Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Production of Biogas from Water Hyacinth with Addition of Cow Dung as Inoculum Using a Plug Flow Anaerobic Reactor
Get PDFBiogas as an alternative energy source has several advantages over fossil fuels. Water hyacinth is a type of weed that has the potential to produce biogas. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pre-treatment on water hyacinth with the addition of 0.5 N NaOH and without NaOH and determine the effect of ratio of water hyacinth and water at 1: 2 and 1: 3 to the biogas production in a Plug flow reactor. Water hyacinth was crushed and then pre-treated by heating it in 0.5 N NaOH solution at 100oC. Biogas output from the reactor was accommodated in tubular plastic, and the volume of biogas was measured by water displacement using a volumetric glassware. The results showed that the average production of biogas at ratio of 1: 2 and 1: 3 was 9,983 ml and 7,172 ml, with a composition of CH4 (45.024%), CO2 (11.50%), H2S (0.86%), NH3 (0,3%) and CH4 (35.25%), CO2 (12.41%), H2S (0.96%), NH3 (0.34%), respectively. The average production of biogas in the pre-treatment by heating materials 100oC without NaOH and heating 100oC with NaOH 0.5 N was 11,853 ml and 9,110 ml with biogas composition produced was CH4 (50.19%), CO2 (12.36%), H2S (0.64%), NH3 (0.33%) and CH4 (54.13%), CO2 (12.36%), H2S (0.91%), NH3(0.43%), respectively. It concluded that the addition of NaOH for thermal treatment was able to increase the production of biogas and the methane content in the biogas produce
Teknologi Bersih Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) dari Limbah Cair Tempe Sebagai Sumber Energi Listrik Terbarukan
Get PDFMicrobial Fuel Cell represent one of the technology convert energi exploiting ability of bakteri catalise used to metabolism in form of bacterium. Abacterium here is anaerob bacterium, where its bacterium can convert assortedly of organic compound become CO2, water, and energi. Through MFC some of yielded energi can be taken in in the form of electrics. MFC consist of two room which consist of anodize and cathode room, bacterium live at anodize room and alter substrat like glucose, acetate also liquid waste become CO2, proton, and electron. This attempt is conducted by including tempe liquid waste media into chamber counted each 400 ml and 800 ml., dominant microbe in tempe liquid waste is Clostridium sp microbe. Electrolyte condensation 0,1N also passed to each volume 400 ml and this 800 research ml. it is got by highest voltage that is tempe liquid waste volume 800 ml electrode diameter and ml 0,4 cm equal to 675. best Power Density mV at tempe liquid waste volume 800 ml that is at electrode diameter 0,4 cm at second hour equal to 244,11 mW / cm2
Nanosilika dari Prekursor Silika Geotermal: Pengaruh Konsentrasi Surfaktan dan Dekomposisi Termal Pasca Sintesis
Get PDFNanosilica is often used in many sectors, such as pharmacy, ceramics, electronics, etc. Silica from geothermal power plant’s solid waste is oneof natural silica precursor that contain a lot of amorphous silica (~97% SiO2). In this work sol-gel method was used to prepare nanoparticle. Surfactant was added tothe sol phase to control the size of particles. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of surfactantconcentration ( 0,1% w/v, 0,2%w/v, and 0,4%w/v) on particle size of the resulting nanosilica and thermal decomposition of alkyl benzene sulfonate surfactant-remaining in the product- following the synthesis process. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) was used to analyze the size of particlesand thermal decomposition of the surfactant was measured using thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). The experimental resultsshowed that particle sizedecreases with increasing of surfactant concentration and the optimum concentration was 0,4% w/v. Decomposition temperature of the surfactant was about 330o C
Pressure-driven functional polymeric membrane technology as athermal separation unit operation in chemical engineering : A Review
No full textThis manuscript provides an overview of published scientific and trade literatures and a collection of useful reference information on all aspects of membrane science and technology, selected result of experiment applications, and more recent developments in pressure-driven flat sheet membrane (PDFSM) processes as new frontier and athermal separation unit operation in chemical engineering covering general description of the basic principles of membrane separation processes, benefits and drawbacks, and future trends of membrane developments. Meanwhile, experiment results of selected applications of membranes are removing and/or reducing bacteria, and recovering high protein and low fat from skim milk by microfiltration (MF) membrane as an alternative to replace heat sterilization, separating and/or concentrating protease enzyme by ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, separating target and valuable components in corn steeping water by using nanofiltration (NF) membrane, separating and/or purifiing ions component in brackish water and sea water by hyperfiltration (HF) or reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, and separating and/or concentrating desired and valuable components in guava fruit juice through hyperfiltration (HF) or reverse osmosis (RO) membrane
Modifikasi Biokomposit Kitosan dari Cangkang Rajungan (Portunus Pelagicus) dan Pektin untuk Aplikasi Edible Film
Get PDFAccording to the 2016 data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia is the second largest plastic waste disposal country after China. The use of synthetic plastic today contains negative effects on the environment and health due to its non-biodegradable nature. It is necessary to develop renewable plastics that are safe for the environment and health to reduce the negative impact of these problems. Edible film is a good alternative to synthetic plastic because it is biodegradable and safe for health. Edible film modification by blending chitosan and pectin biopolymers is a potential way to produce denser biocomposite of edible film. This study aimed to utilize the chitosan of crab shell waste and pectin as edible film biocomposite because those wastes have not been widely utilized. The synthesis edible film and the effect of the ratio of chitosan and pectin mixture to physical properties, mechanical properties, and the biodegradability of edible film were also studied by using various ratios of chitosan and pectin (C: P), i.e., 100:0, 50:50, 0 100). In the blending process, glycerol was added as a plasticizer with a concentration of 20% of the weight of the biopolymer. Edible films produced were analyzed to investigate the physical properties, and mechanical properties. The results show that the best characteristics of edible film produced from a mixture of chitosan and pectin with a thickness of 0.068 mm and 44.11% of air solubility. Thickness and water solubility of edible films can be improved by mixing chitosan biopolymer and pectin. However, the edible film solubility in water was not too high because of the hydrophobic nature of the chitosan
Hidrolisis Tepung Pisang Klutuk dengan Katalisator Asam Klorida
Get PDFKlutuk banana flour contains about 61.2% starch, 9% water, and 4% ash. This high level of starch in klutuk banana flour is a great advantage for industrial raw materials, such as glucose syrup and alcohol. This research aims to study hydrolysis reactions in klutuk banana flour with catalyst hydrochloric acid (HCl). The hydrolysis process was carried out in a three neck flask equipped with a stirrer, a reflux tool, a thermometer, and heated in a water bath. This process was operated on temperature of 1000C with varioustime of reaction and HCl concentration. The glucose levels were analyzed at certain times and certain HCl concentrations. The hydrolysis process was carried out by reacting 10 grams of klutuk banana flour and 500 mL of HCl solution with concentrations varied from 0.2 N to 0.6 N. The optimum condition for the hydrolysis reaction of klutuk banana flour was reached at a concentration of 0.6 N with hydrolysis time of 60 minutes. From this hydrolysis reaction the conversion obtained 77.29% and the glucose level obtained at 10.512 g / L. The kinetic of the hydrolysis reaction of klutuk banana flour using HCl catalyst follows a first-order reaction with a constant reaction rate 0,03058 (minutes-1)
Penghambatan Browning pada Ekstrak Apel Malang dengan Asam Organik
Get PDFBrowning of raw fruits is a major problem in the food processing industry, causing quality loss, decreased market value, deleterious changes in the appearance and organoleptic properties of the food product. Browning reactions could happen due to enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions (maillard reactions). Enzymatic browning reactions occur on the substrate containing phenol groups, react with polyohenoloxidase enzyme (PPO) producing melanin compounds which contain brown pigments. Various methods could be used to prevent browning such as blanching, pH adjustment, and addition of anti-browning agents. The effectiveness of citric acid, ascorbic acid, and lemon as a browning inhibitor were studied. The anti-browning agents were carried out on varied concentration (0.1%; 0.3%; 0.5%; 1.0%; and 2.0 %). Apple PPO activities were determined by measuring the absorbance at 422 nm with a spectrophotometer. Addition of lemon 2.0% becomes the best inhibitor to prevent browning, obtaining % inhibition about 83.30%. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) were further processed using least square difference’s method, showed significant results for the effect of all type variations of anti-browning agents
Influence of Sodium Carbonate Activator Concentration and Activated Carbon Size on The Reduction of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of Water
Get PDFReport published in 2018 by Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture suggests that Indonesia’s production of coconut is the biggest in the world. This come with some side effects concerning on its waste management, particularly for its shell wastes. In response, this research aims to use coconut shell as the raw materials of the adsorbent, previously being activated using Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) activator, for later being used to reduce water impurities. Further than that, two parameters, of which activator’s concentration ranging from 2.5 to 12.5% b/v and the size of activated carbon between 177 and 2380 µm, have been investigated. Once material prepared, by carbonization process and chemical activation, the activated carbon is immersed in poor quality water having qualitatively high turbidity and distinctive odor. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the water have then been tested in which the results suggest the reduction of TDS and COD with the presence of activated carbon. It is reported that agglomeration of micro-sizes activated carbon upon activation with Na2CO3 resulted in poor screening performance. That causes the size parameter seems to have no influence on TDS. Meanwhile, the optimum activator’s concentration is reached for 5% b/v of Na2CO3 addition, with a decrease in TDS of 12,7% and COD of 45,93%
Preparasi Radiofarmaka 99mTc-Etambutol Untuk Deteksi Tuberkulosis
Get PDFPreparation Of 99mTc- ETAMBUTOL Radiopharmaceutical For Detection Of Tuberculosis. Radiopharmaceutical is a radioactive compound used for health services in nuclear medicine. Most of radiopharmaceutical was used for diagnosis of various abnormalities of organs, such as for the detection of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and can attack various organs of the body, which can lead to death. By using nuclear technology Batan has been developing ethambutol radiopharmaceutical labeled with 99mTc for detection of extra lung tuberculosis with results more sensitive and accurate that are not easily detected by methods and equipment used today and the aims to fulfil radiopharmaceuticals for hospital because there is no availability of ethambutol kits on the market. The etambutol kit produced by dry lyophilized method in sterile room, therefore has to fulfil requirements as a radiopharmaceutical. The Quality Control was performed by using several parameters including sterility , endotoxin and radiochemical purity. The results of quality control showed that Etambutol was sterile, endotoksin requirments and radiochemical purity on average >85 %. Result of clinical test from hospital showed that the image was very clear and contrast , 99mTc-ethambutol was uptake with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and accumulated in organs infected of TB
Efek Penambahan Nano Kitosan terhadap Aktivitas Anti Bakteri dan Ketuaan Warna dari Kain Katun Yang Dicelup Dengan Ekstrak Biji Bixa Orellana
Get PDFCotton as a natural textile, especially those dyed with natural dyed are easy to be attacked by microorganism. Chitosan is a biopolymer that has the properties of inhibiting microbial activity. In this study, we aimed to applied nanochitosan as antibacterial agent in cotton fabric dyed with natural dye from Bixa Orellana seeds. Nanochitosan were prepared by the gelation method using sodium tripolyphosphate solution. Nanochitosan coating on cotton fabric studies have been carried out with various chitosan concentration (0.2%; 1%; and 2%) by immersion. The effect of the addition of citric acid solution as a crosslinker between cotton and chitosan and also the effect of sodium periodate as a catalyst in crosslink process were also studied. The functional groups present in the sample were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The color strength (K/S) were measured with spectrophotometer. The antibacterial strength were measured using agar plate method