Austrian Academy of Sciences
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About borders and limits: experiences with UNESCO Biosphere Reserves for transboundary cooperation in Ukraine and neighbouring countries. eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management)|eco.mont Vol. 13 special issue 2021|
No full textIn Eastern Europe, several UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs) have been important promoters of transnational and transboundary nature conservation and sustainable development. Nevertheless, political and institutional barriers and scarcity of resources have hindered successful cross-border cooperation. The prospects for BRs in Eastern Europe are mixed, especially in relation to the challenges of ecosystem degradation and climate change, as well as socioeconomic and (geo)political crises. Based on our own experience of one and a half decades of growing cooperation between partners in Ukraine and Germany, we conclude that transnational cooperation between BRs and science is particularly rewarding and mutually beneficial
Titelei. Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für die Geschichte der Habsburgermonarchie|Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848-1918 Band X Das kulturelle Leben Akteure-Tendenzen-Ausprägungen|Teilband 1: Staat, Konfession und Identität|
No full textMonthly Estimates of the Quantum of Fertility: Towards a Fertility Monitoring System in Austria
No full textShort-term variations in fertility and seasonal patterns of childbearing have been of interestto demographers for a long time. Presenting our detailed study of period fertility in Austriasince 1984, we discuss the problems and advantages of constructing and analysing variousperiod fertility indicators that reflect real exposure and potentially minimise the distortionscaused by changes in fertility timing. We correct monthly birth data for calendar andseasonal factors and show that seasonality of births in Austria varies by birth order. Ourstudy reveals that the methods explicitly aimed at adjusting fertility rates for tempodistortions are not suitable for computing monthly fertility rates. However, most of thetiming distortions can be eliminated when using an indicator derived from the period parityprogression ratios based on birth interval distributions, termed the Period Average Parity(PAP). We illustrate the insights gained from PAP and compare it with the commonly usedtotal fertility rates in an analysis of the recent upswing in period fertility, starting in the late2001. This investigation will serve for establishing a monitoring of monthly fertility ratesin Austria
Influence of Older Generation’s Fertility Behaviours on Daughter’s Desired Family Size in Bihar, India
No full textThis paper investigates the associations between preferred family size of married women aged 16-34 in rural Bihar (India) and the fertility behaviours of their biological mother and mother-in-law. This information is based on scheduled interviews of 450 pairs of index women (i.e. women central in our analysis) and their mother-in-laws conducted in 2011. Preferred family size is first measured by Coombs scale, allowing us to capture latent desired number of children, and then categorized into three categories (low, medium, and high). Ordered logistic regression is employed to estimate the preferred family size of index women. We find that family size preferences of index woman is not associated with mother's fertility but with mother's education. Mother-in-law's desired number of grandchildren is positively associated with preferred family size of index woman and remains significant even after controlling for relevant socioeconomic characteristics. However, in the case where index woman has higher education than her mother-in-law, her gets smaller. This suggests that education may provide women with greater autonomy in their decision making on childbearing
The Relation between Mother’s Socio-Economic Status and Daughter’s Fertility Intentions in Austria, Italy, Bulgaria, and Norway
No full textUnlike actual fertility, fertility intentions are often found to be positively correlated witheducation. The literature explaining this paradox is scarce. We aim to fill the gap bysearching for the main factors that compel highly educated women to still plan large familysize. We hypothesize that this could result from the socioeconomic context surrounding theupbringing of those educated women. Using the first wave of the Generations and GenderSurveys for four countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Italy, and Norway), we analyse therelationship between mother’s socio-economic status and daughter’s fertility intentions,controlling for daughter’s socio-economic status and sib-ship size. We found that theeffect of family of origin is exerted mainly through the sib-ship size among childlessdaughters: Daughters with more siblings intend to have more children. After the transitionto parenthood, the effect of family of origin is exerted mainly through the mother’s level ofeducation: Daughters with high-educated mothers intend to have more children. This resultsuggests that the positive link between reproductive intentions and level of educationmight not merely be an artefact generated by the design of cross-sectional surveys butthe outcome of a better socio-economic status that allows forming more positivereproductive plans
Fertility in Austria: Past, Present and the Near Future
No full textIn the European context Austria’s population has a tradition of lowfertility. Between the world wars of the 20th century Austria had the lowestfertility in Europe. It recovered most notably during the 1950s and early 1960s,but has been declining ever since. Contemporary childbearing trends and patternsare characterised by a continuing delay in childbearing which started with womenborn in the late 1940s. Women born during the 1970s had lower fertility than anyprevious cohorts. Whether they were postponing their births and/or many of themdeciding not to have any children remains to be seen. In the cohorts of the mid- tolate 1960s only about three-quarters of all women had a first birth and aroundone-quarter of Austrian women remained childless. This is one of the highestknown proportions of childless women in Europe. At the turn of the century idealand actual expected family size were among the lowest in Europe, 1.7 and 1.5children per couple, respectively. Childbearing behaviour of its young inhabitantssuggests that Austria will reassume the tradition of having one of the lowestfertility levels in Europe during the initial years, possibly decades, of the 21stcentury. If these low fertility levels were to persist, a considerable decline inpopulation size as well as rapid population ageing are inevitable implying theneed for societal and policy adjustments
The Julian Alps UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management)|eco.mont Vol. 13 special issue 2021|
No full textThe year 2023 will mark the 20th anniversary of the proclamation of the Julian Alps Biosphere Reserve (JABR). When awarded the prestigious title, the Triglav National Park (TNP) Authority was already the managing body of TNP, which constitutes the core and buffer zones of the then-newly designated area. Over the course of time, it has become clear that buffer zone management is instrumental in securing the objectives of the TNP and JABR. This paper discusses aspects of management relating mostly to visitation, education and training, cross-border cooperation, and enhancing the local economy through the collaboration of providers. A bottom-up approach and multi-stakeholder networking as essential components of modern policy-making are the key to success, particularly since sustainable development in sensitive areas is reliant upon fostering a strong and broad community identity and local support for protected areas
Behavioral Explanation for Educational Health and Mortality Differentials in Austria
No full textThe present study examines the health behavior of more than 30,000 individuals aged 25–74 in Austria, using education as an indicator of socioeconomic status. Of particularinterest is the magnitude of the educational disparities in health behavior betweenhypothetical most and least educated, measured by the Relative Index of Inequality. Thefindings show that education has a great positive impact on the extent to which a personlives a healthy lifestyle with regard to diet, physical activity, and smoking. Furthermore,the prevalence of overweight decreases significantly with any increase in education, andpeople with more education are also much more likely to get their periodical vaccinations
»I am a virgin woman and a virgin woman’s child« Critical Plant Theory and the Maiden Mother Conceit in Early Medieval Riddles. Medieval Worlds|Urban Agencies: Reframing Anatolian and Caucasian Cities (13th-14th Centuries) & Movement and Mobility in the Medieval Mediterranean: Changing Perspectives from Late Antiquity to the Long-Twelfth Century, II - Volume 14. 2021 medieval worlds Volume 14. 2021|
No full textWhile early medieval riddles in Old English and, to a lesser extent, Latin, have been studied extensively from ecocritical perspectives in recent years, the large corpora of riddles in other languages of western Eurasia have yet to benefit from or feed back into these methodological developments. Meanwhile, ecocritical research generally has focused on animals at the expense of plants. We respond to both problems by providing the first extensive study of riddles whose solutions are plants, through the lens of one recurrent conceit in ancient and medieval verse riddles in Arabic, Greek, Latin, Old Norse and, we argue, Hebrew. The conceit is that a plant is a virgin woman who nevertheless reproduces. By examining different permutations of this motif, we show how these riddles use plants to comment on human gendering, and how, while usually fundamentally patriarchal in their world-views, they register patriarchal anxiety at women’s reproductive capabilities, acknowledge critiques of patriarchal constraints on women, and queer gender norms in other ways; inter alia we note that the Old Norse riddle studied here may be the only explicit (albeit metaphorical) representation of female homosexual eroticism in the Old Norse corpus. However, we also draw on critical plant theory to explore how the riddles situate plants in medieval Abrahamicate cultures, uncovering implicit recognitions of the dynamic and reciprocal relationships between human farmers and their family structures, the plants that domesticate them, people’s and plants’ mutual shaping of the ecosystems they inhabit or colonise, and the economies that these interactions constitute
Curriculum vitae eines altchristlichen Vorhangs aus der Sammlung Theodor Grafs. Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie|Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie 27 27|
No full textThis article considers an entirely unique textile, namely a church curtain, of which two or three fragments have been preserved in European museums: one piece in the Arts and Crafts Museum in Prague as well as one in the Musées Royaux dʼArt et dʼHistoire in Brussels, and perhaps a third in the German Textile Museum in Krefeld. Most likely all three fragments are part of a curtain from the Theodor Graf collection. Similarly, a fragment located in Paris at the Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités égyptiennes, and another in the Victoria & Albert Museum in London are brought together