Austrian Academy of Sciences
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Lert (eig. Löw), Brüder
No full textErnst Josef: * 12.5.1883 Wien, † 30.1.1955 Baltimore, MD/USA. Opernregisseur
Die Sorge, meine Akte und ich. Schwerpunkt: Medikalisierte Kindheiten. Die neue Sorge um das Kind vom ausgehenden 19. bis ins späte 20. Jahrhundert
No full textIn this paper I will reflect on my own experience in a children’s village and my files from the perspective of a historian and in critical discussion about the relationship between science, autobiographical knowledge and social class within the scientific community
An den Rand gedrängt? Die Praxis des Thurgauer Laienheilers Gottfried Wachter (1776–1861). Schwerpunkt: Alternative und komplementäre Heilmethoden in der Neuzeit Konzepte sexueller Gesundheit vom Mittelalter bis zum 21. Jahrhundert
No full textWith a total of twelve practice diaries written by the Swiss lay-healer Gottfried Wachter (1776–1861), the Institute of the History of Medicine at the University of Zurich is inpossession of an extremely precious historical source. Recorded between the years 1803 and 1843, these notes reveal the methods of therapeutic treatment as applied by a medical practitioner, who had never been trained neither at a university medical faculty nor in a surgeon’s practice. Therefore these diaries allow insights into the daily business of a non-licensed lay-healer in the Swiss countryside (for instance the structure of his day to day practice andpatients’ social profiles, as well as various methods of medical treatment). This article focuses on the factual methods of treatment as applied by Wachter. Did his range of services overlap with those offered by other medical practitioners and surgeons? And – in comparison with other available services – were his methods typical for a lay-healer
Medikalisierte Kindheitsräume: Raumentwürfe im medico-pädagogischen Feld der Fürsorgeerziehung – oder: Was uns ein Bidet über die Medikalisierung von Kindheit zu sagen hat. Schwerpunkt: Medikalisierte Kindheiten. Die neue Sorge um das Kind vom ausgehenden 19. bis ins späte 20. Jahrhundert
No full textIn April 1953, after a fire, the public reformatory for school-age girls in Kramsach-Mariatal in Tyrol was completely reconstructed. Historical files having survived in the Tyrolean provincial archive document this. These sources demonstrate how the Innsbruck child psychiatrist Maria Vogl became involved in the architectural concept for the reconstruction. Among others,she delivered an expertise on how to reorganize the reformatory in order to achieve desirededucational effects. Specifically she gave her opinion on the idea that a bidet should beinstalled in a small room next to the children’s dormitories. While parts of the authorities did not support the construction, Vogl argued strongly for this installation. In doing so, she based her expert opinion on psychiatric and curative educational ideas. The expertise she wrote for this case shows how the medical discourse focussed not only on the children and their bodies but also on the whole building of the reformatory. In my paper I will first present Maria Vogl’s expert opinion and her spatial concept for reorganizing the reformatory. Second I will analyse the different discursive levels in Vogl’s argumentation. In a third step I will present a large-scale media campaign launched against the reformatory in Kramsach in the mid-1960s. The media articles demonstrate the high importance “space”, namely the buildings themselves, played in the debate about public youth residential care institutions. Finally I will use this case study to highlight the significance of spatial analysis for the research on the medicalization of childhood. My thesis is that the analysis of spatial concepts demonstrates the deep impact medicalization had on residential child and youth care
Daniel Hornuff, Schwangerschaft. Eine Kulturgeschichte (Paderborn 2014, Wilhelm Fink Verlag). Schwerpunkt: Gesellschaft und Psychiatrie in Österreich 1945 bis ca. 1970
No full textPsychiatrische Einrichtungen im Erzherzogtum unter der Enns (Niederösterreich) im 19. Jahrhundert. Vom Irrenturm in Wien zu den Heil- und Pflegeanstalten für Geisteskranke im Licht zeitgenössischer Darstellungen. Schwerpunkt: Orte des Alters und der Pflege – Hospitäler, Heime und Krankenhäuser
No full textThe history of public psychiatric inpatient institutions in Lower Austria during the 19th century is the history reaching from the “Tower of Fools” (Irrenturm) in Vienna, opened in 1784 (a prison-like institution for dangerous “crazy” people (“Tolle”), via the second generation asylum (Irrenanstalt) of 1853 (a mansion-like building in a large park then at the border of the city, while still using the old tower for the care for dependent chronic patients (“Pflegeanstalt” as compared to the “Heilanstalt” in the new building), to the planning of two new big hospitals. One was located in Vienna, capital of Lower Austria as well as of the whole monarchy (Am Steinhof), the other was established in the west of the region, in Mauer-Öhling. Both were designed on the basis of secessionist aesthetics, with many pavilions for differentiated use according to the state of the patients. The hospitals were brought into operation in 1907 respectively 1902. During the intervals between these dates, it was necessary to create several external branches in order to fight against the overcrowding of the existing institutions. The number of independent institutions increased from one in 1784, to two in 1853 and eventually to five at the end of the century. The number of beds increased from 250 in 1784, to 820 in 1853 and 2,444 at the end of the century – an increase much more pronounced than the increase of general population. The Irrenturm was originally founded as part of the then new General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus) but became an independent institution as early as 1820 – a marker of a new long-lasting distance of psychiatric inpatient institutions from those for other medical purposes. No-restraint was underlined as a principle from the 1840s onwards but never fully realized. Two main impediments made it impossible: first the continuation of overcrowding within the facilities due to its extensive use (by authorities and families) and second the deficient professionalism of the staff, who functioned more as guards than as nurses. Overcrowding is an etiological factor in symptom provocation and frequent symptom provocation in overcrowded wards expects too much of unprofessional staff. Thus, excessive demands led to an increase of control and restriction. It was difficult to realize the principle of individualized treatment under such circumstances. It was actually only applied to acute patients and revoked for chronic patients (which might have contributed to the ideology of a loss of personal individuality in chronic mental disease, which later led to the wording of “Ballastexistenzen”, describing psychologically “dead” people, considered to be just a burden [“Ballast”] to society)
Das Sprachspiel als Klage und Selbstbehauptung. Über den Widerstreit zwischen Philosophie und Literatur bei Francisco de Quevedo. Sprachkunst. Beiträge zur Literaturwissenschaft|Sprachkunst LI / 2020, 1. Halbband|
No full textDieser Artikel beschreibt Elemente einer Philosophie der Literatur, die im Prosawerk von Francisco de Quevedo (›Obras crítico-literarias‹, ›Grandes anales de quince días‹, ›Política de Dios‹, ›Sueños y discursos‹) zum Ausdruck kommen. Mit dem Entwurf einer Gesellschaftskritik, die auf dem Fundament des künstlerischen Sprachspiels beruht, trägt Quevedos Prosa zur Entstehung eines autonomen literarischen Subjekts bei, das für den subversiven Diskurs der modernen Literatur symptomatisch ist
Abgrenzung von Innen. Differenzierung der Machtanalyse in Disability Studies am Beispiel der Gehörlosenbewegung. Schwerpunkt: Behinderung(en)
No full textIn the mid-19th century so-called “deaf-mute-clubs” began to emerge across Germany.Towards the beginning of the 20th century they had developed into a national andtransnational infrastructure of clubs, associations, congresses, and press. However, thiswas not simply a formalised expression of the deaf in Germany, but a movement of avery specific and limited group of deaf people. The ‘deaf elite’ tried to divert prejudiceand obtain a somewhat more priveliged position by actively distancing themselvesfrom certain other deaf. Thus, a complex landscape of power relations emerged,consisting not only of the oppression and exclusion of the deaf by the hearing, butalso, within the deaf movement, the construction of the excluding concept of the‘respectable deaf-mute’
A Healthy Defeat? Mapping the Postwar Decline of Tuberculosis in Japan, 1945–1955. VIRUS - Beiträge zur Sozialgeschichte der Medizin|VIRUS. Beiträge zur Sozialgeschichte der Medizin Band 09|
No full textWährend der amerikanischen Besetzung Japans begann ein steiler Rückgang der Tuberkulose– die für Jahrzehnte, wenn nicht Jahrhunderte, die führende Todesursache gewesenwar – sowohl hinsichtlich der Inzidenz wie der Mortalität. Die Ursachen für diesenRückgang bleiben ein Mysterium. Dies ist sowohl auf die Limitationen der verfügbarenDaten zurückzuführen, wie auf der Epidemiologie der Tuberkulose inhärente Schwierigkeiten.Nichtsdestoweniger kann die sorgsame Erfassung des Rückgangs dieser Erkrankungin seinen zeitlichen und räumlichen Aspekten helfen, zu einem besseren Verständnisdieses spektakulären, auch in international vergleichender Perspektive beachtenswertenPhänomens zu gelangen