamin C and antioxidants. A high moisture content in tomato can accelerate microbial and enzyme activity. One alternative is to cultivate into powder form by drying method. Powder form has the advantage of more durable, lightweight and smaller in volume so the ease of packaging and transport. The method of this study was drying foam use tray dryer with foaming agent egg white powder and carrier agent maltodextrin. Tray dryer was choosed because its operations are relatively simple, the process is cheap, and relatively low operating temperature. The egg white powder was choosed because it is a natural foaming agent. The tray dryer was filled with hot air at 2.0 m/sec with temperature variation of 40, 50, 60 or 70°C, and tomato paste with a thickness of 2 mm or 4 mm. Quality of tomato powder is determined by the analysis of water content, levels of vitamin C and antioxidant activity. The results obtained, the optimum drying temperature at 50°C with a product moisture content of 10.87%. Drying decrease antioxidant activity levels of 32.3%.
Pelindian Nikel dari Bijih LimonitLow-Grade Pomalaa Menggunakan Pelarut Asam Asetat
Get PDFNickel is a strategic metal in many modern industrial and metallurgical application. Indonesia processes nickel laterite ore of about 15% of total world reserves. This research work deals with the extraction of nickel from a low grade limonitic ore, taken from a deposit located in Pomalaa (Sulawesi), through agitation leaching at atmospheric pressure. Ore characterisation was performed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Showing that 2,651% nickel that geothite are the main mineral. The metal extraction from low-grade limonitic ore is affected by the mineralization of the ore in addition operating condition are also varied in this study including temperature (30oC,60oC,90oC), acid concentration (25%,50%,75%) and particle size (-70+100 mesh, -100+200 mesh, -200 mesh) to investigated the leaching performance. In comparison to that of inorganic acid (HCl) used in this study, acetic acid provide a potential to be applied in the extraction of metals from low grade limonitic ore
Aplikasi Bioleaching Dalam Pemisahan Logam Nikel Oksida dengan Jamur Aspergillus niger dan Penicillium chrysogenum
Get PDFNickel ore processing plant in Indonesia is currently done by pyrometalurgy. Processing in this way requires an expensive operating costs and the waste produced can have a negative impact on the environment and so we need an alternative technology that is more effective and efficient as well as environmentally friendly. One alternative technology of low-grade nickel ore processing is the bioleaching process. Bioleaching process is a process of dissolution or release of metal or retrieval (extraction) metals from minerals into a soluble form with the aid of microorganisms.Thisstudygenerallyaimstoseparatethenickelfromlow-gradenikelore (nickeloxide) in ionic form withbioleachingprocess,andspecificallyaimstodeterminethe effectofbioleachingtime(15,30,and60days), ), theratioofmasstovolumeofnickeloresolvent (0,1 g/150 mL; 0,3 g/150 mL; 0,5 g/150 mL) andtype ofmicrooganism used (Aspergillusniger and Penicillium chrysogenum) in bioleaching process based on the concentration and yield value of the metal ion (Ni) from the extraction and knows the effect of microorganisms on the selectivity of Ni metal extracted in bioleaching process from nickel oxide. Theparameterusedarebioleaching temperature (37˚C),volume ofmicroorganisms(20% ofthe totalvolume of work),andtheparticle sizeoftheoforenickel30/40mesh. From the results of this research, highest achievement of extracted nickel ion at the time of bioleaching for 60 days with Penicillium chrysogenum with the highest extractable nickel ion concentration 4,26 ppm by the ratio of raw material to solvent 0,3g/150 mL and for the highest % yield (mass nickel extracted raffinate of the mass of the ore is extracted) is 12,78% (gram/gram) by the ratio of raw material to solvent of 0.3 g / 150 mL
Studi Kinetika Hidrolisis Enzimatik Pati Singkong: Pengaruh Perbandingan Alfa-Amilase dan Glukoamilase Terhadap Gula Reduksi
Get PDFThe kinetic study on enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava starch (Manihot esculenta) was studied. This hydrolysis experiment was carried out cassava starch at concentration of 200 g/L, using a test jar, with stirrer and water bath. The cassava starch was hydrolyazed by α-amylase and glucoamylase at 100 rpm, 90°C and pH 4.5. The effect of ratio of two enzymes, α-amylase and glucoamylase (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1) on the kinetic hydrolysis of cassava starch was studied, Increasing the ratio of α-amylase and glucoamide has an effect on the increase of reducing sugar concentration. The ratio of mass of α-amylase and glucoamide 1: 3, yields the maximum reduction sugar concentration was 93.45 g/L. The larger the mass of glucoamylase, the greater this enzyme in producing reducing sugars. This suggests that glucoamylase activity is more dominant in degrading the cassava starch or α-amylase unable to access the starch granule component, this enzyme can only hydrolyze the α-1,4 glycoside bond, which is far from the end of the chain and branch point, unlike glucoamylase capable hydrolyzes α-1,4 and α-1,6 complete glycoside bonds. Hydrolysis of cassava starch, using a mixture of α-amylase and glucoamylase at a ratio of 1: 1, substrate concentration 200 g/L, at temperature (60-90 °C), and pH 4.5, showed 1st order reaction with reaction rate constant , k is 0.086; 0.106; 0.128 and 0.194 hours-1, respectively, whereas the activation energy, Ea = 26.28 J / mo
Optimasi Kondisi Operasi Ekstraksi Zat Warna Alami dari Daun Ketepeng (Terminalia Catappa) Menggunakan Response Surface Method
Get PDFThe textil industry are widely using dyes. Most of them use synthetic which can be damage the environment. Therefore it is necessary to do research which related to natural dye production. This research aimed to obtain the optimum condition of natural dye extraction from Terminalia catappa. There were three operating variables observed in this research; temperature, time, and the weight ratio of Terminalia catappa to the solvent volume. The extraction was conducted on a third-necked round-bottomed flask fitted with a stirrer, reflux condenser, heating mantle, and with eco-friendly solvents. Natural dye content on the extract was analyzed by gravimetric. The extraction was done 27 times for combination of 3 operating variables and 3 interval values of these variables. The optimization of operating variables extraction conditions had done by using Response Surface Method (RSM). The results obtained were the optimum temperature was 100oC, the optimum extraction time was 90 minutes, and the ratio of the weight of Terminalia catappa to the solvent volume was 0.2 g/mL. In this optimum conditions, the natural dye concentration in the extracts was 102 mg/100g of leaves
Aplikasi Teknologi Air Subkritis untuk Formasi Partikel
Get PDFSubcritical water (SBCW) refers to pressurized water having temperature between its boiling and critical points (100 – 374oC). Application of SBCW technology has been developed for various processing schemes, in particular reaction and separation. In particle formation, vast property of SBCW, especially its solvent power elasticity has been exploited to process organic and inorganic materials.The main advantage of SBCW technology for particle formation is its apparent power to dissolve hydrophobic solid materials. Upon rapid contact of SBCW with non-solvent medium - commonly developed from another aqueous based solution- supersaturation leading to particle formation can be obtained. As a consequence, overall particles properties can be modified. In this article, a brief review of the SBCW technology to process micro- or nano-scale materials is presented. Processing of therapeutic agent of quinolone (antibacterial) is discussed to represent SBCW application for organic chemicals. Quinolone processing at pressurized water up to 200oC has successfully obtained 50 – 60 nm particle size with improved release profile. In another application, SBCW processing at 200-275 bar and 200-300oC has produced particles of lithium – ion battery with various kind of morphologies, in the absence of additives or any other modifiers.
Bead Gel dari Karagenan-Carboxymethylcellulose dengan Crosslinking Glutaraldehid sebagai Controlled Release Urea
Get PDFThis research made bead gel as controlled release fertilizer (CRF) to control the release of urea to the environment. Bead gel was made from carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the bead gel was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The aims of this research were to study the effect of carrageenan-CMC ratio in the mixture towards the bead gel ability to absorb urea and to study the concentration of glutaraldehyde effect on the bead gel stability. K-Carrageenan extracted from Euchema cotonii was mixed with CMC to prepare bead gel with the weight ratio of 1:0, 1:0,5, and 1:1. The mixture was dropped into aqueous KCl-CaCl2 to form bead gel and then dried. The dried bead gel was soaked in glutaraldehyde solution (1% or 4%wt), and then the bead gel was heated at 110°C for 25 minutes. The crosslinked bead gel was loaded with urea in a beaker glass containing urea solution. After loading process, the bead gel was put into water to release the urea from the bead gel. The results showed that the highest amount of urea adsorbed was obtained by the weight ratio of carrageenan-CMC 1:1. Bead gel with concentration of glutaraldehyde 4% was more stable in aqueous solution
Studi Kinetika Lakase untuk Proses Biorefining Pulp Kimia
Get PDFLaccase has a role to delignify lignin in unbleached pulp. This process could be used in refining process. Delignification could assist the water penetration into fiber. Therefore, the following refining process would be much easier. To determine the biorefining (laccase pretreatment) conditions, laccase is reacted with 2,2\u27-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) substrate. Concentration of ABTS and temperature of reaction were investigated in this study. A concentration of 0.1 – 2 and temperature of 30-70°C were used in this study. The Michaelis Menten Equation was used to estimate the Michaelis Menten Constant (Km) and maximum of reaction rate (vmax). The result showed that Km and vmax value were 0.213 and 0.0013 mM/s, respectively. The maximum reaction rate was observed at 50°C with the thermodynamic properties of activation energy and deactivation energy were 4.8 and 46,3 kcal/mol, respectively. Those conditions are useful for the refining pretreatment of chemical pulp