Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Kajian Proses Pemurnian Etanol-Air dengan Metode Dehidrasi Cair dan Uap Menggunakan Zeolit Alam Modifikasi
Get PDFOne of the problem that occur in this time related about ethanol substitution for gasoline is hard to get ethanol in high purity (fuel grade ethanol) or ethanol with more than 99.5 % (v/v) in concentration. Dehydration process to get high purity of ethanol that doing today needs more development. One of the method is using the Modification Natural Zeolite (ZAM) so that the general objective of this research that is for improve purity of ethanol by dehydration using Modification Natural Zeolite (ZAM) and the specific objective is to determine the best condition on the activation process of zeolite based on the activation type and size of the zeolite (mesh 4/8 and mesh 16/18) in terms of the specific surface area and iodine. And to determine the best conditions of ethanol dehydration process based on consentration of mixture feed (85%(v/v), 90%(v/v), and 95%(v/v)), processing time of dehydration (1 hour, 1,5 hour, and 2 hour) and the type of contact between ethanol-water mixture and zeolite (vapor adsorption and liquid adsorption) in terms of the concentration of ethanol produced. Result of the research that has been done is use natural zeolite modification with combined activation methods of physics and chemistry, the high concentration of ethanol produced is 99.7% when the processing time is 1 hour and the concentration of ethanol feed is 95% (v/v) on the method of dehydration of ethanol-water mixture steam
Pengaruh Jenis dan Kadar Koagulan Lemon dan Jeruk Nipis Terhadap Kualitas Tahu
Get PDFSoybeans are legumes with protein content around 60%. This study focused on modifying soy proteins from soymilk by using 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 % of lemon, lime and calcium sulfate (CaSO4). The objective of this study is to make tofu with natural coagulants and to compare it with synthetic coagulants. Yield, protein content, water content and texture are analyzed to determine the characteristics of the tofu. It’s shown in that the protein content of the tofu tend to be constant at various level of coagulants. The protein content of the tofu produced by natural coagulants (10-12%) are higher than CaSO4 (8%-10%), SNI 01-3142-1998 standard (9.4%) and tofu samples produced in Bandung (9.79% and 8.9%). Increasing the concentration of coagulants decreased the texture of tofu but doesn’t affect the yield and water content. 1% lemon produced best Tofu in terms of protein content, texture and taste
Pengaruh Rasio Pelarut dan Waktu Ekstraksi terhadap Kadar Glukomanan pada Ekstraksi Umbi Gembili (Discorea esculenta L) Berbantu Gelombang Mikro
Get PDFGembili tuber (Dioscorea esculenta L.) are tubers of the Dioscoreaceae families. Plants from the Dioscorea families contain lots of glycoproteins and water-soluble polysaccharides. Gembili tubers contain 13.14% of water soluble polysaccharides, with the main polysaccharide is glucomannan, which can be used as a substitute for wheat flour and food additives. The glucomannan extraction process of gembiilli tuber can be done with the help of microwaves, which can accelerate extraction time through fast and efficient solvent heating. The purpose of this research is to determine the glucomannan content of the extraction of microwave-assisted gembili tuber with a variation of the solvent ratio with samples 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, and extraction time 1,3,5, 7 minutes. The best results obtained in this study were at a variation of 5 minutes with a ratio of 1:15 solvent with glucomannan content of 76.26%, water content of 9.02%, and ash content of 3.08%
Zeolit Sintetis dari Fly Ash sebagai Media Penghambat Kelarutan Pupuk (Slow Release Fertilizer)
Get PDFIn many Power Plants there are plenty of materials remaining of coal combustion. The materials are called fly ash. The piling of fly ash around the power plant could make environmental problem. For the reason, it is need to get the benefit of the disposal material. An alternative to utilize fly ash is to convert fly ash as synthetic zeolite. The zeolite may be used as an inhibitor of fertilizer releasing or it is known as slow release fertilizer (SRF). In this study, it will be observed the capability of synthetic zeolite as SRF. The experiment was started by fabricating the synthetic zeolite using fly ash supplied from the Suralaya Power Plant, West Java. Based on x-ray test, the obtained synthetic zeolite has a trend similarities with natural zeolite. To observe the function as SRF, the synthetic zeolites were mixed with urea fertilizer in various ratio and size in water. The dissolved nitrogen in the water may be assumed as indicator of urea releasing into water. It is found that the ratio of zeolite and urea of 8:3 and zeolite size of 50 mesh will control the releasing of urea into water. In that condition, the releasing of urea into water will reach of 40 minutes
Transesterifikasi Minyak Jelantah Menjadi Biodiesel Menggunakan Gelombang Ultrasonik dan Katalis Na2O/Fly Ash
Get PDFBiodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engine made from animal fats or vegetable oils with an alcohol. In this experiment, biodiesel was produced by transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and methanol in the presence ofNa2O/fly ash as a catalyst. Ultrasonic assisted transesterification was performed by varying reaction time. The fixed variables included the reaction temperature of 40°C, oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:10 and catalyst loading of 4%-wt. The highest biodiesel yield 89.53% was obtained at the reaction time of 60 minutes. Analysis using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy showed that biodiesel contain mostly methyl ester oleate (53.54%), methyl ester palmitate (38.23%), methyl ester stearate (5.12%) and methyl ester myristate (1.14%)
Sintesis Kopolimer Gel Berbasis NIPAM (N-isopropylacrylamide), Kitosan dan Asam Akrilat Sebagai Adsorben Limbah Elektroplating
Get PDFIndonesia is one of the worst countries in Asia in terms of wastewater treatment which results in environmental pollution. One of the factors is the electroplating industry that produces heavy metal waste. One of the heavy metal wastes from electroplating is chromium metal that become a threat to humans and the environment because it can cause acute poisoning, accumulated in the human body and damage the ecosystem. One of the methods used to regenerate heavy metal waste is by employing zwitterionic betaine gel. However, this method has its disadvantages with the presence of intra-intrachain associations that inhibit the ionic group\u27s ability to adsorb ions by the charge group interaction.This study aimed to improve the gel adsorption ability by reducing the association of intra-intrachain copolymers through separately synthesis the anionic gel (NIPAM-co-acrylic acid) and cationic gel (NIPAM-co-chitosan). NIPAM-co-chitosan and NIPAM-co-acrylic acid gels were synthesized through polymerization reactions using N,N,N\u27,N\u27-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as accelerators and N,N\u27-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) as a crosslinker. Innitially TEMED, MBAA, NIPAM and chitosan or acrylic acid were mixed in distillated water with a total volume of 100 ml. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes, purged with N2 gas with a flowrate of 500 ml/min in four neck flask at 10 oC. Ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) was then added into solution. The polymerization reaction occurred for 6 hours. In this study the adsorption/desorption of metal ions by pH-thermosensitive gel are investigated in various pH, and weight balance between NIPAM-co-anionic and NIPAM-co-cationic gel. The effects of the temperature and the conditions employed in the preparation of the gel, i.e., monomer concentration on the extent of adsorption of metal ions on the gel were also elucidated. The adsorption and desorption behavior of the gel is discussed by considering the swelling degree of the gel as well as the transition temperature of poly(NIPAM-co-chitosan) and poly(NIPAM-co-acrylic acid). Based on the results of FTIR analysis, the vinyl groups peak of the copolymer gel decreased compared with that of its constituent monomers. It can be concluded that the synthesis of copolymers was successful. While based on the swelling degree test using an electroploting waste solution, the higher the temperature of the solution, the lower the swelling degree of the gel. Moreover, gel porous occurred because of the higher synthesis temperature
Preparasi Pereaksi Kit Immunoradiometricassa (IRMA)Thyroglobulin (TGB) Untuk Deteksi Kanker Tiroid
Get PDFIn Indonesia thyroid cancer ranks 9th out of 10 malignancies that are often found, in the endocrine system, 1% of all malignancies that exist. Thyroglobulin is a tumor marker for thyroid cancer produced by follicular thyroid cells. Thyroglobulin should not be found in the blood serum of patients after total ablation, but in fact there is still detected thyroglobulin caused by the remaining tumor residue. Measuring levels of TGB was found in the blood can be done by several methods such as by immunoradiometricassay (IRMA) methods or ELISA methods. IRMA method is one of immunoassay techniques using 125I radionuclides as a tracer, so the sample in small quantity can be detected. The purpose of this study was obtained TGB reagent kit that includes 125I labeled TGB as a tracer, TGB coated tube and TGB standard of the kit, then it can be optimized assay design, finally TGB reagent kit can be used for early detection of thyroid cancer. Labeling of MAb has been done using 125I with reaction time of 60 seconds.The amount of TGB MAb was 16 μg, 10 μg chloramine T and activity of Na-I125was 1000 μCi. Preparation of TGB coated tube was using phosphate buffer 0,025M pH 7,4 with volume 500 μL, standard TGB 0,1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 5% BSA and 0.1% NaN3and resulting of NSB and %B/T were 1,73% and 59,44 % respectifely wich as meet as arequerement of the ki
Optimasi Pembuatan Plastik Biodegradable dari Pati Kulit Singkong dengan Penambahan Asam Sitrat Sebagai Crosslinking Agent
Get PDFCassava’s bark is a agroindustry wasted which rare being used. The starch content in it can be used as a raw material production of biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastic is thin layer which functioned as coating and food packaging. This research aims to learn operational condition of biodegradable plastic making with cassava’s bark starch with addition of carrageenan and citric acid as crosslinking agent. Research methods consist of three processes, 1) starch making from cassava’s bark, 2) biodegradable plastic making with various addition of carrageenan and 3) biodegradable plastic making with various addition of citric acid 1%. Result analytic conducted as starch content, water content, tensile strength, swelling, sample packaging in a tomato, and biodegradation. The results shown that cassava’s bark contained 5.97% starch and 11.13% water. The results with addition of carrageenan attained biodegradable plastic which tensile strength values 2.0655 MPa, elongations 30.81%, and swelling 76.32%. The results with addition of citric acid 1% attained biodegradable plastic which tensile strength values 2.1208 MPa, elongations 32.22% and swelling in 75%. Packaging test in a tomato could endure it for eight days from damage by microbes. Biodegradation test shown that the biodegradable plastic could decompose after 67 days
Pembuatan Biosurfaktan dari Alga Coklat Sargassum sp sebagai Corrosion Inhibitor
Get PDFSurfactant is an active surface agent, which functions to reduce surface tension, surface tension and can be used as an emulsifier. In general, surfactants are made from raw material based petrochemical that cannot be renewable. So from this research we uses brown algae as a renewable resource. Other advantages of brown algae such as biosurfactant including cleaner product, also containing fluorotanine, a phenolic compound that contains an antioxidant to reduce oxidation due to corrosion. Therefore, brown algae surfactants in this research will be tried for anti-corrosion through oxidation resistance on metal surfaces. The main process is the extraction of brown algae at a temperature of 80˚C which produces alkyl alginate, and then esterification using isopropyl alcohol and oleic acid with ratio (1: 1); (1: 2); (2: 1), producing biosurfactant isopropyl oleyl alginate. Corrosion tests were carried out by immersing galvanic metal in sea water, faucet water, and pond waters, then compare it with galvanic metals that have been coated using biosurfactants. The method to determine the corrosion rate on the galvanic surface is by weighing the original galvanic without biosurfactants with weight galvanic after coated with biosurfactants. The results of the analysis showed biosurfactants with ratio IPA: Oleic Acid (1: 2) can reduce the corrosion rate best by 78.33% compared to using IPA: Oleic Acid (1: 1) which is 58.64% and using IPA: Oleic Acid (2: 1) 62.25%. The corrosion rate of galvanized metal soaked in sea water, faucet water, and pond water without coated with biosurfactant was 0.0341 g / day, 0.0044 g / day, and 0.0012 g / day. While the corrosion rate of galvanized metal that coated biosurfactant by ratio IPA: Oleic Acid (1: 2) is 0.0077 g / day, 0.0015 g / day, 0.0001 g / day
Pengaruh Proses Pengeringan dan Konsentrasi Gliserol terhadap Karakteristik Mekanik Pektin Edible Film
Get PDFCurrently, plastic food packaging material is widely used in Indonesia. According to data of the Ministry of Industry, the demand for plastic packaging reached 2,35 million tons per year. Plastic packaging has the advantages of strong and lightweight. But the use of plastic packaging has a problem that cannot be degraded naturally. One of the solutions of these problems is by using edible film as packaging. The objective of this research was to study the effect of drying process and glycerol concentrations on mechanical properties of pectin edible film. Glycerol was used as plasticizer at the concentrations of 0; 0,99: 1,96; 2,91; 3,84; 4,76 % v/v for film forming. The drying process was done using oven at various temperatures of 40, 50 and 60oC. Sample was dried until the final moisture content was less than 1% wet basis. Then, edible films were taken to determine mechanical properties including tensile strength and elongation of break. The results showed that pectin edible film without glycerol had a higher tensile strength than that pectin edible film with 4,76%. Also, tensile strength was significantly increased with the increasing drying temperature (p<0.05). The elongation was significantly decreased when the drying temperature increased (p<0.05)