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Providing the Transport Sector in Europe with Fossil Free Energy - A Model-Based Analysis under Consideration of the MENA Region
Full text linkFor reaching the European greenhouse gas emission targets, the phase-in of alternative technologies and energy carriers is crucial for all sectors. For the transport sector, synthetic fuels are–next to electromobility–a promising option, especially for long-distance shipping and air transport. Within this context, the import of synthetic fuels from the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region seems attractive due to low costs for renewable electricity in this region and low transport costs of synthetic fuels at the same time. Against this background, this paper analyzes the role of the MENA region in meeting the future synthetic fuel demand in Europe using a cost-optimizing energy supply model. In this model, the production, storage and transport of electricity, hydrogen and synthetic fuels by various technologies in both European and MENA countries in the period up to 2050 are explicitly modeled. Thereby, different scenarios are analyzed to depict regional differences in investment risks: a base scenario that does not take into account regional differences in investments risks and three risk scenarios with different developments of regional investment risks. Sensitivity analyses are also carried out to derive conclusions about the robustness of results. Results show that meeting the future synthetic fuel demand in Europe to a large extent by imports from the MENA region can be an attractive option from an economic point of view. If investment risks are incorporated, however, lower import quotas of synthetic fuels are economically attractive for Europe: the higher generation costs are outweighed by the lower investments risks in Europe to a certain extent. Thereby, investment risks outweigh other factors such as transport distance or renewable electricity generation costs in terms of exporting MENA regions and a synthetic fuel import is especially attractive from MENA countries with low investment risks. Concluding, within this paper, detailed export relations between MENA and EU considering investment risks were modeled for the first time. These model results should be complemented by a more in-depth analysis of the MENA countries, including evaluating opportunities for local value chain development, sustainability concerns (including social factors), and optimal site selection
Effect of Particle Size and Heating Rate on Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Corn Cob Biomass Pyrolysis
Full text linkPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biochar, as opposed to those in pyrolysis liquid products that exit the reactor without adhering to the solid product, are particularly undesirable due to their environmental persistence and potential toxicity. When applied as a soil amendment, biochar containing PAHs poses risks to soil ecosystems and human health. Their formation during pyrolysis presents a significant challenge in biochar production, requiring the optimization of pyrolysis process parameters to minimize PAH content for safe soil amendment applications. This study explored the effects of particle size and heating rate on PAH formation during corn cob pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to heat corn cob powder of varying sample masses from ambient temperature to 550 °C at heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 °C/min. Simultaneously, the Chemical Reaction Engineering and Chemical Kinetics (CRECK) model simulated the pyrolysis of spherical corn cob biomass particles with a radius ranging from 1 to 40 mm, using feedstock chemical compositions as inputs. Tar species generated from the solid biomass model were introduced into a gas-phase batch reactor model to evaluate PAH formation. The results demonstrate that the particle size and heating rate significantly affect PAH formation, shedding light on the complex dynamics of biomass pyrolysis. A single spherical particle with a radius close to 1 mm approximates ideal TGA conditions by minimizing temperature and mass transfer limitations. The CRECK model suggested that a particle radius of 5–10 mm, combined with a low heating rate of 5 °C/min, optimally reduces PAH formation. Future research should focus on using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TGA-GC-MS) to comprehensively quantify PAH species formation
Abschlussbericht MonKI Projekt: Gewinnung von Strukturinformationen aus semantisch heterogenen Gebäudeautomationsnetzen durch Mustererkennung mittels Künstlicher Intelligenz
Full text linkDas Forschungsprojekt "Gewinnung von Strukturinformationen aus semantisch heterogenen Gebäudeautomationsnetzen durch Mustererkennung mittels Künstlicher Intelligenz" zielte darauf ab, die Integration und Nutzung von Daten aus Gebäudeautomationssystemen zu optimieren. Die Herausforderung bestand darin, semantisch heterogene Datenpunkte, die in verschiedenen Kommunikationsprotokollen (z. B. BACnet, KNX, Modbus) verfügbar sind, effizient zu analysieren und auf ein einheitliches Informationsmodell abzubilden.
Durch den Einsatz von KI-Methoden, insbesondere Natural Language Processing (NLP), konnten diese heterogenen Datenpunkte automatisiert analysiert, klassifiziert und strukturiert werden. Ein besonderer Fokus lag auf der Entwicklung eines vierstufigen Klassifikationsprozesses, der die Zuordnung von Datenpunkten zu funktionalen Kategorien ermöglicht und diese auf ein standardisiertes Vokabular abbildet (Homogenisierung). Dies reduzierte die Notwendigkeit manueller Konfigurationsarbeiten erheblich und ermöglichte eine schnellere Implementierung von Monitoring-Anwendungen.
Die entwickelte Methodik erreichte eine Klassifikationsgenauigkeit von über 98 %, was die Effektivität der angewandten Verfahren zur Datenverarbeitung und Strukturierung unterstreicht. Im Ergebnis werden digitale Zwillinge auf Basis der erkundeten Daten-punkte generiert. Ohne zusätzliche Sensorik oder Aktorik stehen die Betriebsinformationen eines jeden Assets homogenisiert zur Verfügung. Solche digitalen Zwillinge dienen als Grundlage für die automatisierte Erkennung von Optimierungspotenzialen und die Überwachung des Betriebszustands.
Ein weiterer Beitrag des Projekts ist die Entwicklung von interoperablen Schnittstellen und semantischen Mapping-Algorithmen, die den Austausch von Informationen zwischen unterschiedlichen Systemen erleichtern. Damit wird die Grundlage für die Umsetzung von Industrie-4.0-Prinzipien im Gebäudemanagement geschaffen.
Zusammenfassend leistet das Projekt einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Digitalisierung und Automatisierung im Gebäudemanagement. Es unterstützt die Reduktion des Energieverbrauchs und trägt zur Erreichung der nationalen Klimaziele bei. Durch die Reduzierung des Engineering-Aufwands für die Nachrüstung von Monitoring-Anwendun-gen und die damit verbundene verbesserte Skalierbarkeit, eröffnet es neue Möglich-keiten für den wirtschaftlichen und ressourcenschonenden Betrieb von Gebäuden.
Die Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts wurden zusätzlich zu diesem Bericht als peer-reviewed und open-access Artikel in der Zeitschrift Energy & Buildings veröffentlicht. Darüber hinaus ist als Fortführung der entwickelten Konzepte die Hochschulausgründung ENTENDIX entstanden. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde somit ein wesentlicher Beitrag zum Wissenstransfer zwischen Forschung und Praxis geleistet und eine nachhaltige Nutzung und Verwertung der Ergebnisse wurde sichergestellt.The research project “Obtaining structural information from semantically heterogene-ous building automation networks through pattern recognition using artificial intelli-gence” aimed to optimize the integration and use of data from building automation systems. The challenge was to efficiently analyze semantically heterogeneous data points stored in different communication protocols (e.g. BACnet, KNX, Modbus) and map them to a uniform information model.
By using AI methods, in particular Natural Language Processing (NLP), these hetero-genous data points could be automatically analyzed, classified and structured. A par-ticular focus was on the development of a four-stage classification process that enables the assignment of data points to functional categories and maps them to a standardized vocabulary (Homogenization). This significantly reduced the need for manual configuration work and enabled monitoring applications to be implemented more quickly.
The developed methodology achieved a classification accuracy of over 98%, under-scoring the effectiveness of the applied data processing and structuring methods. As a result, digital twins are generated based on the explored data points. Without addi-tional sensors or actuators, the operating information of each asset is available in a homogenized form. Such digital twins serve as the basis for the automated detection of optimization potential and the monitoring of operating status.
Another contribution of the project is the development of interoperable interfaces and semantic mapping algorithms that facilitate the exchange of information between dif-ferent systems. This creates the basis for the implementation of Industry 4.0 principles in building management.
In summary, the project makes a significant contribution to digitalization and automa-tion in building management. It supports the reduction of energy consumption and contributes to the achievement of national climate targets. By minimizing the engineering effort required to retrofit monitoring applications and the associated improved scalabil-ity, it opens up new possibilities for the economical and resource-saving operation of buildings. In addition to this report, the results of the research project were published as a peer-reviewed and open-access article in the journal Energy & Buildings. Furthermore, the university spin-off ENTENDIX was established as a continuation of the concepts developed. The project thus made a significant contribution to the transfer of knowledge between research and practice and ensured the sustainable use and exploitation of the results
Development of a Software to Show Hierarchical Netlists for an Open Source Chipdesign IDE Using the Eclipse Layout Kernel
Full text linkThis thesis covers the implementation and testing of a netlist viewer backend that can process hierarchical netlists produced by yosys. To determine the requirements posed to the implemented backend, several closed and open source netlist visualization programs are evaluated. Based on these requirements, three approaches for the implementation are proposed and implemented. The implementation is then both automatically and manually tested with regards to runtime and memory consumption. In these tests, the implementation achieves both lower processing times in comparison to netlistsvg and the existing FEntwumS Netlist Viewer backend and lower memory consumption compared to the existing FEntwumS Netlist Viewer backend
Regulierung von PFAS in Europa: Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen und politische Entscheidungsprozesse
Full text linkPer- und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) stellen aufgrund ihrer extremen Persistenz, weltweiten Verbreitung und gesundheitlichen Risiken eine der zentralen umwelt- und chemikalienpolitischen Herausforderungen Europas dar. Die Europäische Union reagiert darauf mit einem umfassenden regulatorischen Ansatz, der von sektoralen Einzelregelungen bis hin zum geplanten gruppenweiten Verbot im Rahmen der REACH-Verordnung reicht. Die Arbeit analysiert die politischen Entscheidungsprozesse, die Beteiligung und Interessen zentraler Akteure, bestehende Rechtsvorschriften sowie den aktuellen Stand des EU-Beschränkungsverfahrens. Ergänzend wird untersucht, welche sozioökonomischen Auswirkungen, technologischen Herausforderungen und potenziellen Chancen mit einer PFAS-Restriktion verbunden sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Regulierung ein komplexes Zusammenspiel von Umwelt-, Gesundheits- und Industrieinteressen erfordert. Gleichzeitig wird deutlich, dass nur ein differenziertes, wissenschaftlich fundiertes und sektorspezifisch umsetzbares Regulierungskonzept sowohl den Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt als auch die industrielle Innovationsfähigkeit gewährleisten kann
Protection of the Rights of Minor Patients in the Light of the Requirements of the Document on ‘Standards for the Protection of Minors’
No full textFrom 15 August 2024, institutions providing healthcare services where children are or may be present are required to introduce an additional mandatory document, the so-called Standards for the Protection of Minors. The essence of this document is to ensure the safety of a minor patient in relations with the entity’s staff, other minor patients and persons close to them. The legislature’s idea was to indicate the principles determining safe contact with a minor and the procedures for responding in any situation of suspicion that a child is being harmed. Unfortunately, the universal scheme set out by the Act is difficult to implement to the same extent in every institution; it therefore requires adaptation to the specifics of its activity. It also requires taking into account the risks that may occur in a given place and the provisions regulating the activity of the entity and its internal regulations. This article aims to present selected problems noticed during the development and introduction of the document on standards for the protection of minors in medical institutions.Kinga Michałowska: [email protected] Ambrożuk-Wesołowska: [email protected] Michałowska - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie, PolskaDorota Ambrożuk-Wesołowska - Uniwersytet Szczeciński, PolskaAndrzejewski, M. (2014). Relacja rodzice i inne osoby dorosłe a dzieci w świetle nowych przepisów Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego i niektórych innych ustaw (wybrane problemy). Acta Iuris Stetinensis, 6, 371–400.Baranowska, I. (2024, 15 lutego). Nowe obowiązki pracodawców dotyczące weryfikacji niekaralności osób zatrudnianych do pracy z dziećmi. https://sip.lex.pl/komentarze-i-publikacje/komentarze-praktyczne/obowiazki-pracodawcow-dotyczace-weryfi kacji-470239021.Bosek, L. (2020). Komentarz do art. 33, cz. II, pkt. 1. w: L. Bosek (red.), Ustawa o prawach pacjenta i Rzeczniku Praw Pacjenta. Komentarz (ss. 550–560).Wydawnictwo CH BECK.Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę (2022), Raport „Dzieci się liczą 2022”. (2022, 15 grudnia). Fundacja Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę, pod patronatem Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości. https://fdds.pl/co-robimy/raporty-z-badan/2022/dzieci-sie-licza-2022.htmlDrozdowska, U. (2006). Cywilnoprawna ochrona praw pacjenta w ustawodawstwie polskim. w: A. Górski & P. Dzienis (red.), Regulacje prawne ochrony zdrowia (ss. 141–142). Wydawnictwo Temida 2.Graziano, A.M. (1994). Why we should study subabusive violence against children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, 412–419.Góralczyk, K. (2018). Stosowanie przepisów dotyczących wyrażenia zgody zastępczej na udzielenie świadczenia zdrowotnego małoletniemu pacjentowi – wyniki badań. w: B. Kmieciak (red.), Prawo i medycyna, t. 1, Między standardem a odpowiedzialnością (ss. 317–341). Wydawnictwo
Think & Make.Jabłońska, K. & Kaczkowski, J. (2017). Żyć aż do końca. Instrukcja obsługi choroby. Wydawnictwo Więź.Karkowska, D. (2021). Komentarz do artykułu 8. w: E. Bielak-Jomaa, G. Błażewicz, R. Bryzek, B. Chmielowiec, M. Ćwikiel, P. Grzesiewski, B. Kmieciak, A. Nowak & D. Karkowska, Prawa pacjenta i Rzecznik Praw Pacjenta. Komentarz (ss. 401–444). Wolters Kluwer Polska.Katana, K., Krawczak, A., Kubicka-Kraszyńska, U. & Sotomska, A. (2023). Standardy ochrony dzieci w placówkach medycznych (ss. 4–6). Wydawnictwo Fundacja Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę.Konieczniak, P. & Boratyńska, M. (2019). Zasada wszechstronnego informowania pacjenta. w: M. Boratyńska, P. Konieczniak & E. Zielińska (red.), System Prawa Medycznego. Regulacja prawna czynności medycznych . Tom II. Część 1. (ss. 25–209). Wolters Kluwer.Krawczak, A, Kubicka-Kraszyńska, U. & Katana K. (2023). Ochrona zdrowia, ochrona dzieci. jak skutecznie i zgodnie z prawem reagować w sytuacji podejrzenia, że dziecko − pacjent jest krzywdzone? (ss. 4–14). Fundacja Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę.Malarewicz-Jakubów, A. (2015). Dziecko jako pacjent, w: E.M. Guzik-Makaruk, V. Skrzypulec-Plinta & J. Szamatowicz (red.), Wybrane prawne i medyczne problemy ginekologii dziecięcej (ss. 51–62). Wydawnictwo Temida 2.Maślankiewicz, R. & Bójko, M. (2019, 15 maja). Raport Watchdoga – Jak źle jest w polskiej psychiatrii dzieci i młodzieży. https://siecobywatelska.pl/raport-watchdoga-jak-zle-jest-w-polskiej-psychiatrii-dzieci-i-mlodziezy/Michałowska, K. (2022). Granice rodzicielskich ingerencji w dobra osobiste dziecka – zagadnienia wybrane. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 27(3), 49–69.Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości (2024). Wyjaśnienia do ustawy o ochronie dzieci. https://www.gov.pl/web/sprawiedliwosc/pytania-do-ustawy-o-ochronie-dzieci2NFZ (2024). Krajowy punkt kontaktowy do spraw transgranicznej opieki zdrowotnej. https://www.kpk.nfz.gov.pl/pl/Perek, M. & Cepuch, G. (2008). Dziecko w szpitalu a ryzyko krzywdzenia instytucjonalnego. Studia Medyczne, 11, 23–27.Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. (2023). Ustawa z dnia 28 lipca 2023 r., o zmianie ustawy Kodeks rodzinny i opiekuńczy oraz niektórych innych ustaw (2023, poz. 1606 ) – tzw. „ustawa Kamilka".Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. (2016). Ustawa z dnia 13 maja 2016 r. o przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom przestępczością na tle seksualnym i ochronie małoletnich (t.j. z 2024, poz. 560).Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. (2011). Ustawa z dnia 5 kwietnia 2011 r., o działalności leczniczej (t.j. 2024, poz. 799).Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. (2008). Ustawa z dnia 6 listopada 2008r., o prawach pacjenta i Rzeczniku Praw Pacjenta (t.j. 2024, poz. 581).Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. (1974). Ustawa z dnia 26 czerwca 1976 r., Kodeks pracy (t.j. 2023, poz., 1465. ze zm.)Sitarz, O. (2022). Znaczenie regulacji prawa rodzinnego dla karnoprawnej oceny zaniedbania. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 27(3), 71–89.Słownik języka polskiego PWN (2024). Hasło: standard. https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/standard.htmlWasilewska, E. (2017). Zobiektywizowany sposób oceny rozmiaru krzywdy przy ustalaniu zadośćuczynienia pieniężnego na rzecz poszkodowanego pacjenta. Ius Novum, 3, 101–121.Wyrok Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 4 czerwca 2008 r., sygn. akt II PK 323/07, OSNP 2009, nr 21/22, poz. 276.30122324
How to Avoid the Risk of Maladaptation? From a Conceptual Understanding to a Systematic Approach for Analyzing Potential Adverse Effects in Adaptation Actions
Full text linkClimate change is already affecting and altering natural and human systems, and its effects are expected to intensify over the coming decades. Adaptation is therefore imperative for future development. However, like any other anthropogenic intervention, adaptation measures can have unintended detrimental impacts and adverse effects on human and natural systems, known as maladaptation. With growing evidence of maladaptation, practitioners in the fields of resilience and climate change adaptation increasingly focus on avoiding maladaptation risks in their projects. Yet, there is still no clear understanding of how to comprehensively and systematically analyze adverse effects in adaptation actions. To address this gap, this article advances the conceptual understanding of maladaptation and elaborates a pragmatic approach for examining, identifying, and diagnosing maladaptation risks in adaptation measures. Starting by breaking down the concept of maladaptation into analytical components (i.e., drivers, mechanisms, dimensions, attributes, forms, and outputs of maladaptation) based on the relevant literature, we propose a new harmonized and actionable definition. Based on this new understanding, we propose a practical and systematic approach to analyze maladaptation risks at the early stages of adaptation planning. Through the proposed definition, conceptual disaggregation, and practical framework, this paper contributes to a better understanding of maladaptation and provides practitioners with means to improve the design of future adaptation measures
Medienbildungsrelevante Kompetenzen bei Lehrkräften und Eltern: Wie Schüler:innen digitale Medienbildung und Kompetenzverhältnisse in der Schule erleben.
Full text linkDie Implementierung von digitalen Medien und Medienbildung in Schule und Unterricht in Deutschland gilt seit Jahren als schleppend und lückenhaft (Eickelmann et al., 2024; Eickelmann et al., 2019; Heldt et al., 2021; Lorenz & Eickelmann, 2022, S. 164).
Der vorliegende Beitrag fragt, wie 10–15-jährige Schüler:innen der Sekundarstufe I dies erleben. Auf Grundlage einer qualitativ-rekonstruktiven Teilstudie des BMBF-Verbundes
Ganztag-digital: Digitale Medien und Medienbildung in der sozialen Welt der Ganztagsschule zeigen wir: die Wahrnehmung der digitalen Schulentwicklung seitens der Schüler:
innen ist eng mit den als begrenzt wahrgenommenen medienbildungsrelevanten Kompetenzen ihrer Lehrkräfte verschränkt. Vor dem Hintergrund von gegenwärtigen
Mediatisierungs- und Entgrenzungsprozessen deutet sich ein Verschwimmen der Zuständigkeiten zwischen formalen und informellen Bildungskontexten an, während der
institutionelle Lernzusammenhang (in) der Schule seitens der Schüler:innen immer noch als zentral für Orientierung angesehen wird. So kritisieren Schüler:innen inkonsistente
Regelungen und fehlende Unterstützung, stellen die medienbildungsrelevanten Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften und Eltern teils infrage und justieren Kompetenzverhältnisse
bspw. über Peers neu.
Unsere Befunde zeigen damit eine doppelte Bewegung: Eine Selbstorganisation jenseits des Unterrichts bei gleichzeitiger Erwartung an Schule und Lehrkräfte, medienbildungsrelevante Kompetenzen (instrumentell, kritisch-ethisch, didaktisch) systematisch aufzubauen. Damit deuten die Aussagen der befragten Schüler:innen darauf hin, dass
sowohl die generationale als auch die pädagogisch-institutionelle Ordnung trotz Kritik nicht oder kaum in Frage gestellt werden
The Impact of Capital Disclosures on Capital Flows in Integrated Reports of Publicly Listed Companies: Evidence from Poland
No full textPurpose | The article aims to clarify the relationship between the number and form of capital disclosures and capital flows in integrated reports of the Polish listed companies. The study covers 45 reports of 23 companies listed on the WSE between 2020 and 2022, filling the research gap on the impact of disclosures on reporting capital flows. Research method | The study was of a mixed nature. In the qualitative part, the content of the companies’ reports was analysed, identifying disclosures of six forms of capital and classifying them in terms of occurrence and then form (quantitative or qualitative). Flows between the different forms of capital were identified through a coding procedure. In the quantitative part, Pearson correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between the number of disclosures and the form of disclosure and the capital flows. Results | The results indicate that more capital disclosures are associated with more frequent reporting of capital flows. Quantitative disclosures correlate more strongly with capital flows than qualitative disclosures, indicating their more significant role in reporting. Originality / value / implications / recommendations | The results indicate that more capital disclosures are associated with more frequent reporting of capital flows. 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English language revision through the application of learning stations and educational escape rooms: The impact on 8th graders’ motivation and engagement
No full textActivating teaching techniques have been increasingly applied in the EFL classroom since they foster motivation, promote independent learning, and add variety to a standard English class. Undoubtedly, learning stations and education escape rooms are representative examples of such techniques. Regarding their beneficial influence on the learning process, their application is an effective way to prepare students for tests and exams. This study attempts to evaluate how English language revision through the application of learning stations constituting one educational escape room influences students’ motivation and engagement. Therefore, to gain insight into the students’ outlook on the motivational impact of this revision, a class was held for 8th grade students that implemented such techniques. The students were carefully observed during the experiment. Subsequently, a questionnaire consisting of 22 questions was carried out among them. The results of the study are overwhelmingly positive in the sense of achieving a great number of positive answers concerning the motivational impact of the class conducted.Marta Dick-Bursztyn: [email protected] Dick-Bursztyn, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the University of Rzeszów in Poland. As a pre-service teacher trainer, she specializes in English Language Teaching (ELT) didactics, and her research interests encompass second language acquisition and broadly understood glottodidactics. Her academic work focuses on enhancing pre-service teacher education, integrating practical teaching methodologies with theoretical insights to support effective language instruction.Ewelina Cop, M.A., is a third-year doctoral student in the field of linguistics at the Doctoral School of the University of Rzeszów. Her primary research focus is on foreign language acquisition, with a specific emphasis on glottodidactics.Patrycja Indycka-Kusiak, M.A., is a third-year doctoral student in the field of linguistics at the Doctoral School of the University of Rzeszów. Her primary focus is on second language acquisition and instruction, with particular attention to individual differences.Marta Dick-Bursztyn - University of Rzeszów, PolandEwelina Cop - University of Rzeszów, PolandPatrycja Indycka-Kusiak - University of Rzeszów, PolandBurgess, S., & Head, K. (2005). How to teach for exams. Pearson Education.Bloom, B. S, Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Vol. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. David McKay Company.Christensen, H.P., Vigild, M. E., Thomsen, E., Szabo, P. & Horsewell, A., (2009). Activating teaching methods, studying responses, and learning. Active Learning for Engineering Education. Conference Report, 1–12. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2099/7808Dale, L., van der Es, W., & Tanner, R. (2011). CLIL skills. European Platform.Domínguez, A., Saenz-de-Navarrete, J., de-Marcos, L., Fernandez-Sanz, L., Pagés, C., & Martínez, J. J. (2013). Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes. Computers & Education, 63, 380–392.Fulbeck, E., Atchison, D., Giffin, J., Seidel, D., & Eccleston, M. (2020). Personalizing student learning with station rotation: A descriptive study. American Institutes for Research.Griffee, D. T. (2012). An introduction to second language research methods: Design & data. TESL-EJ Publications.Kołodziejczyk, H. (2013). Stacje uczenia się jako metoda wspierania autonomii oraz aktywizowania uczących się. In O. Majchrzak (Ed.), Psycholingwistyczne eksploracje językowe (pp. 43–57). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.Landers, R. N. (2014). Developing a theory of gamified learning: Linking serious games and gamification of learning. Simulation & Gaming, 45(6), 752– 768.Nicholson, S. (2016). Peeking behind the locked door: A survey of escape room facilities. Paper presented at Meaningful Play Conference 2016. Lansing, Michigan. Available at http://scottnicholson.com/pubs/erfacwhite.pdfRosenber, R. (2009). Tools for activating materials and tasks in the English language classroom. English Teaching Forum, 4, 2–10.Van der Linden, S. (2015). The psychology of competition. Psychology Today, June 24, 2015. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/socially-relevant/201506/the-psychology-competitionWalker, R. & Pérez Ríu, C. (2008). Coherence in the assessment of writing skills. ELT Journal, 62(1), 18–28.48 (1/2025)52