Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Proses Electroforming Tembaga pada Bahan Acrylic untuk Prototype Canting Cap Batik
Get PDFThe stamp canting is the main equipment of sticking malam (batik wax) on stamp batik. The process of making stamp canting was manually process, human resources working on stamp canting and the price of copper raw material which continues to be an obstacle for the stamp canting industry. Therefore it is necessary to develop materials and production techniques to make them more efficient. This study aims to diversify stamp canting materials and their production processes. The research method used is the experimental method. The material of stamp canting was acrylic. Cutting batik motifs is done manually with a saw. The next process is to coat the acrylic with copper use electroforming process. The conductor material is coated in 1 layer, 2 layers, and 3 layers carbon conductive paint. The canting cap prototype is made of 5 cm x 5 cm x 0,5 mm. The Electrolyte solution contained of 450 grams of copper sulfate and 150 ml of sulphuric acid and 3 liters of distilled water The variables that will be examined are the influence of the number of carbon layers, stress, current strength and time on the copper coating on the acrylic prototype of stamp canting. Based on the experimental results obtained by the process of electroforming with 1 time and 2 layers of conductive paint, copper can not coat the entire sample. The new electroforming process reacts well to 3 layers of conductive paint. The optimum voltage for electroforming is 1 volt. The time needed to coat the sample until it was fully covered in 120 minutes (2 hours)
Pengaturan Parameter Kendali Level pada Vapor Absorption Chiller dengan Menggunakan Metode Tuning Internal Model Control (IMC)
Get PDFVapor Absorption Chiller (VAC) is one of the equipment in the process of making synthetic fibers, which produce chilled water with energy from heat sources, rather than electricity. The heat source can be steam. VAC works like the concept of a refrigerant compression cycle. one of the equipment in the VAC cycle is the condensate storage tank. This tank has a level control system to control the amount of condensate that is accommodated. In one of the synthetic fiber manufacturing industries, the condensate level control system in VAC (LIC81403) works as non self regulating process. The control process runs following the integrating process character. This control system requires special techniques for tuning the PID control parameters At present conditions, the control parameters used in LIC81403 are 40% proportional band (Pb) and 4 minutes integral time. These parameters produce oscillating condensate levels, with repeated amplitude waves. Internal model control (IMC) tuning method for integrating process was applied in this controller. The parameters of the tuning results are simulated to find out the LIC81403 controller response. Some parameters were applied at the plant and obtained the best performance with a proportional band (Pb) parameter of 45.45% and an integral time of 4.54 minutes
Performa PEM Elektrolizer dengan Hotpress
Get PDFEnergy becomes an important component for human survival because almost all activities of human life are highly dependent on the availability of sufficient energy. PEM electrolizer is an alternative to produce hydrogen as a renewable energy source. In this study aims to improve the performance of PEM electrolizer which has been operating for 5750 hours, with the MEA washing method using hot water and then conditioned using a hotpress device with a certain pressure and temperature. The conclusion is that the performance of PEM electrolizer will tend to increase with increasing hotpress pressure and will tend to decrease with increasing hotpress temperature
The Removal of Cu (II) and Pb (II) on Wastewater using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) with Graphite/Chitosan Electrode
Get PDFHeavy metal contamination in water has become a major problem in the environment as a result of very rapid industrial development. The presence of heavy metal contamination is becoming toxic, carcinogenic, and able to harm living organisms in ecosystem. Various methods have been applied for reducing heavy metals in water with high efficiency results, but most of them are still require complicated equipment and procedure. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a new technology for reducing heavy metals using biosorption activity of microorganisms. This study aimed at analyze the concentrations reduction of Cu (II) and Pb (II) using MFC on river sediments and sludge substrate. At the initial stages, graphite/chitosan electrodes were prepared and characterized. Subsequently, the exoelectrogenic microorganisms in the substrate were identified by the Gram staining method and biochemical tests. The processes were carried out in MFC dual chamber reactor with open circuit system for 120 hours. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) periodically at wavelengths 250 nm (Cu) and 283 nm (Pb). COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal, power density, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), and pH were also analyzed. The concentration of Cu (II) metal experienced the biggest decrease in wetland mud substrate that was 75%, followed by Pb (II) which was 45%. Whereas on the river sediment substrate, the concentration of Pb (II) experienced the largest decrease of 81%, followed by Cu (II) of 67%. In addition, measurements of power density values on both substrates were tend to be fluctuated
Pembuatan Prototipe Alfa Gd Oksida dari Konsentrat Itrium
Get PDFMaking alpha prototype of Gd Oxide from yttrium concentrates. A prototype of Gd oxide has been made from yttrium concentrate that produced by xenotime sand. The process is carried out by extraction and deposition. The solvent used for the extraction process is D2EHPA with kerosene as diluent, and the deposition process with ammonia. Feed of extraction is yttrium concentrate which is dissolved in nitric acid and the pH is set. Determination of Gd content and other rare earth metal impurities were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence. The purpose of this study was to obtain relatively pure of Gd oxide. The variable that influence the separation process of Gd: pH of the feed solution, extraction time, ratio of feed and organic phase. This reaserach is obtained Gd oxide concentrate 5.1613 grams with the content of Y2O3 = 13.24%, Gd2O3 = 22.28% and Dy2O3= 2.27%
Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Gliserol pada Edible Coating dari Ekstraksi Pektin Limbah Kulit Durian sebagai Pengawet pada Cabai Rawit Merah untuk Memperpanjang Masa Simpan
Get PDFDurian skin waste is an agricultural waste that has great potential if it is further processed. Durian skin waste itself is abundant in the Gunungpati area, Semarang, which produces agricultural commodities in the form of durian fruit. However, the utilization of agricultural commodities has not been done to the fullest because durian skin is just thrown away so that it accumulates and it leads to a bad smell. Of course, this disturbs the surrounding environment because of the presence of piles of durian skin waste. Previous research proved that durian skin waste has a high pectin content. The high pectin content can be used as an edible coating on red chili peppers. Red chili pepper is an agricultural commodity that can rot easily even during the distribution process so that it affects the selling price of red chili pepper. The purpose of this study was to obtain the right formulation of durian skin pectin edible coating. This research consisted of two steps, namely extraction of pectin from durian skin and coating of red chili using extracted pectin. The results of the study prove that the use of an edible coating that has been prepared can reduce the weight loss that occurs during the shelf life of 15 days, from 39.25% to 16.25%
Kajian Pembuatan Briket Bioarang dari Sampah Kiriman Pantai Teluk Penyu, Cilacap
Get PDFCilacap is one of the regencies in Central Java that has tourism potential in the form of “Teluk Penyu” Beach. The location of the beach which is close to Ocean causes this beach to have large sea waves that carries piles of garbage from the sea. This garbage is in the form of organic waste that always comes every day and continues to grow with time. The potential of this waste has resulted in the accumulation of waste on the coast and the need for a solution to overcome this problem. The solution given is processing waste into environmentally friendly bio-charcoal briquettes. Coastal waste is crushed first and then dried. Pyrolysis process is needed to increase the calorific value in waste with various temperatures (300, 400, and 500 0C) and operating times (1,5; 2,5; and 3,5 hours). After that, proceed with the pressing process with a cylinder size of 3 x 10 cm with the addition of tapioca flour for gluing. The quality of environmentally friendly fuel bio-charcoal briquettes is determined from water content, ash content, and heating value determined by SNI 01-6235-2000
Pengaruh Variasi Perekat pada Briket Berbahan Limbah Tempurung Kelapa
Get PDFWorld’s energy demand increasingly grows along the time, especially energy source from fossil fuels. Unfortunately, these fuels generate more GHG (greenhouse gas) emission, which leading to the global warming. Nowadays it encourages the development of some alternative renewable energy, such as biomass. The abundant waste of coconut shell in Indonesia can be utilized as biomass briquettes (bio-briquettes). An adhesive, such as starch, pine resin, or clay, has an important role while producing these briquettes. This research was aimed to study the effect of some kinds of adhesives on briquettes. This laboratory work was conducted by mixing the pyrolyzed coconut shell waste powder with a certain adhesive composition. Afterwards, the mixture was molded into briquettes and dried. Briquettes’ quality was therefore analyzed through their content of moisture, volatile matter, ash, bound carbon, and the heating value. Adhesives used for making briquettes comprised starch (5%, 10%, 15%), pine resin (40%, 45%, 50%), and clay (40%, 45%, 50%). Briquette on 5%-starch composition showed the relatively best characteristics with the content of moisture, volatile matter, ash, bound carbon, and calorific value of 6.74%, 11.78%, 2.94%, 78.52%, and 7027.40 cal/g, respectively. This result was subsequently compared to Indonesia’s national standards (SNI), as well
Pembuatan Nata de Cheese dari Whey Keju Menggunakan Bakteri Acetobacter xylinum
Get PDFCheese production produce waste namely whey cheese. This research studies the effect of concentration (7%, 10%, 20% v/v) and pH (4, 4.25, 4.5.) on the fermentation of whey cheese and to investigate Michaelis-Menten constant and maximum productivity. Whey cheeses were made from amount of 500 mL whey cheese waste, added 50 g of sugar, 6 g of ammonium sulfate and 20% w/w Acetobacter xylinum. The whey cheese wastes were fermentation processes for 0, 4, and 8 days. Every 0, 4, and 8 days wastes were measured for calculating glucose and ethanol level. The Michaelis-Menten constant and Vmax have been evaluated. Fermentation of cheese waste was carried out at room temperature for 8 days. The results showed the highest ethanol percentage at pH 4 and concentration of 10% v/v are 57.2521% and 30.8540% respectively. On the other hand the highest glucose percentage in the variation pH of 4 and concentration of 20% v/v are 16.99%. From the calculation of the kinetic reaction using Lineweaver-Burk plot in the variation of concentration get Vmax and KM obtained are 5.106 ppm.day-1 and KM 2,9266.107 ppm1 in that order. While in the variation of pH get Vmax and KM are 1.106 ppm.day-1 and KM 4,95.106 ppm-1 separately