Austrian Academy of Sciences
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Merchant Capital, Taxation & Urbanisation. The City of Ani in the Global Long Thirteenth Century. Medieval Worlds|Urban Agencies: Reframing Anatolian and Caucasian Cities (13th-14th Centuries) & Movement and Mobility in the Medieval Mediterranean: Changing Perspectives from Late Antiquity to the Long-Twelfth Century, II - Volume 14. 2021 medieval worlds Volume 14. 2021|
No full textThis article addresses the themes of urban agency and state-centrism by analysing the agency of merchant capital and taxation in processes of urbanisation. The case study is the city of Ani, a now abandoned site in central south Caucasia straddling the Turkish-Armenian border, in the long thirteenth century c.1200-1350. This global-historical conjuncture is defined by the height of the medieval Commercial Revolution and its central Eurasian expression, the Silk Road. By 1200 Ani had developed as a thriving commercial centre for over two hundred years, with merchants coming to dominate the political economy in the city and its environs. By the mid-fourteenth century, however, this wealthy commercial class was no longer in evidence, with Ani’s urbanising process fundamentally transformed, beginning a rapid deurbanisation. Utilising contemporary theories of (de)urbanisation found in Ibn Khaldūn’s Muqaddima, this article first outlines Ani’s development up to 1200, focusing on the role of interregional and intercontinental commerce, and the urban elite’s rising dominance in landholding. Having established the mercantile and rentier regime of accumulation on which Ani’s development depended, we turn to the period of Zakarian-Mkhargrdzeli rule under the Georgian kingdom c.1200-1236, finding a wealthy commercial class hegemonic in the city’s political regime as well as the regime of accumulation. The final section, then, details the urban elite’s fortunes under Mongol Eurasian hegemony, and particularly the effects of drastically increased taxation in this political realisation of the medieval Silk Road. Ultimately the story of Ani in the global long thirteenth century forms a crucial case study for the combined agency of taxation and capital in urbanisation, both beneath and within the level of the state system, speaking to their contradictory symbiosis. At the same time, the city as a site of accumulation forms a crucial bridge in the Armenian merchant bourgeoisie’s trajectory from the medieval Commercial Revolution into the coalescence of capitalist modernity
Parity-Specific Weights for the Austrian Generations and Gender Survey
No full textThe „Generations and Gender Survey (GGS)“ is an important data source for studying thedynamics of families and family relationships, it was out in Austria in 2008/09. Afteradjustment for age, sex, employment status, country of birth and living arrangements, werevealed a bias towards women with higher parities among the cohorts born until the mid-1970s. Since parity is an important aspect for fertility analyses, weights were generated forthe female sample that additionally adjust for the cohort-specific parity distribution. In thispaper, we describe the original prevailing bias and inform the GGS user about the adjustmentwith the weights for the Austrian GGS. These weights are provided by VID to theinternational scientific community and are included in the Austrian GGS dataset
Widening Educational Differentials in Mortality: Analysis for Austria with International Comparisons
No full textRecent studies have reported a widening in the relative mortality gap between thesocioeconomic classes in several industrialized western countries. The present paper aimsto determine whether or not education-related differentials in mortality have increasedbetween 1981/82 and 1991/92 in Austria, and compares the findings with those from otherEuropean countries, the USA and New Zealand. For the Austrian analysis the source of thedata is based on a one year mortality follow up of the entire Austrian census population,and contains for the examined population aged 30-74 in total 3,805,208 individual recordsfor 1981/82 and 4,064,184 records for 1991/92 of which 34,218 and 29,443 were deceased.The study applies a sophisticated measure of inequality that takes into account the relativeposition of the educational groups, since changing educational compositions over time mayreduce comparability. The findings suggest that educational inequalities in mortality havewidened in Austria, but more among men than among women. The Austrian results aresimilar to patterns observed in the other countries. However, the international trends varywith regard to age groups and sex
The Longevity of Academicians: Evidence from the Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig
No full textThis study addresses the mortality of the members of the Saxonian Academy of Sciencesand Humanities in Leipzig. In fact, learned societies have been shown to present vanguardgroups in the achievement of longevity. We use biographical records from the members ofthe Saxonian Academy of Sciences from 1846 to 2010 and compare their mortality toGerman life table estimates, where particularly attention is paid to the mortalitydifferentials between eastern and western Germany. The Saxonian academicians showindeed a higher life expectancy at age 60 than the general German male population, wherethe gap has been widening since the 1950s. Comparing the life expectancy values for theSaxonian academicians to available estimates of various European learned societies yieldsa similar longevity, suggesting that the survival of the academicians is less determined bynational mortality conditions but that academicians rather share a common healthadvantage
Attische Richter zwischen rule of law und Egoismus: Das Zeugnis der Komödie und der Fluchtafeln. Antwort auf Emiliano Buis. Akten der Gesellschaft für Griechische und Hellenistische Rechtsgeschichte|(28) Symposion 2019 Akten der Gesellschaft für griechische und hellenistische Rechtsgeschichte Band 28|
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The Reproductive Value in Distributed Optimal Control Models
No full textWe show that in a large class of distributed optimal control models (DOCM), wherepopulation is described by a McKendrick type equation with an endogenous number ofnewborns, the reproductive value of Fisher shows up as part of the shadow price of thepopulation. Depending on the objective function, the reproductive value may be negative.Moreover, we show results of the reproductive value for changing vital rates. To motivateand demonstrate the general framework, we provide examples in health economics,epidemiology, and population biology
Operator inference and physics-informed learning of low-dimensional models for incompressible flows. ETNA - Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis
No full textReduced-order modeling has a long tradition in computational fluid dynamics. The ever-increasing significance of data for the synthesis of low-order models is well reflected in the recent successes of data-driven approaches such as Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Operator Inference. With this work, we discuss an approach to learning structured low-order models for incompressible flow from data that can be used for engineering studies such as control, optimization, and simulation. To that end, we utilize the intrinsic structure of the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flows and show that learning dynamics of the velocity and pressure can be decoupled, thus, leading to an efficient operator inference approach for learning the underlying dynamics of incompressible flows. Furthermore, we demonstrate the performance of the operator inference in learning low-order models using two benchmark problems and compare with an intrusive method, namely proper orthogonal decomposition, and other data-driven approaches
