Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat
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Isolation and Characterization of Potential Isolates of Rhizosphere Bacteria to Contro Budok Disease in Patchouli Plant
No full textSynchytrium pogostemonis, the causal agent of budok disease, is one of the major limiting factors in patchouli production in Indonesia. Patchouli farmers usually control budok disease with chemical fungicides. Chemical control pollutes environment and disrupts agricultural ecosystem. Therefore, an environmentally friendly pest control should be conducted to control the disease. The objective of the study was to isolate and evaluate some rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere of patchouli and black pepper plants against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae, F. solani, Sclerotium rolfsii. Potential rhizobacterial isolates were tested to control budok disease on a pot scale. The results showed that 26 rhizobacterial isolates from 100 tested were antagonistic to F. oxysporum, F. solani and S. rolfsii. Four rhizobacteria isolates (RL13-A, RL31-A, RL35-A, RL32-A) showed strong inhibition (>40 %) against the 3 pathogens. In polibag experiment, RL35-A, PS9, RL13-A, RL32-B, RL31-A isolates were able to suppress budok disease significantly by 84.01; 76.00; 65.99; 43.99; and 21.98 % respectively. These results indicated that RL35-A isolates have strong antagonistic effect compared to other isolates. Based on 16S rDNA analysis, RL35-A isolates possessed close relationship (99 %) with all species of Enterobacter sp. The antibiotic compound extracted from RL35-A culture broth using GC-MS analysis was identified as phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-(canola). These results suggested that Enterobacter sp. was potential to be developed as biological agent for controlling budok disease in patchouli plants
Selection of Nutmeg Mother Trees In The Germplasm Collection at Cicurug Experimental Station Sukabumi
Full text linkNutmeg has been known as native spices to Indonesia. The widespread cultivation of nutmeg cause the high demand for nutmeg seeds, hence the source of quality seeds is needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate sex, morphological characters, yield and quality to be recommended as source of quality seeds. The research was conducted at Cicurug Experimental Station, Sukabumi (550 m asl). The parameters observed were the sex of trees, and yield per tree harvested for nine years from 2007-2015. The quality was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectra (GC-MS). The sex of the trees observations resulted 152 accessions (34.7 %) were pure males, 83 accessions (18.9 %) bisexual males and 203 accessions (46 %) pure females. Based on fruit yield, from 203 female nutmeg trees, 20 accessions produced high fruit yield >2,500 fruits/tree/year. GC-MS analysis showed the number of identified compounds were 18-30 compounds with the main components were α-pinene, ß-pinene, sabinene, limonene, 4-terpineol, safrol, elemicin and myristicin. The 20 selected accessions met the quality standards for the essential oil, limonene and elemicin levels, but only five accessionsmet the standard quality for α-pinene, two accessions for ß-pinene, five accessions for sabinen, 18 accessions for 4-terpineol, 13 on safrol, and 11 accessions for myristicin levels. Tree selected accessions Botol 122, Irian 112 and Kupal 139 fulfilled nine out of ten quality parameters, whereas other accessions only fulfilled eight to four quality parameters. Accessions that achieved the criteria of fruit production should be recommended as source of quality seeds
PENGARUH PUPUK HIJAU TANAMAN KEMBANG BULAN (Tithonia diversifolia) DAN PUPUK KANDANG TERHADAP PRODUKSI TANAMAN EKINASE (Echinacea purpurea)
Full text linkEchinaceae is introduced medicinal plant as immunomodulator. The high demand of echinaceae as raw material for immunomodulatory herbal medicine by the industries, requires the increase in quantity and quality of cultivated echinaceae. Thus, the use of fertilizer is necessary. However, to ensure the safety of raw materials for herbal medicine industry, the use of organic fertilizer becomes one of the important components. Organic fertilizer used can be in the form of solid fertilizer such as dung manure, compost and green manure. Various plants can be utilized as a source of green manure such as Tithonia diversifolia, because of its high N content. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the dosage of dung manure and green manure from T. diversifolia on echinaceae biomass and echinacoside contents. The research was arranged in Factorial Randomized Block Design with two treatments, three dosages of dung manure (P) 0; 2.5; 5 ton.ha-1, and three dosages of green manure from T. diversifolia (T) 0; 10 and 20 ton.ha-1. The treatment combinations were repeated three times. The results showed that there was no interaction between T. diversifolia green manure and dung manure usage. The use of T. diversifolia fertilizer alone was not evidently increased the fresh weight of biomass at 20 ton.ha-1. The use of T. diversifolia and dung manure showed no significant effect on echinacoside content.Ekinase merupakan tanaman obat introduksi yang berkhasiat sebagai imunomodulator. Kebutuhan tanaman ekinase sebagai bahan baku obat herbal imunomodulator terus meningkat. Dalam upaya memenuhi permintaan bahan baku industri, kuantitas dan kualitas, maka produksi ekinase perlu ditingkatkan dengan penggunaan pupuk yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dosis pupuk hijau tanaman kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia) dan pupuk kandang terhadap biomassa dan kadar echinacoside tanaman ekinase. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Faktorial dengan dua perlakuan, yaitu tiga dosis pupuk kandang (0; 2,5; 5 ton ha-1) dan tiga dosis pupuk hijau kembang bulan ( 0; 10 dan 20 ton ha-1). Perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Parameter yang diamati adalah biomassa herba tanaman ekinase dan kadar ekinakosida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada interaksi antara penggunaan pupuk kembang bulan dengan pupuk kandang terhadap tanaman ekinase. Pupuk kembang bulan sebagai pupuk tunggal meningkatkan hasil bobot segar herba tidak nyata pada dosis 20 ton.ha-1. Penggunaan pupuk hijau kembang bulan dan pupuk kandang tidak menstimulasi senyawa echinacoside pada ekinase
Efficacy of Single Formula of Clove, Eucalyptus, Neem and Citronella Oil against Budok Disease of Patchouli
Full text linkBudok is one of the most important patchouli diseases caused by Synchytrium pogostemonis, spread out through seeds, soil, and water. A research to develop botanical pesticides based on essential oils was conducted at Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crop Research Institute in 2014. The research was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of single formula of clove, eucalyptus, neem, and citronella oil against budok disease. Research was conducted in disease endemic area in Cimanggu Research Installation, Bogor. Single formula of clove, eucalyptus, neem, and citronella oils were tested their efficacy against budok disease. Two synthetic fungicides of benomyl and bourdeaux mixture were used as comparison, and water as control. One month-old healthy patchouli plants were sprayed with each essential oil (5ml.l-1), benomyl (3 g.l-1), and bourdeaux mixture (1%) every two weeks for 5 times respectively. Experiment was arranged in randomized completely block design (7 treatments, 3 replication, and 20 plants/replication). Neem oil was the most effective formula in suppressing budok disease incidence (58.30%) compared to citronella (33.30%), clove (26.65%), and eucalyptus (8.30%), although it was still lower than benomyl (100%) and bourdeaux mixture (100%). Application of neem oil, benomyl, and bourdeoux mixture could inhibit S. pogostemonis infection and budok disease development. However, the application of clove and citronella oils only capable of inhibiting budok disease development. Those tested essential oils are potential to be developed as botanical pesticides to control budok disease of patchouli. However, their efficacy should be increased by producing formula mixtures of those essential oils
The Potency of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated From Red Ginger to Enhance Black Pepper Seedlings Growth
Full text linkEndophytic bacteria have many benefits such as phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, increasing mineral absorption as well as enhancing plant resistance against diseases. The research aimed to obtain endophytic bacteria potential to stimulate the growth of black pepper seedling. The first step was isolating endophytic bacteria from roots, rhizomes, and leaves of healthy red ginger. Characterization and selection were conducted by evaluating the capability on phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and indole acetic acid (IAA) hormone production of the isolated endophytic bacteria. There were 36 isolates consisted of 14 isolates from leaves, 9 isolates from roots and 13 isolates from rhizomes. Seventeen isolates were capable to dissolve phosphate, fix nitrogen and produce IAA or possessing those three characters, but only nine isolates were tested on pepper seedlings. The nine isolates were Ajc 1, Ajc 3, Ajc 7, Ajc 9, Rjc 1, Rjc 6, Djc 3, Djc 6, and Djc 11. Further evaluation of the nine isolates which were inoculated to pepper seedlings, indicated that Rjc1 isolate enhanced pepper seedlings height better than other isolates
Financial Analysis of Botanical Pesticides Application in Big White Ginger Farming System (Case Study in Tanjungkerta, Sumedang)
Full text linkBotanical pesticides is generally applied to control plant pest in organic farming systems and ginger farmers in Sumedang commonly used it in ginger cultivation. The study aimed to assess the financial feasibility and sensitivity of botanical pesticide use in big white ginger (JPB) cultivation in Tanjungkerta-Sumedang, West Java. Research was conducted in November 2013 with survey method. Price was analyzed by converting the input and output to the price applicable in June 2017. Farmer respondents were determined randomly by selecting 20 respondents from 33 farmers of Gemahrita Farmer Group. The financial feasibility was assessed using Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) analysis. Farming sensitivity was measured with BEP (Break Event Point) of production and price. Pest and diseases found in ginger plantation were leaf spot (Phyllosticta sp.) and ladybug (Epilachna sp), which were controlled by botanical pesticide made by the farmers from greater galangal, citronella, neem leaf and betle vein leaf. The use of natural pesticides was financially feasible with the eligibility criteria of NPV>0 (Rp 32,081,221,-), B/C Ratio >1 (2.15) and IRR 13 % above the prevailing bank rate (1.5% per month). BEP production 9,601 kg.ha-1, BEP price Rp. 1,279,-/kg, 57% below actual productivity and price. This indicated if there was decrease in productivity and price of ginger <57%, JPB farming system using botanical pesticide was still feasible. JPB farming system using self-made botanical pesticide proved profitable, environmentally friendly and safe for farmer health, hence appropriate and advantageous to be developed
KARAKTERISTIK PRODUKSI DAN MUTU LADA LOKAL KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Full text linkEast Kalimantan is one of production center for white blackpepper, known as Samarinda White Pepper products. The variety developed in East Kalimantan is a local blackpepper variety that is not yet known for its characteristics. The research was conducted to observe the production and quality of local blackpepper in East Kalimantan, specifically in Kutai Kartanegara Regency which is the widest blackpepper development area in East Kalimantan. The observation was conducted for two years, at three locations of high yielding block (BPT) in Loa Janan and one non-BPT location in Muara Badak, as a local origin of local East Kalimantan blackpepper which is currently developing in Loa Janan. The environmental design used was a Randomized Block Design, with four trial sites, repeated six times in each location, using the same variety (local blackpepper). The average production for two years of observation reached 2.94 kg fresh berries/tree equivalent to 2.17 tons of white pepper/ha/year. However, the average of spikes containing pepper berries reached only 61.3% per panicle. Therefore, it requires intensive fertilization with appropriate dosage and fertilizer type to increase the expression of its potential genetic because local pepper of East Kalimantan bears fruit continuously throughout the year. Result of yield-quality analysis showed that local white pepper of East Kalimantan contained 11.23% oleoresin and 3.82% piperin, higher than Petaling 1 (10.66% and 3.03%, respectively). The superiority characteristics of local blackpepper of East Kalimantan is a distinctive aroma and spicy flavor, due to the high content of piperin and oleoresin.Kalimantan Timur dikenal sebagai salah satu sentra penghasil lada putih, dengan produk Samarinda White Pepper. Varietas yang dikembangkan di Kalimantan Timur adalah lada lokal yang belum diketahui karakteristiknya. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengobservasi produksi dan mutu lada lokal Kalimantan Timur, di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara yang merupakan daerah pengembangan lada terluas di Kalimantan Timur. Observasi dilakukan selama dua tahun, di tiga lokasi blok penghasil tinggi (BPT) di Loa Janan dan satu lokasi non BPT di Muara Badak, sebagai daerah asal lada lokal Kalimantan Timur yang saat ini berkembang di Loa Janan. Rancangan lingkungan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok, dengan 4 lokasi pengujian, yang diulang 6 kali pada masing-masing lokasi, menggunakan varietas yang sama (lada lokal). Hasil observasi menunjukkan, rata-rata produksi selama dua tahun observasi mencapai 2,94 kg buah segar/pohon, atau setara dengan 2,17 ton.ha-1 lada putih per tahun. Namun, rata-rata tandan berisi bulir lada hanya mencapai 61,3% per malai, sehingga diperlukan pemupukan tepat waktu dan jenis untuk meningkatkan ekpresi potensi genetik karena lada lokal Kalimantan Timur berbuah sepanjang tahun. Hasil analisis mutu menunjukkan, lada putih lokal Kalimantan Timur mengandung oleoresin 11,23 %, serta piperin 3,82 %, lebih tinggi dari Petaling 1 (10,66% dan 3,03 %). Keunggulan lada lokal Kalimantan Timur adalah aroma dan rasa pedas yang khas, karena kandungan piperin dan oleoresin tinggi
Growth of Gyrinops verstegii Seedling in Response to Thinning and Foliar Fertilization
Full text linkGyrinops verstegii is one of agarwoods species, plant with high economic value. However, it is categorized as plant with high risk of extinction, hence it required conservation. This research aimed to examine the effect of thinning and foliar fertilization of G. verstegiiseedling to support its conservation. The study was conducted for 6 months in the glass house of Research Center for Biology, LIPI, at Cibinong Science Center. It was arranged in Factorial Design with two factors and repeated 3 times. The first factor was two thinning treatments (branches prunning): no thinning (P0) and thinning (P1). The second factor was 4 dosages of foliar fertilization : without fertilizer (D0), fertilizer dosages 1 g.l-1 (D1), 2 g.l-1 (D2) dan 3 g.l-1 (D3). Thinning treatment was able to stimulate seedling height and number of seedling branches but inhibited stem diameter as well as foliar fertilization at 2 g.l-1.Thinning and foliar fertilizing at 2 g.l-1 indicated significant effect on height and number of seedling branches but inhibited stem diameter of G. verstegii seedlings
Botanical Pesticide of Cinnamon and Citronella Oils to Control Leaf Roller Pachyzancla stultalis on Patchouli
Full text linkPestisida nabati merupakan salahsatu alternatif untuk mengendalikan hama yang relatif aman untuk lingkungan. Formula pestisida nabati dari minyak kayumanis dan seraiwangi merupakan salahsatu alternatif untuk mengendalikan serangan hama penggulung daun nilam Pachyzancla stultalis agar produktivitas nilam Indonesia tidak terus menurun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari formula insektisida nabati terbaik berbahan baku minyak kayu manis dan minyak serai wangi untuk mengendalikan serangan hama penggulung daun P. stultalis pada tanaman nilam tanpa menurunkan mutu minyak nilam. Penelitian dilakukan di kebun petani nilam di Kabupaten Solok, Kenagarian Gantung Ciri sejak Januari sampai Oktober 2013. Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan empat perlakuan yaitu Pesnab KM 40 yang berbahan baku kayu manis 40 %, Pesnab SW 50 yang berbahan baky seraiwangi 50 %, insektisida sintetis deltametrin 25 EC dan kontrol tanpa pestisida dan diulang enam kali. Nilam yang diuji adalah varietas Sidikalang umur satu bulan dalam polibag. Pestisida nabati KM 40 efektif menanggulangi serangan larva hama penggulung daun nilam P. stultalis lebih baik dibandingkan kontrol dan pestisida nabati SW 50, namun tidak berbeda nyata dengan pestisida sintetis. Bobot terna, rendemen, kadar minyak dan kandungan pathouli alkohol (PA) nilam pada perlakuan Pesnab KM 40 tidak berbeda nyata dengan pestisida sintetis, tetapi lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol. Komponen penyusun minyak nilam seperti alfa pinene, beta pinene, limonen, copaene, karyophylen, guanen, allo-aromadrene dan gurjunen tidak berbeda nyata antara perlakuan dan kontrol. Pestisida nabati berbahan baku minyak kayu manis dapat dijadikan alternatif untuk menggantikan penggunaan pestisida sintetis dalam menanggulangi serangan larva hama penggulung daun nilam P. stultalis.Botanical pesticide is one of the alternatives to control pest and relatively safe for the environment. Cinnamon oil and citronella oil commonly used as botanical pesticide to control leaf roller Pachyzancla stultalis attack on patchouli, hence maintaining patchouli productivity. This study aimed to find the best botanical insecticide formula made of cinnamon oil and citronella oil to control leaf roller attack without decreasing the quality of patchouli oil. Research was conducted in patchouli farmer's plantation in Solok Regency, Kenagarian Gantung Ciri from January to October 2013. The research was arranged in Randomized Block Design with four treatments (Pesnab KM 40, Pesnab SW 50, synthetic insecticide deltamethrin 25 EC and without pesticide as control) repeated six times. Botanical pesticide, Pesnab KM 40 and SW 50, were formulated using 40 % cinnamon oil (KM 40) and 50 % citronella oil (SW 50). The plant tested was one month old Sidikalang variety in polybags. The KM 40 botanical pesticide formula was more effective to control P. stultalis larvae pest than control and SW 50 botanical pesticide, and as effective as synthetic pesticide. The herb yield, oil yield, oil content and patchouli alcohol (PA) content of KM 40 treatment were not significantly different compared to synthetic pesticide, but higher than control. Patchouli oil components such as alpha pinene, beta pinene, limonene, copaene, karyophylen, guanen, allo-aromadrene and gurjunen, was not significantly different among treatments. Botanical pesticides made from cinnamon oil can be used as alternative to control P. stultalis larvae attack in patchouli.
Growth Pattern, Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics to Determine Harvesting Time of Big White Ginger Rhizome Seeds
Full text linkThe use of young seed rhizomes became one of the obstacles in large white ginger (JPB) cultivation. Young ginger rhizomes rapidly shrank and decrease their viability. The experiment was aimed to study growth patterns, biochemical changes, and physiology of ginger plants to produce good quality rhizome seeds. JPB rhizome seeds used were 9 months old, have been stored for 2 weeks after harvest, weighed 30-40 g with 2-3 buds, healthy, and given seed treatment. The rhizomes were planted in growth medium in polybags (60 cm x 60 cm). The study was conducted by direct observation, repeated 4 times, consisting of 50 plants per replication. Observations were made on the plant growth patterns (plant height, stem length, tillers number, leaves number); rhizome development (fresh weight, branch rhizomes number, moisture content, and dry weight during growth); starch and hormonal content (IAA, gibberellin, ABA and cytokinin) of the rhizomes; and viability of rhizome seeds (growth rate, seed height, and dry weight). The results showed that the rhizomes of the 7-month-old ginger after planting (MAP) has entered the ripening phase, the rhizome morphology was optimal, and the starch content was not different from the rhizome seeds at 8 and 9 MAP. In addition, physiologically, the rhizome's growth potential was maximal (100%), growth rate (4.3% etmal-1), and seed height (33.8 cm) were better than 8 MAP (80%, 2.9% etmal-1, 33.7 cm) and 9 MAP (70%, 2.3% etmal-1, 29.4 cm). This study indicated that ginger rhizomes harvested from 7 months old plants can be used for seeds