Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR)
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Pengaruh Kandungan Komponen Minor dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Proses Pemurnian Karotenoid
Get PDFPalm oil contains carotenoid and vitamin E which possess an antioxidant properties . A long exposure of heat and chemical substances during the purification process may lower the antioxidant activity. This research was conducted to compare antioxidant activity of carotenoid and vitamin E obtained from each stage of three continuous purification process (transesterification, solvolytic micellization, and saponification). Total carotenoid concentration was analyzed by UV-visible spectrophotometer at λ 446 nm and total vitamin E concentration was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, while ester and triglyceride concentration were analyzed by gas chromatography. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH assay with 60 minutes incubation time. The highest concentration of carotenoid (229.968 mcg/ml) was extracted from saponification process, yet the highest concentration of vitamin E (97.64 mcg/ml) was extracted from transesterification process. The highest antioxidant activity of carotenoids and vitamin E was obtained from the transesterification process, while other processes had lower antioxidant activity, so it can be concluded that exposure to heat and excessive chemical substances could impact on the antioxidant activity
Evaluasi Aktivitas Antioksidan Senyawa 4-[(E)-2-(4-okso-3-fenilkuinazolin-2-il)etenil]-benzensulfonamida dan Analognya
Get PDFQuinazolinone derivative compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity, including antioxidant. Quinazolinone derivative compound 4-[(E)-2-(4-oxo-3-phenyl quinazolin-2-yl)ethenyl]-benzensulfonamida and its analogs (2a-f) have been synthesized and demonstrated its activity as a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of compound 4-[(E)-2-(4-oxo-3-fenilkuinazolin-2-yl)ethenyl]-benzensulfonamida and its analogs with DPPH radical scavenging method, ferric reducing activity potential (FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum method. The experiment revealed that the % inhibition and antioxidant capacity of compound 2c, 2e and 2f were higher compared to compound 2a, 2b and 2d. The DPPH radical scavenging analysis found that the % inhibition of compound 2c, 2e and 2f at high concentration of compound solution (1000 µg/mL) were 4.8 %, 3.46 %, and 3.68 %, respectively. While the total antioxidant capacity of compound 2c, 2e and 2f were recorded 37.93, 33.4, and 46.3 µg ascorbic acid equivalence/mg of compound, respectively. However the antioxidant activity of all synthesized compounds (2a-f) were lower than the standard ascorbic acid
Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Premna cordifolia terhadap Malondialdehida Tikus yang Dipapar Asap Rokok
Get PDFFree radical from cigarrete smoke cause lipid peroxidation that could be identified by increasing levels of Malondialdehida (MDA). Premna cordifolia leaves known having antioxidant activity in in vitro study. This study aimed to know the effect of P. cordifolia leaves extract on the levels of MDA after exposure to cigarette smoke. The simplicia extracted by maseration using 70% ethanol. Twenty four male wistar rats were divided into six groups, i.e. : control normal, negative control, positive control received cigarette smoke exposure and vitamin E (18mg/kg BW) and three groups received cigarette smoke exposure and P. cordifolia leaves extract with doses 200; 400; 600 mg/kg BW. All rats were treated for 14 days. Measurement of MDA level using Spectrophotometer UV-Vis in 532,2 nm. MDA levels in the normal group was 0.0094±0.080 ppm; negative group was 13,733±2,829 ppm; positive group was 0,051±0,045 ppm; dose 200; 400; 600 mg/ kg BW were 9,142±2,364; 0,120±0,019; 0,053±0,041 ppm. The MDA level was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and following by Mann-Whitney test. The result showed that MDA level of group receiving P. cordifolia leaves extract significantly (p<0,05) lower than negative control group. These result show P. cordifolia leaves extract can reducing the MDA level on the rats that exposed by cigarette smoke
Penetapan Kadar Hidrokortison Asetat dalam Sediaan Krim Mengandung Pengawet Nipagin secara Spektrofotometri Derivatif Orde Pertama
Get PDFThe simple and rapid spectrophotometric methods were developed for analysis of hydrocortisone acetate in cream pharmaceutical formulations containing nipagin as preservative. Concentration of hydrocortisone acetate was determined by measuring the first derivative absorption (ratio amplitudes) at 257.0 nm (zero crossing for nipagin). The calibration graphs were linear over the range of 4.0-40.0 ppm of hydrocortisone acetate (r= 0.9999). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 0.9617 ppm and 3.2050 ppm, respectively. This method had good precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) with RSD < 2.0% where as the means of the recovery data (accuracy) were 102.03±0.14% and 100.23±0.69% for hydrocortisone acetate cream 1% and 2.5%, respectively. The proposed method was applied for the determination of hydrocortisone acetate in three out of four commercial cream formulations samples and the results of label claim were 102.93±0.22%, 108.48±0.19% and 106.67±0.35% for sample A, B and D, respectively. The result of brand C analysis showed to contain more than 110.0% of the labeled amount of hydrocortisone acetate, indicated there was additive other than nipagin in the cream basis to interfer with the hydrocortisone acetate measurement
Karakterisasi dan Stabilitas Fisik Mikroemulsi Tipe A/M Dengan Berbagai Fase Minyak
Get PDFThis research consists of formulation, characterization and physical stability of the microemulsion of water-in-oil type. On the microemulsion, VCO, palm oil, olive oil and soybean oil were used as oil phase, aqua demineralisata used as the aqueous phase, a combination of Span® 80 and Tween® 80 as a surfactant and propanol as cosurfactant. Each formula was made three times replication and determined the physical characteristics including organoleptic observations, measurements of density, droplet, viscosity, flow properties, and pH. Determination of physical characteristics was done at the beginning of the microemulsion formed and after 5 weeks storage at room temperature. The physical stability test including the centrifugation test at 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes, the freeze-thaw test for 6 cycles, and heating stability with the oven temperature of 60ºC, 70ºC, 80ºC, 90ºC and 100ºC for 5 hours were done. The data were analyzed using t-Test and one-way ANOVA. Based on the characteristic and physical stability tests, it showed that microemulsion with VCO, palm oil and soybean oil had better physical characteristics and stability compared to the microemulsion with olive oil
Pengaruh Natrium Hialuronat terhadap Penetrasi Kofein Sebagai Antiselulit dalam Sediaan Hidrogel, Hidroalkoholik Gel, dan Emulsi Gel
Get PDFAnticellulite topical gel preparation with caffeine as active ingredient needs a penetration enhancer to reach subcutaneous layer. Sodium hyaluronate (NaHA), the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, is a hydrophilic polysaccharide derivative polymer. It has ability to enhance percutaneous penetration by loosening the dense of the compact substance stratum corneum. The aim of this research was to observe the effects of NaHA on caffeine penetration as anticellulite active agent in three types of gel preparation: hydrogel, hydroalcoholic gel, and gel emulsion. Each gel type contained caffeine 1,5% and was varied into three formulas. Formula 1 contained HPMC 2% as gel basis; formula 2 contained HPMC 2% and NaHA 0,5%; formula 3 contained NaHA 2% as gel basis. Caffeine penetration properties were analyzed by Franz diffusion cell in vitro test using rat skin as membrane. Percent caffeine penetration of hydrogel formula 1, 2, 3 were 9,41 ± 0,01%; 11,74 ± 0,13%; 16,32 ± 0,03%, respectively. Percent caffeine penetration of hydroalcoholic gel formula 1, 2, 3 were 19,54 ± 0,02%; 22,99 ± 0,23%; 7,42 ± 0,08%, respectively. Percent caffeine penetration of gel emulsion formula 1, 2, 3 were 10,47 ± 0,19%; 13,41 ± 0,12%; 18,42 ± 0,06%, respectively. The result showed that NaHA enhanced the caffeine percutaneous penetration properties in various gel preparations, except hidroalkoholic gel formula 3
Eksipien Koproses Pregelatinisasi Pati Singkong Metilselulosa sebagai Bahan Penyalut Tablet
Get PDFCoating is one of the effective methods used in controlled release dosage form. Lots ofvariety in the form of a hydrophilic polymer excipient that is used to control the drugrelease many polymers that can be used for coating purposes, but only a few have beenknown to serve as a polymeric coating which functions to control the rate of drugrelease Pregelatinized cassava starch (PCS) is a physically modified starch. The purposesof the study were to improve functionality of PCS with making coprocess composedof PCS and methylcellulose (MC) by proportionally variation, which are 2:1,3:1, and 4:1, as well as to applied co-processed excipient that could retard the drugrelease as coating material of theophylline tablet. Coprocessed excipient characterizedin terms of morphology, particle size distribution, compressibility index, flow rateand angle of repose, thermal analysis, hygroscopicity, gel strength, swelling test, andmoiety analysis.Keywords : co-prosses, pregelatinized cassava starch, methylcellulose
Seleksi Galur-Galur Leuconostoc yang Mempunyai Aktivitas Bakteriostatin Terhadap Berbagai Bakteri Indikator
No full textLactid Acid Bacteria (LAB) are known to produce bacteriocins which have antimicrobi-al activity, and possessed to be developed as antibiotic complement. This study aimed tocharacterize bacteriocins activity from Leuconostoc strains isolated previously from localsources, and to optimize pH and incubation temperature as well. A well diffusion agarassay for zone inhibition method and bacteriocin potency assay performing minimum in-hibition concentration (MIC) have been done. Bacterial indicators used in this study areLeu. mesenteroides TISTR 120, and JCM 6124, Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, Lis-teria monocytogenes FNCC 0156, Escherichia coli FNCC 0183, Pseudomonas aeruginosaFNCC 0063, Salmonella typhi FNCC 0165 and Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0061. Catalase,Trypsin and Protease K were also used for confirmation test. Results revealed that bothLeu. mesenteroides MBF2-5 and MBF7-17 possessed bacteriocin activity although againstLeu. mesenteroides TISTR 120 and JCM 6124 indicators strains. The optimum pH forbacteriocin potency assay for both Leuconostoc strains MBF2-5 and MBF7-17 was pH 6,whereas the optimum incubation temperature was 32 oc with MIC value of 90% and 80%,respectively.Keywords: Bacteriocin, lactic acid bacteria, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, MI
Pengembangan Sistem Penghantaran Obat Solid Self-Emulsifying Mikropartikel Gliklazid untuk Meningkatkan Disolusi
No full textGliclazide is a Hypoglycemicdrug, second-generation sulfonylurea used in the treatment of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Gliclazide exhibit poor aqueous solubility, so that their low bioavailability. Objectivesthis study is to develop solid self-emulsifying (SE) microparticles of poorly soluble gliclazide to dissolution enchancement. These microparticles were prepared by spray drying method, using three surfactant (acripol, tween 80 and sodium lauryl sulphate) with various concentration. SE microparticles characterized in terms of morphology (SEM), particle size distribution (PSA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermalanalysis (DSC), functional group analysis (FTIR), solubility test, and dissolution test. The all gliclazide SE microparticlesexhibited particle size smaller than pure gliclazide. The dissolution rate of gliclazide SE microparticles at one hour was increased about 2 to 3 times than gliclazide.Keywords: dissolution, gliclazide, microparticle, solid self-emulsifyin
Analisis Adduct DNA Setelah Pemberian Natrium Nitrit dan Dimetilamin Secara Berulang Pada Tikus
No full textNitrosodimethylamine is a carcinogenic compound which can be formed from the reaction of nitrite and dimethylamine that is found in food. Nitrosodimethylamineis activated in liver and alkylates the DNA base and producing a DNA adductssuch as O6-methylguanine and N7-methylguanine that have a role incarcinogenesis. In this research, DNA was isolated from rat’s blood which waspreviously given nitrosodimethylamine’s precursor, sodium nitrite anddimethylamine. DNA adducts can be obtained from hydrolysis in hydrochloricacid 0.1 N for 30 minutes at 7000C. Then the adducts were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), with a strong cation exchangecolumn (Supelcosil LC-SCX, 5 μm, 250 x 4.6 mm), mobile phase consisting ofammonium phosphate with a final concentration of 40 mM, pH 3.00, flow rate 1.5mL/minute, column temperature 30oC and detected at exitation wavelength 286 nm and emission wavelength 366 nm. This method gave an acceptable validation result according to accuracy and precicion test results that fulfill the requirementand linear calibration curve with a quantitation limit of 22,5403 ng/mL. Rats were divided into six groups that two groups were given nitrosodimethylamine aspositive control, three groups were given prekursor, and the other was normalcontrol.Blood samples were collected in 1,2 and 4 hour after last induced. Aftergiving sodium nitrite 110 mg/kg bw and dimethylamine (1:5) orally for a week,N7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine had not been detected in rat’s blood.Keywords : dimethylamine, DNA adducts, nitrosodimethylamine, N7-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine, sodium nitrit