Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Ekstrak Sabut Kelapa (Cocos nucifera) Sebagai Biomordan pada Bahan Tekstil Dengan Pewarna Alami Daun Jati (Tectona grandis L.f)
Get PDFNatural dyeing is a promising process to reduce environmental pollution caused by the use of synthetic dye. Teak leaves contains anthocyanin, providing a red color. While the disadvantage of natural dye is the quality is not as good as synthetic dye, the use of biomordant could be the solution, because tannin compound it contains could enhance the quality of natural dye. The aim of this research is to : (1) Study that coconut’s fibers could be used as a biomordant. (2) Study the effect of tannin’s concentration to the quality of dye extract on fibers surface. (3) Study the effect of pH to the quality of dye extract. The leaves of the teak tree was extracted using boiled water for 30-minute, where the pH condition is set to 2-6 with HCl. The coconut’s fibers was extracted using boiled water for 30-minute, where the concentration may vary from 50gr/L to 250gr/L. The result shows that the optimum pH condition is at pH 6.6 (blanco), the best fastness result were carried out by coconut fibers concentration of 15% (m/v) – 25% (m/v), and the desecration scores shows that all the coconut fibers concentrations were 4-5 (good)
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Asam Klorida (HCl) Pada Hidrolisis dan Waktu Fermentasi Terhadap Limbah Padat Sagu Menjadi Bioetanol
Get PDFBioethanol is a bioenergy that can be used as an alternative fuel. One of the raw materials that can be utilized is sago solid waste. Sago pulp biomass, which is a lignocellulose material, contains considerable potential as a basis for bioethanol based on the availability of certain components (starch and cellulose) it contains. Cellulose content found in sago solid waste can be converted into bioethanol through hydrolysis and fermentation processes. This study aims to synthesize bioethanol from sago solid waste, determine the effect of HCl concentrations on the hydrolysis process and determine the optimum time of bioethanol production from sago pulp waste by the method of separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). The research began with pretreatment of sago pulp using 1M NaOH, then the hydrolysis process used HCl with a variation of 1 M, 2 M and 3 M at 100oC for 3 hours. Then the hydrolysis results are fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation process lasts for 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours and 120 hours. The results showed that the largest sugar concentration obtained at the 2 M HCl hydrolysis was 140.18 gr / L and the best bioethanol content was obtained from fermentation for 96 hours is 7% or 55.25 gr / L
Bioethanol Production Using Green Algae (Chaetomorpha) As Renewable Energy
Get PDFBiologically, green algae (Chaetomorpha) are a group of chlorophyll plants consisting of one or many cells and in the form of a colony. The main organic materials contain in algae for example polysaccharides, vitamins, and minerals. So far the use of algae as an industrial raw material is still relatively small. Though the chemical components containing in algae are very useful for raw materials for bioenergy. The green algae have a potential as raw material in bioethanol (C2H5OH) production as one of the alternatives and renewable energy. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the effect of a variety of concentrations of green algae on reducing sugar and bioethanol production through liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation. Green algae flour was obtained by drying in an oven at 60°C for 24 h, then was ground. The reducing sugar was obtained by two steps, i.e., liquefaction and saccharification. In liquefaction, the algae flour was put in an Erlenmeyer 2000 ml and added by 40 mg/l CaCl2, α-amylase, and water until the slurry volume was achieved 2000 ml, then heated at 90°C-100°C for 2 h. The next step was for saccharification, in this step HCl was added in the solution to achieve a pH of 4, and glucoamylase was added, then was heated at 60°C for 4 h. The final stage was fermentation, this solution was then added with urea, NPK, and yeast, then incubated for 72 h. After fermentation, the liquid was distilled to obtain bioethanol. The results showed that the addition of enzymes with a concentration of 2% yielded reducing sugar of 64.62, 34.38, 8.46, and 1.14 g/l, with green algal concentrations of 10, 30, and 40% (w/v), respectively. The bioethanol obtained was 0, 0.81, 2.92, and 5.29%, with reducing sugar of 64.62, 34.38, 8.46, and 1.14 g/l for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. However, the addition of enzymes with a concentration of 5% produced reducing sugar of 122.22, 55.32, 10.23, and 1.3 g/l, respectively. The bioethanol obtained was 0, 0.92, 3.71, and 8.16% for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. It concluded that the maximum bioethanol obtained was 8.16 % at algae concentration of 40% (w/v) for 72 h of fermentation
Pemantau Tegangan Baterai Ion Litium dalam Rangkaian Empat Seri pada Aplikasi Penyimpan Energi Berdaya Tinggi
Get PDFLithium-ion Battery has been widely used in electronic devices as an electrical energy storage. Not only in portable electronic devices, but also in renewable energy generator such as solar cells. In high-power electronic application devices, it is necessary to have a series or parallel battery cells which connected to a battery pack. Previously, the results of the battery voltage only displayed the total voltage of the battery pack, which caused the individual voltage of each cell was unreadable, especially in a series circuit. Battery Cell voltage on it needed further observation, so we could find the performance out of the BMS in battery protecting. This research conducted in an electronic circuit to monitor the battery voltage in an arrangement of four series. Electronic circuit design was simulated using Proteus Software. The result of it used a combination of Buffer Op-Amp and Differential Op-Amp could read individual cell voltages. Then, the electronic circuit arranged on a breadboard to get the actual results. The actual assembly shows the voltage reading results do not match with the voltmeter reading. Since the prototyping circuit on the breadboard is not permanent, it affects the reading results. Further discussion is shown in this paper
Standards ISO 14001:2015 as The Basis for Green Innovation, Sustainable Development and Competitive Advantage: The Case of State Energy Company PT Pertamina (Persero)
Get PDFThe Paris Agreement on climate change (2015) emphasizes among other priorities the importance of environmental innovation, including technical, technological, organizational, which has significant potential to minimize the negative impact of the industry on the environment. In addition, customers, consumers and shareholders increasingly care and demand the same from our activities, our products and the services they consume. They expect companies to comply with environmental standards and demonstrate our commitment to reduce environmental impacts in daily operations. The task of technology modernization and relevant organizations for various sectors of the national economy. Especially important for energy companies (PERTAMINA). The author analyzes new environmental management tools, which were introduced in the ISO 140001: 2015 standard and outlines some recommendations for improvement in the context of PERTAMINA’s conditions. The author also analyzes how to align these requirements with the upcoming transition of energy companies to the best available technology, which is basically a form of increasing technical and technological innovation. To ensure the successful implementation of these innovations, it is necessary to use, in addition to environmental management standards, a mix of environmental policy instruments, including what is referred to as green finance. It may be a challenge, but it is also an opportunity for us to show our environmental responsibility, stand out from the competition and show our existing customers and potential evidence of our commitment
Kajian Proses Otoksidasi Katalitik Gliserol menjadi Asam Format
Get PDFHydrogen is a compound that has an important role in chemical industries. However, the flammable and explosive nature of hydrogen represent a serious risk in the event of gas leak. Formic acid has been reported as potential hydrogen carrier, so that formic acid synthesis method that is economically feasible and environmentally friendly needs to be known. Synthesis of formic acid is done by oxidizing glycerol using air as the oxidator (autoxidation) and Copper Formate as the catalyst. In the preliminary experiment, glycerol is oxidized at various reaction time (1, 2 ,3, 4 hours) at 80 oC and 1 %w/w catalyst concentration to get the most favorable reaction time which will be used in the main experiment. In the main experiment, glycerol is oxidized at various temperature (40oC, 60oC, 80oC) and various catalyst concentration (1 and 2 %w/w). The formic acid produced will be analyzed by acid-base titration using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The residual glycerol will be analyzed by titration using periodic acid. The results show that the increase of reaction time, temperature and catalyst concentration will increase glycerol conversion and formic acid yield. The maximum glycerol conversion is 53,97 % and the maximum formic acid yield (33 %) is obtained in 3 hours at 80oC and 2 %w/w
Pengaruh Pretreatment Larutan Zinkat terhadap Elektroplating Nikel-Krom pada Logam Aluminium
Get PDFElectroplating nickel-chrome in aluminum base metal is an electroplating process on aluminum metal using direct current in a medium of nickel and chrome solution gradually. Electroplating on aluminum metal is not like electroplating using carbon steel base metal, because the aluminum workpiece needs to be pretreatment in zincate solution. This study aims to study the effect of process time and concentration of zincate solution. The processing time is 15, 30 and 45 seconds, and the zincate concentration (ZnO) is 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% in 50% NaOH solution. Nickel electroplating electrolytes using a solution of nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, and boric acid with a process time of 15 minutes, at a temperature of 500C with a current density of 20A/dm2, while electroplating chrome in a solution of chrome and sulfuric acid with a ratio of 100: 1 at 600C with time 20 minute process. Electroplating results are tested for thickness, adhesion, visualization and micro photographs. The results showed that nickel-chrome electroplating on aluminum metal through the zincate process pretreatment produced the highest layer at 45-second zincate processing time with nickel 48.8 μm and 26.5 μm chrome thickness and had a good adhesion. Coating the thickness produced was achieved on 7.5% zincate concentration. The results of nickel-chrome coating on aluminum metal through zincate pretreatment process have better thickness and adhesion and are based on photomycronics which have a thin layer with a thin zincate layer followed by a layer of nickel and chrome attached to the surface of aluminum metal
Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Cair Batik dengan IPAL BBKB Sebagai Salah Satu Alternatif Percontohan bagi Industri Batik
Get PDFThe increase in production from the batik industry, in addition to providing a positive influence on people\u27s welfare, also has a negative impact. One of the negative impacts is the increase in wastewater which has a relatively high BOD and COD characteristic. Most of the batik IKMs dispose of their waste directly into the environment without any prior processing. While all this time the effectiveness of WWTP owned by several batik IKMs is still often doubted by various parties. Based on these conditions, it is necessary to pilot an effective wastewater treatment plant from Small and Midle Industry (SMI) batik. Through this paper a scheme was introduced in the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) for batik waste owned by the Center for Crafts and Batik (BBKB) which can be used as a model for batik IKM. The treatment process in the BBKB WWTP is through various stages, namely physics, chemistry, and biology through the process of sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation, and anaerobic filters. In this paper, it is also explained about (1) the characteristics and results of measurements of pollutant concentration in the liquid waste of the batik industry, (2) examining the influence of physical, chemical and biological management of batik waste on decreasing pollutant parameters. The tests were carried out in accredited environmental laboratories using standards for the quality and quantity of the batik industrial wastewater adapted to DIY Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2016 concerning waste water quality standards for the batik industry.From the results of testing on the stages of management carried out at WWTP BBKB shows that each treatment process can reduce the concentration of pollutant levels. The overall value of the parameters from the test results on the waste sample at the final stage before being discharged into the environment below the threshold value of environmental quality standards so that it can be stated that batik waste from the processing of BBKB WWTP is safe for disposal into the environment
Performa Sistem Integrasi PEM Fuel cell dan PEM Elektrolizer : Perangkat Energi Carrier di Indonesia
Get PDFIndonesia has a landmass of approximately 1.9 million km2 is composed of 17.5 thousand large and small island surrounded by seas and oceans around 3.2 million km2.Indonesia\u27s geographical conditions require specific transport and distribution of energy by energy carrier method of a primary source of energy toregions in Indonesia. In recent years, research has developed a PEM fuel cell for power plants, and PEM electrolyser for cheap Hydrogen production, especially electrolysis of water. In an integrated system, specifically PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolysernot much is explained about the influence of voltage, temperature, and time against the performance of the integrated system.Based on the description above, the performance system integration of PEM fuel cell with PEM electrolyser needed in the system integration. Converter power PEM electrolyser into Hydrogen followed by conversion Hydrogen PEM fuel cell into electric power has become the specific operating integration lines. Performance characteristics of operating system integration line shows the higher power generated PEM fuel cell then PEM electrolyser power needed the higher. On the application of the operating line Integration PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser can be applied at low temperature until high temperature (25oC until 100oC)
Pengaturan Peraturan Material Radioaktif Dalam Industri Makanan yang Terkontaminasi di Indonesia
Get PDFToday\u27s food industry is growing rapidly in Indonesia. According to the food chain, an ecosystem will be a relationship between organisms and their environment, the relationship is very complex so that it influences each other. If humans consume contaminated food, it will increase the amount of radioactive content in a person\u27s body. So that it will cause radiation exposure which will cause health risks associated with radiation exposure This paper uses a descriptive method with data derived from the literature obtained. So that radiation exposure will increase so that it will cause health risks associated with radiation exposure. The right health effects will depend on radionuclides which have been digested according to the age of the human body and the amount. Humans receive natural radiation at a dose of 2.4 mSv/year from internal and external radiation doses. The internal radiation dose of 0.29 mSv/year comes from food. As an illustration, if contaminated radiation food for adults who eat 200 grams of spinach that has been contaminated with 137Cs at a dose of 1,000 Bq/kg will get additional radiation exposure in the body of an adult of 0.0026 mSv from the spinach. Therefore, Bapeten must make regulations regarding the effective doses allowed for radioactive substances or radionuclides in permissible foods, which will cause a reduced health risk in humans