Austrian Academy of Sciences
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Determinants of General Health Status and Specific Diseases of Elderly Women and Men: A Longitudinal Analysis for Western and Eastern Germany
No full textWe used the panel data of the German Life Expectancy Survey (LES) for analysing the impactof specific life conditions on the gender-specific health outcome of respondents aged 60+ atfollow-up over a period of 13 years (for western Germany) and 7 years (for eastern Germany)respectively. For western Germany we extended the analysis by additional information aboutlife course experiences with unemployment, smoking behaviour, reproduction history andmigration background. We analysed self-rated general health as well as the self-reportedabsence and prevalence of specific diseases which are directly related to the main causes ofdeath and disabilities. Moreover, we analysed death and attrition as competing risks atfollow-up in order to control for selection effects to the health outcome. The analysis wasseparated by sex to account for gender-specific life conditions. The results confirm existingknowledge regarding socioeconomic differences and offer insights into the influence of healthlifestyles, in particular sports activity and smoking history. Further, associations were foundbetween the earlier presence of diseases and the health condition at follow-up. Genderdifferences in health outcomes are partly explained by the higher mortality of males and thehigher number of non-respondents among females. The study extends the knowledge aboutrisk factors for health in Germany by a longitudinal approach and emphasises the importanceof earlier life stage intervention to reduce disease-specific risk factors
Penalties in Delphic paramone Clauses: A Gender Perspective. Akten der Gesellschaft für Griechische und Hellenistische Rechtsgeschichte|(28) Symposion 2019 Akten der Gesellschaft für griechische und hellenistische Rechtsgeschichte Band 28|
No full textThis paper discusses the legal capacity and motivations of femalemanumittors in Hellenistic Delphi, and the penal authority bestowed on femalebeneficiaries appointed in paramone clauses. These suggest that women enjoyedsimilar penal authority to that of male beneficiaries, depending on the stipulations ineach contract. Manumissions appointing female beneficiaries of paramone mayreflect the need to reduce the risk of claims asserted by heir or creditors of thebeneficiary’s male kin, whom it would often have been difficult for a woman to fendoff through the courts
Geburtenbarometer Vienna: Analysing Fertility Convergence between Vienna and Austria
No full textGeburtenbarometer Vienna aims to provide an up-to-date monitoring of fertility in Vienna,based on a set of annual and quarterly indicators of fertility rates and regularly publishedsummary reports. This paper gives an overview of the data, methods and indicators used andcontrasts main results with the data for other Austrian regions and for the whole country.Throughout much of the 20th century, Vienna recorded fertility rates deep below those inother parts of Austria. Because fertility in Vienna differs markedly between Austrian-bornand foreign-born women, our study looks at these fertility differentials and their influence onthe overall fertility patterns for Vienna and Austria. Migrant women in Vienna not only had arapidly increasing share on total births since the mid-1980s and thus contributed to a gradualincrease in the absolute number of births in the city, but their higher fertility has also helpedto push period fertility rates in Vienna towards the levels recorded in other regions of Austria.Our study brings to light the distinct population dynamics in Vienna, where high childlessnessand low fertility are combined with a positive balance between births and deaths andsustained population growth and where the population trends are strongly influenced by thedirect and indirect effects of migration
The Impact of the Economic Crisis on Labour and Education in Europe
No full textIn summer 2007, the US subprime crisis emerged and economic growth in industrialisedcountries started to slow down. The situation deteriorated after the default of LehmanBrothers in September 2008 and despite massive government interventions, the UnitedStates and most European countries slid into recession. We investigate the influence of therecent economic and financial crisis on European labour market perspectives andeducational attainment decisions. Furthermore we disentangle the differential impacts ofthe crisis on various demographic subgroups. We find that young male workers have beenhit hardest, while older workers and women have been partially protected bynon-redeemable contracts and the fact that they work in sectors which have been lessseverely hit by the crisis. Focusing on the education sector, it seems that the demand foreducation increases because individuals try to circumvent the tight labour market, whilethe supply of education suffers because of the increased pressures on federal budgets inmost European countries. However, we conclude that it is too early to make a definitestatement because the full impact of the crisis on the education sector is still to come.JEL classification: I20; J01; J1
(13) Prozessrechtlicher Kommentar zur „Strafstele“ aus Epidauros
No full textEine lang bekannte, aber erst 2020 publizierte „Bauinschrift“ aus dem 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. berichtet über Verhängung von Geldbußen und Einnahmen von Geldzahlungen. Sie erfährt im vorliegenden Beitrag einen juristischen Kommentar. Neue Erkenntnisse bringt der Fall des Elfenbeinschnitzers Pasiteles aus Hermione: Er wird wegen Diebstahls des Materials verklagt, Amtsträger aus Epidauros stellen eine Hausdurchsuchung in seiner Heimatpolis an, eine Gerichtsversammlung fällt ein „Beweisurteil“, wonach er sich freischwören könne, er flieht aus Epidauros, schließlich wird sein dort greifbares Vermögen beschlagnahmt und versteigert; der Rest der nicht einbringlichen Bußzahlung wird nach ca. 20 Jahren bei seinem Sohn in Hermione eingetrieben. Bisher war nicht bekannt, dass die archaischen Rechtseinrichtungen der Hausdurchsuchung und des Reinigungseides in hellenistischer Zeit noch praktiziert wurden, wenn auch in modernisierter Form
John the Grammarian and Photius. A Ninth-Century Byzantine Debate on Depiction, Visual Perception and Verbal Description. Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik|Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 70. Band|
No full textThis article proposes a study of a major philosophical claim made by the great figure of the second period of iconoclasm,John the Grammarian. According to John, since the essential properties as well as many of the accidental properties ofa given individual cannot be represented in visual form, an accurate depiction of that individual is impossible. The in-depthanalysis of this claim allows a re-evaluation of John’s logical culture, which turns out to be much more well developed thanhas been argued to date. The second part of the article defends the hypothesis that Photius’s Homily XVII is, in part, a responseto the position of John the Grammarian. The question of visual perception according to Photius is also revisited
Analysis of parallel Schwarz algorithms for time-harmonic problems using block Toeplitz matrices. ETNA - Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis
No full textIn this work we study the convergence properties of the one-level parallel Schwarz method with Robin transmission conditions applied to the one-dimensional and two-dimensional Helmholtz and Maxwell's equations. One-level methods are not scalable in general. However, it has recently been proven that when impedance transmission conditions are used in the case of the algorithm being applied to the equations with absorption, then, under certain assumptions, scalability can be achieved and no coarse space is required. We show here that this result is also true for the iterative version of the method at the continuous level for strip-wise decompositions into subdomains that are typically encountered when solving wave-guide problems. The convergence proof relies on the particular block Toeplitz structure of the global iteration matrix. Although non-Hermitian, we prove that its limiting spectrum has a near identical form to that of a Hermitian matrix of the same structure. We illustrate our results with numerical experiments
Mortality Differentials by Religious Denomination in Vienna 1981-2002
No full textUsing statistical record linkage of anonymized population census data 1981, 1991 and2001 with deaths during twelve months from census day, we computed standardizedmortality ratios for nine religious groups (including groups with no religion and religionnot stated) in the city of Vienna. Relative mortality risk is above average for RomanCatholics (1.01), but below average for Protestants (0.98) and people with no religion(0.97). Very low mortality risks are found for Muslims and Orthodox Christians, which ispartly due to the low mortality of foreign immigrants. The lower mortality risk ofProtestants compared to Roman Catholics is restricted to males and essentially due todifferent educational distributions. Despite their low overall mortality level, people with noreligion face excess suicide mortality
Changing Parental Leave and Shifts in Second and Third-Birth Rates in Austria
No full textWe analyse the effects of changes in parental leave regulations in Austria in 1990, 1996and 2002 on second and third-birth rates. These changes determined both the length ofparental leave and the possibility for its prolongation in case of subsequent pregnancy. Weconstruct monthly duration and order-specific fertility rates and parity progression ratios tostudy both short-term shifts in period second and third-birth rates and the trends in cohortparity progression ratios among women affected by changing leave regulations. Theextension of parental leave from one to two years in 1990, which created an incentive forwomen to have their subsequent child within 26 months, led to an immediate and markedincrease in second and third-birth rates at intervals 21-26 months after the previous birth.De facto shortening of paid leave in 1996 generated a sharp increase in second and thirdbirthrates at shorter intervals of 15-20 months. Although we find clear evidence ofimmediate changes in birth spacing that are in line with the ‘logic’ of the new leaveregulations, this discontinuity in childbearing patterns did not have any discernable impacton the overall second and third-birth cohort progression rates or on period fertility trends.As in most cases analysed for other developed countries, the main effect of the policychange was on the tempo of fertility, namely on the spacing of second and third births