Jurnal Filsafat
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Virtual Realism: David Chalmers on the Ontological Status of Virtual Reality
Get PDFThe presence of a new technology can bring a novel perspective which then reopens old philosophical questions. Virtual reality, for example, recycles passion in the West over metaphysical topics. Fundamental questions regarding reality are coming back to life and attracting heated philosophical debates such as: How to define reality? What is the limit or scope of reality? Can we really reach or know true reality? David Chalmers, an Australian-American techno-philosopher, is a figure at the center of this field of study. He presents the concept of “virtual realism” to represent the view that all objects and environments in virtual reality are real and equal to everything else. This raises the question of how we should interpret all objects, actions, experiences and events in virtual reality and their relationship to non-virtual reality. The purpose of this research is to elaborate and analyze virtual realism as conceptualized by Chalmers. This research conducted a conceptual study to understand the arguments and theses put forward by Chalmers. The results of the research show that Chalmers constructed virtual realism using various realism arguments eclectically. Chalmers' ultimate argument says that as in non-virtual reality, there is also a degree of power and causality in virtual circumstances that can both influence and influence non-virtual reality
"Test, Learn, and Listen”: Rethinking the Epistemological Assumption of Evidence-Based Policymaking
Get PDFEvidence-based policymaking (EBP) relies on an epistemological assumption that evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is the finest evidence for policy formulation, while expert testimony is the poorest one. This paper argues that while RCTs are a valuable source of empirical evidence for policy interventions, they are not sufficient on their own to support evidence-based policy formulation. Through the lens of the INUS framework of causation, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of a policy is influenced by a complex interplay of contextual factors, which RCTs alone cannot capture. We advocate for the integration of contextual and qualitative knowledge, including testimonies from experts and community members, to supplement RCT findings. This additional knowledge provides insights into the social, cultural, and subjective dimensions of the target population, addressing motivations, preferences, and other factors that can significantly impact policy success. By comparing reductionist and non-reductionist perspectives on the use of testimony in evidence-based policy, we argue for a balanced approach that values credible testimonies as essential to understanding context. Ultimately, this paper underscores the importance of a multifaceted evidence approach in crafting effective, context-sensitive public policies
From Authority to Justification: The Epistemological Foundations of Joseph Raz’s Legal Philosophy
Get PDFThis article examines the intrinsic relationship between law and values through the lens of legal epistemology, focusing on Joseph Raz’s legal philosophy. It investigates how judicial interpretation, shaped by epistemological foundations, influences legal reasoning and outcomes. Central to the discussion are normative challenges in adjudication such as ambiguity, uncertainty, and moral conflict. It also discusses how Raz’s thought of legal authority and the chain of validity among norms provide a framework for evaluating the legitimacy and justification of legal decisions. Raz argues that legal authority must offer independently justified reasons for action, reinforcing the law’s role in maintaining social order. The article further examines how legal structures shape and sustain societal values, positioning legal epistemology not only as a tool for understanding the basis of authority but also as a normative foundation for aligning legal principles with societal values. In conclusion, the research affirms that a robust epistemological approach to law, as proposed by Raz, is crucial for ensuring legitimacy and fairness in legal systems, making legal epistemology indispensable in affirming the normative force of law in contemporary society
Pentti Linkola's Ecofascism and the Environmental Crisis: A Re-evaluation of the Concept of Humanity
Get PDFThe global environmental crisis has posed an urgent challenge for humanity to reconsider its relationship with nature. The idea of ecofascism proposed by Pentti Linkola has attracted attention because it offers a controversial solution to environmental problems. This research explores and re-evaluates the concept of humanity within the framework of ecofascism proposed by Pentti Linkola, using a human philosophy review approach. This research uses a qualitative method with the analytical framework of description, interpretation, and critical analysis of Linkola's humanitarian views. This research identifies the perspective of human philosophy in ecofascism. In addition, this research also explores the implications of reassessing the concept of humanity on human mindset and actions in overcoming the global environmental crisis. By integrating human philosophy perspectives, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between ecofascism, the concept of humanity, and the environmental challenges facing humanity. This study's results show that one way to overcome the environmental crisis offered by Linkola is implementing a fascist government with ecological considerations. Linkola offers to regulate the human population, ban foreign languages, control obesity and height, and limit the use of fossil fuels. Linkola is also firm in rejecting human rights and individual freedoms as the cause of natural destruction. While prioritizing ecosystems over individual rights, this approach cannot be easily justified. Effective solutions to environmental challenges require a more holistic approach, including increased resource efficiency, adoption of green technologies, and changes in sustainable consumption behavior, thus maintaining ecological balance while respecting human rights
Constructing Meaning: The Role of Aristotelian Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Through a Neurosemantic Lens
Get PDFThis study integrates Aristotelian rhetoric (ethos, pathos, logos) with neurosemantics to examine meaning construction in the human brain. Using a conceptual analysis approach, it explores the neural mechanisms underlying ethos-, pathos-, and logos-based communication strategies. The findings indicate that integrating rhetorical elements with neurosemantics enhances communication effectiveness across various domains, including education, marketing, and political discourse. Ethos establishes credibility through the activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), pathos fosters emotional engagement via the amygdala and insula, while logos strengthens logical reasoning through the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). This study also highlights practical applications in language therapy and neuroscience-based communication design to optimize message delivery
Science, Power, and Democracy: A Critical Perspective of Political Influence on Knowledge Production
Get PDFThis study aims to explore the relationship between science, power, and democracy. This relationship stems from the fundamental argument that science is always linked to values, whether political, ideological, or even economic interests. While science can contribute positively to transforming public life for the better, it can also give rise to exclusivity and elitism in the scientific community, which can undermine democratic principles and values. This study demonstrates that the relationship between science and politics is ambivalent, as it can both strengthen the legitimacy of public governance and create the risk of technocracy and expert dominance, leading to the public being perceived as lacking adequate epistemic capacity in certain scientific fields. Therefore, efforts are needed to steer science toward a true public interest through the democratization of science, both procedurally and substantively. However, normative boundaries remain crucial: when emerging public values are discriminatory, scientists are obligated to reject them, as they contradict the egalitarian principles that underlie democracy. Furthermore, public trust in science must be maintained by ensuring that the public is fully imagined and involved in the knowledge production process. Thus, public-oriented science must be committed to the values of humanity and equality
Postmodernism and the Crisis of Trust in Government: An Analysis of Michel Foucault's Thought
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the causes of the crisis of trust in government from a postmodernist perspective, referring to Michel Foucault's concepts of governmentality and biopolitics. The central research question explores how power, as expressed through public policy discourse, can impact government legitimacy, particularly during global crises. A qualitative approach is used, employing critical philosophical analysis of Foucault's texts, with case studies on pandemic policies and the use of surveillance technology. The findings reveal that the decline in public trust is not only due to administrative failures but also due to the way governments manage policy discourse in ways that are opaque and manipulative. Based on these findings, the study suggests that governments should adopt more transparent and participatory policy approaches, increasing public involvement in decision-making processes to strengthen the legitimacy of the government, which has been undermined.
Freire's Praxis, Democracy and Critical Consciousness in Islamic Education
Get PDFCritical philosophy in education assumes that students are so naive and unable to read social reality critically, and this also happens in Islamic education. Paulo Freire tries to promote the importance of student-centred education, active participation and critical consciousness in education. This study aims to: (1) explore Freire's ideas about praxis; (2) explore Freire's thoughts on democracy; (3) explore Freire's thinking about critical consciousness; (4) integrate the concepts of praxis, democracy and critical consciousness in Islamic education. This is literature research which involves review of literature that is relevant to Freire's concepts and their application in Islamic education. The findings of this study are: (1) Praxis allows students to link Islamic knowledge and values with concrete actions in life; (2) Democracy promotes student participation in decision-making and open dialogue, enabling them to actively contribute to learning; (3) Critical consciousness helps students understand the structure of society and analyze their understanding of Islamic teachings critically; (4) The concepts of praxis, democracy and critical consciousness in Islamic education provides opportunities for students to integrate religious teachings with their life experiences, understand the social context and develop a critical understanding of Islam
Intimate Language in Traditional Markets: Challenging Public Space Norms through Kristeva’s Intertextuality
Get PDFThe use of intimate language in public spaces is a phenomenon that emerges in the interactions of economic actors in traditional markets. Therefore, language intimacy deconstructs social norms that should not be displayed in public spaces. However, language intimacy has emerged in traditional markets for a long time in the interactions of economic actors, including sellers, buyers, porters, parking attendants, and the social gathering community. This research explores how intimate language is articulated in an economic space closely related to the ethnic identity of economic actors in traditional markets in the Jember region. The ethnic diversity in question includes Javanese, Madurese, Chinese/Chinese, and Arab. This phenomenon was researched qualitatively using a post-structuralist approach and applying Julia Kristeva's theory of intertextuality. Data analysis uses two Kristeva concepts, namely intertextuality and suprasegmental. The data is processed by looking at the text production process originating inside and outside the text. The research results show that the intimacy of language, usually used in the private sphere, has succeeded in breaking down the rigidity of language in the public sphere, besides dissolving social relations between economic actors with various ethnicities and social classes. Thus, the use of greetings in intimate language closely related to ethnic identity is experiencing development and merging with the space of familiarity and closeness built by economic actors in traditional markets