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Inheritance Distribution of Adopted Children in The Perspective of Customary Law and Islamic Law Compilation: Case Study of the Application of Inheritance Law in Kudus
Get PDFThis article aims to examine the position of adopted children, determine the position of adopted children's inheritance rights, as well as the application of the distribution of inheritance for adopted children in Customary Law and Compilation of Islamic Law in Kudus Regency. The method used is qualitative with a comparative approach. The results showed that the teachings of Islam did not deny the existence of adopted children as far as giving welfare and education to children. The position of adopted children in customary law is influenced by the family or family system. Their position from one region to another varies. In the case of the application of the distribution of inheritance for adopted children in adat law in Kudus District, several provisions of customary law state that the portion of adopted children is equated with the portion of biological children (if there is inheritance rights), or through the will of their adopted parents. While the application of Islamic Law Compilation in the distribution of inheritance in Kudus Regency also regulates wasiat wajibah, a will determined by law even though the person concerned does not inherit it
Hukum Islam dan Patronase dalam Penentuan 1 Ramadhan di Bungong Keumang
Get PDFIn 2017, people in Bungong Keumang village started fasting on Thursday, and they did not follow the government's decision to start fasting on Saturday. They prefer to follow the decisions of religious leaders who often overtake fasting, up to 2-3 days. This difference with the government has been going on for a long time, and almost every year has happened. This paper answers the question of why people in Bungong Keumang prefer to follow the decisions of religious leaders in starting Ramadhan fasting rather than following government decision? With in-depth interviews, answers were obtained that the choice of the community was more due to longstanding social patronage relations based on the exchange of values between religious leaders (patrons) and worshipers (clients) that are mutually beneficial to each other. The determination of 1 Ramadhan which is an area of Islamic law is an 'important arena' to strengthen patronage relations. However, at present the client's obedience to patrons is also shifting. The community is increasingly rational in making choices, access to information is also getting easier, and power relations are also decreasing, so the determination of 1 Ramadhan will become stronger into the area of astronomy and Islamic law
Eksistensi ‘Illat dalam Mengukuhkan Teks Hadis-hadis Ru’yat al-Hilāl dan Fungsinya dalam Pengembangan Hukum Islam
Get PDFḤisāb and ru’yat always be warm conversations when there is an early determination of Ramadhan and Shawwal. At that time, there are always two camps of scholars in reacting, the scholars who hold on to ḥisāb (calculating the calendar) on one side, and on the other hand hold to ru’yat al-hilāl (seeing the moon directly). This in turn often leads to time differences in setting the beginning of the month among Muslims. With the aim to unite the people in starting their worship, some scholars try to understand the texts of these traditions about ru’yat al-hilāl by trying to find the 'illat (reason) of the laws of hadiths about ru’yat al-hilāl. Their study of the 'illat law resulted in the conclusion that the ru’yat al-hilāl is only a suitable means for the people that time and may not suitable for Muslims in this modern era. Therefore Muslims must use other wasīlah (means) which further guarantee the realization of the purpose of law, namely modern astronomy. The conclusion of the law from the side of the discovery of ‘illat seems to be less suited to the purpose of ta'līl al-aḥkām, is to establish textual texts in addition to discovering the forms of development of the texts
Legitimasi Berlapis dan Negosiasi Dinamis pada Pembayaran Perkawinan Perspektif Pluralisme Hukum
Get PDFThis article is based on an ethnographic study that uses participatory observation of eight marriage payment negotiations in the city of Mataram, West Nusatenggara. It argues that the marriage payment in the Muslim tradition of Sasak in the city of Mataram is based on strong legal pluralism or a variety of equally strong laws in which no single legal system dominates and is subordinated to each other. Furthermore, this research sheds light on extending meaning of legal pluralism in which it may include dialogue between the same legal system eg between different customary laws. This strong model of legal pluralism is seen in two ways. First, the layered legitimacy of Sasak marriage by using many models of marriage payments, namely religious payment in the form of mahr for marriage validity, local payment in the form of pisuke and ajikrama for social appropriateness, and state payment in the form of administrative costs for formal legality. Second, the dynamic negotiation between customary law holders concerning the marriage payment when inter-ethnicity marriage occurs (exogamy), where different traditions can absorb each other. The argument at the same time debates the view that has placed the three legal systems: Islam, adat (customs), and the state as opposed and subordinate to each other
Dīnāmikiyyah Jam’iyyah Nahḍah al-‘Ulamā’ fī Ithbāt Awā’il al-Shuhūr al-Qamariyyah bi Indunīsiyā
Get PDFAs a largest muslim organization in Indonesia, NU has been admitted as an innovative pioneer of both hisāb and ru’yat studies which has also been academically necessary in the history of hisab and rukyat studies in Indonesia. According to NU’s perspective, the year of 1984 was officially pointed to become the beginning of hisāb and ru’yat movement which is symbolized by the establishment of Lajnah Falakiyah (the agency of Islamic astronomy study) of Nahdlatul Ulama. This research aims at knowing the extent of the dynamical discourse of NU in the development of hisāb and ru’yat inquiry in Indonesia which its result has shown that within 1984-2000 there was a strained relation between NU and Indonesian government in understanding the concept of Islamic lunar month as it can be seen in a lot of differences in the determination of the initial and final month of qamariah. Meanwhile, in the aftermath of 2000s, the relation between both has dynamically walked in the effort of unification in determining the beginning and end of qamariah month
أثر عمل أهل المدينة و تطبيقاته في الجزائر
No full textThis paper describes 'amal ahl Madīnah (the activity of the Medina people), which became one of the judges of Imām Mālik and his influence on the practice of the activity of the Algerian people which incidentally was Maliki. The charity of the Medina expert is the ijmā’ ahl Madīnah (agreement of the Medina people) for several reasons; first, that the Islamic Shari'a and its jurisprudence descended on Medina; Second, the inhabitants of Medina listened and watched the revelation come down, so that they understood the condition of the Prophet at the time of the revelation. Third, that their transmission takes precedence over transmission other than that. Among the Medina Expert charities used in Algeria is the problem of agricultural/plant zakat, the problem of milk content that can make a woman become maḥrām for children who in their arrangement and become one of the verses in the Family Law in Algeria.[]هذا البحث فيه بيان عن عمل أهل المدينة الذي يعتبره الإمام مالك حجة كما فيه بيان عن أثر عمل أهل المدينةفي تطبيقاته الفقهية العملية في الجزائر، التي عُرفت باعتمادها على المذهب المالكي في الفقه و الفتوى . فعمل أهل المدينة يعتبر إجماعا عند الإمام مالك وذلك لأسباب: أولا، أن القرآن المشتمل على الشرائع وفقه الإسلام نزل في المدينة ، وأهلها هم أول من وجه إليهم التكليف ، ومن خوطبوا بالأمر والنهي ، وأجابوا داعي الله فيما أمر ، فهي دار هجرة النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام ومهبط الوحي ، ومستقر الإسلام ، وجمع الصحابة ، فلا يخرج الحق عن أهلها .ثانيا، أنّ أهل المدينة شاهدوا التنزيل، وسمعوا التنزيل ، وكانوا أعرف بأحوال الرسول .ثالثا، أنّ رواية أهل المدينة مقدمة على رواية غيرهم ، فكان إجماعهم حجة على غيرهم. ومن التطبيقات الفقهية العملية في الجزائر التي تعتمد على عمل أهل المدينة هي مسألة في زكاة الفلاحة المتمثلة في الفواكه والخضروات وكذلك مسألة المقدار المحرم في الرضاعة هذا هو المعمول به في الجزائر بين الناس وفي قانون الأحوال الشخصية الجزائرية
The Position of Expert Witnesses in Medical Malpractice Cases in Indonesia
Get PDFMedical malpractice is one of the most difficult professional errors to prove. In solving medical malpractice cases, law enforcement is always assisted by doctors by connecting experts to reveal the truth with their expertise. The position of doctors as experts is very important and strategic. However, it is not easy for a doctor who wants to become a expert witness because the relationship of the suspect is a colleague. If the doctor want to be an expert witness then his testimony in court is not objective or impressed protect his colleagues. This study suggests that in the completion of medical malpractice cases in court can apply the system of proof by changing the proof to the doctor. In addition, this study also suggests to resolve medical malpractice cases that can be solved through the way of mediation before pursuing litigation settlement. In the aspect of Islamic law, the position of expert witness (ra`yu al-khābir) is very important to explain or interpret a case that is vague and difficult to prove. However, an evidentiary system unable to prove the medical malpractice case then Islamic law can justify by using other methods that can bring benefit in general.[]Malpraktik medik adalah salah satu kesalahan professional yang sangat sulit dibuktikan. Dalam menyelesaikan kasus malpraktik medik, penegak hukum selalu dibantu oleh dokter sebagai saksi ahli untuk mengukapkan kebenaran sesuai dengan keahlian yang dimilikinya. Kedudukan dokter sebagai saksiahli sangat penting dan strategis. Namun, tidak mudah mendapatkan dokter yang mau menjadi saksi ahli terhadap tersangka karena saksi ahli dengan tersangka adalah teman sejawat. Apabila dokter mau menjadi saksi ahli maka kesaksiannya di pengadilan dinilai tidak objektif atau terkesan melindungi teman sejawatnya. Penelitian ini menyarankan supaya dalam penyelesaian kasus malpraktik medik di pengadilan dapat menerapkan sistem pembuktian terbalik dengan memindahkan beban pembuktian kepada dokter. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menyarankan supaya penyelesaian kasus malpraktik medik dapat diselesaikan melalui jalur mediasi sebelum menempuh penyelesaian secara litigasi. Dalam aspek hukum islam, kedudukan saksi ahli (ra`yu al-khābir) sangat penting untuk menerangkan atau menafsirkan suatu perkara yang kabur dan sulit dibuktikan. Namun, apabila sistem pembuktian dengan menggunakan saksi ahli tidak mampu membuktikan perkara malpraktik medik maka hukum islam dapat membenarkan menggunakan metode lain yang dinilai dapat mendatangkan maslahat secara umum
Kajian Kriteria Hisab Global Turki dan Usulan Kriteria Baru MABIMS dengan Menggunakan Algoritma Jean Meeus
Get PDFIn Indonesia, the issue of the beginning of the month always invites polemic differences in the beginning of the month. Especially those related to fasting, Idul Fitri, and Arafah days. Because, many criteria for determining the beginning of the month. And have the disagreement to unite the calendar in an integrated way. This paper examines global criteria Turkey 2016 and has compared them with the New-MABIMS criteria that use astronomical algorithms Jean Meeus. How suitability of both criteria and Implementation to serve as an integrated Islamic calendar reference. The problems were discussed trough comparative study by testing some parameters on cities in the world. In this paper was presented that frequency of conformity values within 100 years in the New-MABIMS criteria is better than Turkey criteria to be made Unified Islamic calendars references. As for Turkey criteria, there are many cases, if implemented in Indonesia.[]Di Indonesia, persoalan penentuan awal bulan selalu mengundang polemik perbedaan dalam mengawali bulan. Khususnya yang berhubungan penentuan awal puasa, hari raya, dan hari arafah. Salah satu penyebabnya karena banyaknya kriteria penentuan awal bulan dan tidak adanya kesepakatan untuk menyatukan kalender secara terpadu. Artikel ini dimaksud untuk mengkaji kriteria hisab global dan perbandingannya dengan usulan Kriteria Baru MABIMS (KBM) dengan menggunakan algoritma Jean Meeus. Bagaimana kesesuaian kedua kriteria tersebut dan implementasi kedua teori tersebut untuk dijadikan sebagai rujukan kalender Islam terpadu. Permasalahan tersebut dibahas melalui studi komparatif dengan menguji beberapa parameter pada beberapa kota di dunia. Dalam artikel ini menunjukkan frekuensi nilai kesesuaian Kriteria Baru MABIMS selama 100 tahun memiliki potensi lebih baik untuk dijadikan rujukan kalender Islam Terpadu. Adapun untuk kriteria hisab global Turki terdapat banyak kasus jika diimplementasikan di Indonesia
Criminal Act of Sexual Gratification: Fiqh Jināyah and Positive Law Perspective
Get PDFThis paper describes the concept of sexual gratification based on positive legal views in Indonesia and fiqh jināyah. This type of qualitative research with the method of collecting library data is also normative in looking at and approaching cases of sexual gratification. This study uses several approaches, including case, comparison, and conceptual approaches. The government has regulated the Law Number. 31 of 1999 which has been updated by Law Number. 20 of 2001 on combating corruption. Moreover, it is stated in Article 12 B that explains matters including gratuities, such as money, goods, commissions, checks, travel tickets and other public facilities. Basically, the sanction of sexual gratification has fulfilled government regulations but has not yet been applied. Thus, it is necessary to reform the law of sexual gratification in Indonesia. The theory of Mukhtalath in Islamic law can be an alternative solution to cases of sexual gratification. The synchronicity of the role of the government and the clear rules and regulations relating to cases of sexual gratuity are urgently needed to achieve justice and legal validity.[]Tulisan ini mendeskripsikan konsep gratifikasi seksual berdasarkan pandangan hukum positif di Indonesia dan fiqh jināyah. Penelitian ini berjenis kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data kepustakaan juga bersifat normatif dalam memandang dan melakukan pendekatan terhadap kasus gratifikasi seksual. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa pendekatan, diantaranya pendekatan kasus, perbandingan dan konseptual. Pemerintah telah mengatur UU Nomor. 31 Tahun 1999 yang telah diperbaharui oleh UU Nomor. 20 tahun 2001 tentang pemberantasan korupsi. Terlebih tercantum dalam pasal 12 B yang menjelaskan hal-hal yang termasuk gratifikasi, seperti, uang, barang, komisi, check, tiket perjalanan dan fasilitas umum lainya. Pada dasarnya sanksi gratifikasi seksual telah memenuhi aturan pemerintah, akan tetapi belum diaplikasikan. Dengan demikian perlu pembaharuan terhadap hukum gratifikasi seksual di Indonesia. Teori tentang Mukhtalath dalam hukum islam dapat menjadi alternatif solusi akan kasus gratifikasi seksual. sinkronisitas peran pemerintah dan jelasnya aturan perundang-undangan terkait kasus gratifikasi seksual sangat dibutuhkan demi tercapainya keadilan dan keabsahan hukum
Iḥyā’ al-Mawāt dalam Kerangka Hukum Pertanahan di Indonesia
Get PDFThis paper gives a new conception of iḥyā’ al-mawāt. Iḥyā’ al-mawāt is an effort to revive, manage, and cultivate the land that has not been touched by human before, or has been managed but abandoned in a long time. Islam recommends that humans prosper the land (earth) mandated by God. In the classical fiqh study, iḥyā’ al-mawāt has implications for the acquisition of property rights on the land which is sought iḥyā’ al-mawāt and applies to all types of land. The fact is different from the provisions in the land law that applies in Indonesia. In Indonesia, every inch of land that is not in the name of private and customary rights, the land is a state land. So there is no land without a name. Although there are several types of state land that can be attempted to be managed by government permission. By doing descriptive analysis and comparison to the concept of iḥyā’ al-mawāt and land law in Indonesia, obtained two main conclusions. First, the land of al-mawāt in the framework of land law in Indonesia includes abandoned land, arising land, and reclaimed land. Against these three types of land, may be made iḥyā’ al-mawāt effort by permission of the government. Second, the implications of iḥyā’ al-mawāt in the framework of land law in Indonesia only on the right of utilization and management (ḥaq al-intifā'), not to the acquisition of ownership (al-tamlīk).[]Tulisan ini memberikan konsepsi baru atas iḥyā’ al-mawāt. Iḥyā’ al-mawāt merupakan upaya menghidupkan, mengelola, dan mengolah tanah yang tidak terjamah oleh manusia sebelumnya, atau pernah dikelola namun ditelantarkan dalam kurun waktu yang lama. Islam menganjurkan agar manusia memakmurkan tanah (bumi) yang diamanahkan oleh Tuhan. Dalam kajian fiqh klasik, iḥyā’ al-mawāt berimplikasi kepada pemerolehan hak milik atas tanah yang diupayakan iḥyā’ al-mawāt dan berlaku bagi segala jenis tanah. Kenyataan tersebut berbeda dengan ketentuan dalam hukum pertanahan yang berlaku di Indonesia. Di Indonesia, tiap jengkal tanah yang bukan atas nama pribadi dan hak ulayat, tanah tersebut merupakan tanah negara. Sehingga tidak ada tanah yang tanpa atas nama. Meskipun terdapat beberapa jenis tanah negara yang boleh dikelola atas seijin pemerintah. Dengan analisis deskriptif dan perbandingan terhadap konsep iḥyā’ al-mawāt dan hukum pertanahan di Indonesia, diperoleh dua kesimpulan utama. Pertama, tanah al-mawāt dalam kerangka hukum pertanahan di Indonesia meliputi tanah terlantar, tanah timbul, dan tanah reklamasi. Terhadap ketiga jenis tanah tersebut, boleh dilakukan upaya iḥyā’ al-mawāt atas seizin pemerintah. Kedua, implikasi iḥyā’ al-mawāt dalam kerangka hukum pertanahan di Indonesia hanya pada hak pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan (ḥaq al-intifā'), tidak sampai kepada pemerolehan kepemilikan (al-tamlīk)