Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR)
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Synthesis of Polymer-Drug Conjugates Using Natural Polymer: What, Why and How?
Get PDFFor years, natural polymers have played a significant role in pharmaceutical field due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In Indonesia, most research in natural polymers focus on application of the polymers as inert pharmaceutical excipients or as drug matrix in micro- and nano- particle. Meanwhile, research about polymers in the world (mostly synthetic polymers) have been progressed to advanced drug delivery system. In this system, the polymer can act as either pharmacologically active molecules, or sophisticated carrier in targeted prodrug delivery system. The latter is called polymer-drug conjugates, a system where the drugs are covalently attached to a polymeric carrier, rather than simply entrapped in polymer matrix. Natural polymers have been one of the materials to use for the carrier due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review article emphasizes the opportunity, challenges and strategies to use natural polymers as carrier in polymer-drug conjugates. Moreover, we also discuss some aspects in regards of the synthesis and analysis, to give some perspectives and encouragement for the Indonesian researcher who are interested in exploring this research field
UJI AKTIVITAS PENGHAMBATAN ENZIM A-GLUKOSIDASE DAUN KALANCHOE PINNATA PERS.
No full textThe study of inhibitory activity against the a-glucosidase enzyme of Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. leaves has been carried out. In vitro, the methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and methanol-water (1:1) fraction inhibited a-glucosidase enzyme activities with IC50 value 72.8, 982.6, 194.6 and 293.8 ug/mL, respectively. In vivo, the study was conducted in normal ddY mice by using oral glucose tolerance test. The administration of methanol extract dose 0.5, 1.0 g/kg of body weight and ethyl acetate fraction dose 1.0 g/kg of body weight can suppress the blood glucose level at 30 min significantly (p<0.05) if compared with control after oral administration of sucrose (3 g/kg of body weight), and their activity were similar with acarbose 0.01 g/kg of body weight (p>0.05)
Evaluasi Kesesuaian Penulisan Resep Pada Kasus ISPA Non Pneumonia di Poli MTBS Puskesmas Kecamatan Cengkareng
Get PDFAcute respiratory infections (ARI) is one of the major health problems in Indonesia. There are three classifications of cases of ARI, consist of pneumonia, severe pneumonia and non pneumonia. This study aimed to find an overview of the use of antibiotics and the evaluation of suitability prescriptions performed in cases of non pneumonia Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in IMCI Polyclinic, Cengkareng District Community Health Centre (Puskesmas Cengkareng), West Jakarta. Evaluation for the prescription suitability was useful to find the percentage of the suitability of prescribing on the existing management. This activity was done using retrospective method with data of 100 children patients suffered from non pneumonia cough obtained from registration book on IMCI Polyclinic during February 2016. The existing data was then matched to the patient's status and prescription books that went into the dispensary unit at second floor. Furthermore, we evaluated the suitability of the reference book titled Integrated Management Scheme for Toddler Patients/Bagan Manajemen Terpadu Balita Sakit (MTBS), issued by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2011. The results showed that the percentage of antibiotic use in the sample was 59.6%, which the most frequent antibiotic used was amoxicillin. Therefore we concluded that the prescription compliance with IMCI guidelines in Puskesmas Cengkareng at February 2016 was inadequate yet
Kompleks Polielektrolit Kitosan-Xanthan sebagai Matriks Sediaan Mukoadhesif
Get PDFMucoadhesive dosage form is a pharmaceutical dosage form with prolonged gastric residence time which can increase bioavailability of drugs. An excipient with suitable swelling and bioadhesive characteristics plays important role to obtain good mucoadhesive dosage form. Our pre-eliminary study showed that chitosan-xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) in ratio 1:1 exhibit suitable swelling index to be developed as mucoadhesive dosage forms. This research was performed to study CXPC characteristics as matrix for mucoadhesive granules dosage form matrix. In this study CXPC 1:1 was utilized as the matrix in the mucoadhesive granules with drug-CXPC ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, using diltiazem HCl as a drug model. The granules were prepared by wet granulation method, and the in vitro bioadhesive properties of the granules, as well as the drug release profile, were evaluated. The results showed that formula containing diltiazem HCl and CXPC in ratio of 1:2 possessed a good bioadhesive ability up to 8-12 hours and showed controlled drug release profile up to 8 hours. The results can be concluded that the CXPC is a suitable excipient as a mucoadhesive matrix
UJI LARVASIDA DAN REPELANSIA BEBERAPA EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN PADA NYAMUK CULEX SP
No full textThere is a plethora of evidence to suggest that host seeking in mosquitoes is medicated by infochemicals or semichemicals emanating from the host and visual clues that the mosquitoes recognize. The objectives of this research was to evaluate larvacidal and repellant effect of several herbal extracts that repell the mosquitoes. The result shown that ethanolic extract of Piper aduncum effective as larvacide for the first instar of Culex sp, while extract of Canangium odoratum repelled almost all of the female mosquitoes treated
Perbandingan Metode CBIA dan FGD dalam Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Ketepatan Caregiver dalam Upaya Swamedikasi Demam pada Anak
Get PDFSelf medications which are ofted applied to children are including coughs, colds, flu, and nasal congestion (17.2%), fever (15%), headache (14%), diarrhea and abdominal pain (9%). The results from previous studies showed only 0.4% caregiver of 4-6 years old children in Banyumas Regency did correctly in children’s fever self medication. Aim of this study is to determine the influence of Community Based Interactive Approach (CBIA) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) methods for improving knowledge and correctness of caregivers in children’s fever self medication with type of research of quasi experimental design with a control group of non random pretest posttest. Results of Wilcoxon test showed that there were significant differences of knowledge statistically before and after treatment using the FGD and CBIA methods with significancy values in FGD group of 0.000 (p < 0.05) and in CBIA group of 0.002 (p < 0.05), while for correctness before and after treatment with FGD and CBIA methods, there were no statistically significant difference in significancy values of correctness for FGD group of 1,000 (p> 0.05) and for the CBIA group of 1,000 (p> 0.05). Results of Mann-Whitney test showed that the obtained significancy value was 0.012 (p <0.05), it can be concluded that there were significant differences between FGD with CBIA groups. The difference of Mean scores in FGD group (2.45) were greater than the CBIA group (0.96), so that the FGD method was better in improving the knowledge compared with CBIA method even though they both gave some improvements.. Fisher’s Exact test results showed that the obtained significancy value was 1,000. According to these statistical analysis results, it can be concluded that based on statistical calculatios, there is no significant difference between FGD and CBIA methods in improving the correctness of children’s fever self medication
Validasi Metode Analisis Ofloksasin dalam Plasma In Vitro secara Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi-Fluoresensi Mengacu pada European Medicines Agency Guideline
Get PDFOfloxacin is an antibiotic from second generation of fluoroquinolone's group. Concentration of ofloxacin in human plasma is low, so it requires a selective, accurate, sensitive method for analysis it. In this study, the optimization and validation of ofloxacin analysis in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence with ciprofloxacin-HCl as an internal standard were carried out. Separation of ofloxacin was performed using C18 (Waters, Sunfire TM 5 µm; 250 x 4.6 mm) column with an isocratic mobile phase consisted of triethylamine 1% on water pH 3.0–acetonitrile (84:16) an in the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and on column temperature 40oC whereas the detection was carried out at excitation of 300 nm and emission of 500 nm. Plasma extraction was done by deproteination using methanol, through the process of vortex and centrifugation (10000 rpm) for 2 minutes and 10 minutes consecutively. The method was valid and linear within the concentration ranged from 21,4 ng/mL to 4280 ng/mL with LLOQ of 21,4 ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and presicion was not more than + 20% for LLOQ and not more than + 15% for QCL, QCM, and QCH samples in both % diff and coefficient of variation. Ofloxacin was stable in human plasma at least three freeze and thaw cycle, for at least 24 hours in room temperature and 28 days at -20oC. This bioanalytical method fulfilled the acceptance criteria following EMEA guideline
Parameter Fisikokimia dan Analisis Kadar Allyl Disulfide dalam Ekstrak Etanol 70% Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) dengan Perbandingan Daerah Tempat Tumbuh
Get PDFGarlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the medicinal plants that has a potential to be developed to become a traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal products and medicinal plants which have good quality are determined by the quality and safety of the extract. One of many factors that can affect the quality is the growing area. This research aimed to compare the value of physicochemical parameters as well as the levels of compounds responsible for pharmacological activity in ethanol 70% extract of garlic obtained from two growing areas, Bogor and Wonosobo. The test results obtained from garlic extract of Bogor were: compound contents dissolved in water was 62.5684%, compound contents dissolved in ethanol was 10.0779%, essential oils contents was 0.7477%, levels of allyl disulfide was 1.8322%, total ash content was 2.3529%, ash content insoluble in acid was 0.1115%. While the test results obtained from garlic extract of Wonosobo: compound contents dissolved in water was 59.0007%, compound contents dissolved in ethanol was 8.9230%, essential oils contents was 0.3400%, levels of allyl disulfide was 1.6542%, total ash content was 3.0196%, ash content insoluble in acid was 0.4974%. Based on those results, the best quality extract was garlic from Bogor with higher specific parameter values and lower non-specific parameter values
Pengaruh Cara Pengeringan Simplisia Daun Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil)
Get PDFDrying is the most important step to keep the compound stability in simplicia. The aimed of this study was to know the effect of drying methods on antioxidant activity in Melastoma malabathricum L. The drying methods were tested on oven-drying at 40°C, direct sunlight, indirect sunlight, air-drying at ± 25°C and fresh samples as control. The result revealed that the drying methods of simplicia were significant differences for antioxidant activity in Melastoma malabathricum L. (p<0,05). Drying method that has the highest antioxidant activity was by air-drying at ± 25°C is 54.60%.
 
Skrining Aktivitas Antibakteri Bakteriosin dari Minuman Ce Hun Tiau
Get PDFLactic acid bacteria is one of the beneficial bacteria because it can produce an antimicrobial peptide called bacteriocin. Bacteriocin has been applied as a natural food preservative because it prevents effectively the growth of pathogenic bacteria on food or drink. The aimed of this study was to identify the lactic acid bacteria as producers of bacteriocin from Ce hun tiau which has inhibitory activity againts pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus and Salmonella typhi. In this study, Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Ce Hun Tiau using streak plate method on media deman Rogose Sharpe. Screening bacteriocin use disc diffusion method to find out the inhibitory activity of isolates against Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus and Salmonella typhi and for confirmation test using proteolytic enzymes. The results showed one isolate of lactid acid bacteria was succesfully isolated from Ce hun tiau, identified as Lactobacillus plantarum. This isolate could inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus and Salmonella typhi which is a bacteriocin activity.