Austrian Academy of Sciences
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Leben mit geistiger Behinderung in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Schwerpunkt: Behinderung(en)
No full textThis study deals with mentally disabled persons, their perspectives of life and how ruralcommunities treated them in the second half of the 18th century. For that purposeseveral records, especially supplications for admission to Haina, one of the HessianHigh Hospitals, were analysed.The first problem to solve was to find out how mental deficiency was defined in the18th century and to select mentally disabled persons from a variety of persons withsimilar diagnosis and descriptions. At least 32 cases could be identified out of 91requests for reception.The documents show rather complex situations. These children and adults wereactually seen as ill people and in several cases medical help was requested. Furthermore,parents tried to get their disabled children instructed in fundamental skills aswell as in Christian morality, which was required to be integrated into the ChristianCommunity. Although these ambitions were more or less successful, mentally disabledpersons were not excluded from the community. They moved freely and the villagerskept an eye on them to prevent accidents and harms; being unable to work they lookedfor support by begging. Obviously there was a broad range of tolerance, which allowedtheir integration with common agreement.There were typical times when relatives asked for admission of mentally ill persons tothe hospital that depended on the dynamic process of change of lifetime. Whenchildren grew up and gained physical strength, their parents grew older, lost theirstrength and the capability to care for their grown-up children and to keep them withinthe given range of tolerance. The social networks mentally disabled persons dependedon became fragile and more ineffective, and in many cases this change marked the timeto look for future maintenance and supply
Sebastian Weinert, Der Körper im Blick. Gesundheitssaustellungen vom späten Kaiserreich bis zum Nationalsozialismus (Berlin 2017: Verlag De Gruyter Oldenbourg). Schwerpunkt: Konzepte sexueller Gesundheit vom Mittelalter bis zum 21. Jahrhundert
No full textAnlage oder Erziehung? „Psychopathische“ Kinder in der Weimarer Republik. Schwerpunkt: Medikalisierte Kindheiten. Die neue Sorge um das Kind vom ausgehenden 19. bis ins späte 20. Jahrhundert
No full textThe treatment and care for children with behavioural disorders – not only in therapeutic pedagogy, welfare and jurisdiction but also in psychiatry, where children were now regarded as patients with specific diagnoses and therapeutic needs. The search for the causes of symptoms observed was determined by the discussion about influences and interdependencies of “predisposition” and “environment”. This nature-nurture debate is exemplified by the factional dispute between the “Psychiatrische und Nervenklinik der Berliner Charité” and the “Leipziger Universitätsnervenklinik” at the close of the Weimar Republic. The dispute between R. v. d. Leyen and F. Kramer (Berlin) on the one side and P. Schröder and H. Heinze (Leipzig) on the other show the paradigmatic extent of the discussion while at the same time highlighting the circumstances at the dawn of the National Socialist regime
Die 1968er-Bewegung – Eine Diskontinuität in der historischen Entwicklung der Homöopathie in Österreich?. VIRUS - Beiträge zur Sozialgeschichte der Medizin|VIRUS. Beiträge zur Sozialgeschichte der Medizin Band 09|
No full textThis article describes how conceptual resources from the 1968 movement, especiallyfrom the anti-psychiatric movement, can be fruitfully used to shed light on the historyof the homoeopathic project in Austria in the late 20th century. In concreto, the paperfirst presents a case study about an Austrian physician and homoeopath. On the basis ofthis example the process of establishing a modern homoeopathic infrastructure in Austriawill be analyzed in the context of its wider social and cultural environment. In additionto that the paper also introduces the historiographical framework of recent debateson the subject in the general history of medicine. By addressing some similaritiesand the potential mutual transfer of concepts between the anti-psychiatric movement ofthe 1960ies and 1970ies and the homoeopathic movement in general, this paper aims atcontributing to a historically informed debate on the development of homoeopathicprojects in Austria and Europe in the second half of the 20th century
„Hier wird mir wirklich schon die Zeit lang“ – Alltagsleben im steirischen Kurbad der Biedermeierzeit. Schwerpunkt: Gesellschaft und Psychiatrie in Österreich 1945 bis ca. 1970
No full textThe rising popularity of public baths in the first half of the 19th century indeed left clear traces in Styria; compared with the large ritzy baths of the Habsburg Monarchy however the spas of the Dukedom of Styria did not play a significant role. Only the then most well-known spa in Rohitsch-Sauerbruch could attract a transregional clientele, while the young Bad Gleichenberg was just in its starting phase. The facilities of the two Warm Baths Bad Neuhaus and Römerbad Tüffer were rich in tradition but rather small; like Tobelbad which carried the smell of being a bath for the poor and was limited in its size, too. Rather little relevance was given to Wildbad Einöd, Grubegg and Topolschitz, such as to the surfur bath Wörschach and the cold water bath Radegund.At the beginning of the 19th century the Styrian baths were still on a particularly bad way. Due to changed framework conditions however, new health resorts were founded and existing ones were expanded, whereby this development can be observed more strongly especially from the 1840’s onwards. These spas were exemplary facilities, closed towards the outside and a spatial division and specialization of the individual areas happened only gradually. Apart from the real “farmers’ baths”, the clientele of the spas was limited to lower aristocracy and middle to higher bourgeoisie.With regard to the organization of the day a significant change can be observed in the first half of the 19th century: the scheduled duration for bathing and drinking sunk significantly, so that the spa’s guests could dispose of ever more free time. The entertainment offered in the smaller health resorts however was not really considerable. People promenaded and went for a walk, met for social gatherings in the spa’s salon, listened to music or indulged in gambling. Despite all protestations to the contrary of the bath operator, uniformity and monotony were the guiding elements of the daily routine
The minimal-norm Gauss-Newton method and some of its regularized variants. ETNA - Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis
No full textNonlinear least-squares problems appear in many real-world applications. When a nonlinear model is used to reproduce the behavior of a physical system, the unknown parameters of the model can be estimated by fitting experimental observations by a least-squares approach. It is common to solve such problems by Newton's method or one of its variants such as the Gauss-Newton algorithm. In this paper, we study the computation of the minimal-norm solution to a nonlinear least-squares problem, as well as the case where the solution minimizes a suitable semi-norm. Since many important applications lead to severely ill-conditioned least-squares problems, we also consider some regularization techniques for their solution. Numerical experiments, both artificial and derived from an application in applied geophysics, illustrate the performance of the different approaches
Beate Kunst, mittendrin. Streifzüge durch die Sammlung des Berliner Medizinhistorischen Museums der Charité (Berlin 2016: Berliner Medizinhistorisches Museum der Charité). Schwerpunkt: Medikalisierte Kindheiten. Die neue Sorge um das Kind vom ausgehenden 19. bis ins späte 20. Jahrhundert
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