Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR)
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Evaluasi Rasionalitas Penggunaan Obat Antihipertensi di Puskesmas Siantan Hilir Kota Pontianak Tahun 2015
Get PDFHypertension is widely known as cardiovascular disease. In addition to resulting heart failure, hypertension can result in kidney failure and cerebrovascular disease. This study was aimed to determine the percentage of treatment rationality of hypertensive patient treatment outpatient in Puskesmas Siantan Hilir Pontianak 2015 which includes the appropriate indication, appropriate drug, appropriate patient, and appropriate dose based on the guideline JNC 7. This study was cross-sectional observational study using retrospective data such as medical records of outpatient hypertension patients in 2015. The total of sample for this research were 92 people. The percentage of using the angiotensin converting enzym inhibitor (captopril) was 47,46%; calcium channel blocker (amlodipine) was 34,75%; tiazid diuretic (hydrochlorothiazid) was 16,10%; loop diuretic (furosemid) was 0, 85%; and potassium sparing (spironolactone) was 0.85%. The therapy rasionality of hypertensive patients in this research were 100% appropriate indication, 70,65% appropriate drug, 100% appropriate patient and 98,91% appropriate dose. The conclusion of this study is that overall treatment that meets all four rational treatment criteria is 69.56%
Karakterisasi Gelatin Hasil Ekstraksi dari Kulit Ikan Patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus) dengan Proses Asam dan Basa
Get PDFGelatin yang ada di pasaran mayoritas berasal dari babi dan sapi. Bahan baku pembuatan gelatin dari sumber lain terus diteliti karena erat kaitannya dengan kehalalan produk. Saat ini gelatin dari ikan merupakan salah satu alternatif sumber pembuatan gelatin. Ikan patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus) adalah jenis ikan yang dikembangkan di Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau. Kulit ikan patin ini dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber bahan baku pada pembuatan gelatin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil karakterisasi gelatin yang diekstraksi dari kulit ikan patin melalui proses asam dan basa. Pada proses asam digunakan asam sulfat pH 3 lalu diekstraksi dengan aquades pada suhu 60oC. Pada proses basa, dilakukan penambahan NaOH 0,2 N yang diikuti dengan asam asetat 0,05 N dan diekstraksi dengan aquades pada suhu 60oC. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi perhitungan nilai rendemen, uji organoleptis, kadar air, pH, kadar abu, viskositas, kekuatan gel dan analisis profil tekstur menggunakan texture analyzer, kadar protein dengan metode Kjeldahl dan kadar asam amino secara KCKT. Karakterisasi gelatin ikan patin dengan proses asam memberikan hasil sebagai berikut: rendemen (14,94%), kadar air (9,80%), pH (5,14), kadar abu (0,19%), viskositas (3,12 cP), kadar protein (97,71%), dan kadar asam amino tertinggi yaitu glisin = 16,90%, prolin = 11,08%, asam glutamat = 9,10%. Hasil karakterisasi gelatin dengan proses basa: rendemen (14,30%), kadar air (7,25%), pH (5,35), kadar abu (1,54%), viskositas (5,35 cP), kekuatan gel (141,5 g), kadar protein (91,92%), kadar asam amino paling banyak yaitu glisin = 18,15% , prolin = 12,30% , asam glutamat = 10,73%. Gelatin ikan patin yang dihasilkan melalui proses basa menunjukkan karakteristik yang lebih baik daripada proses asam.Gelatin in the majority market comes from pigs and cows. The raw material of gelatin manufacture from other sources continue to be studied because it closely related with halal product. Currently gelatin from fish is an alternative to gelatin making. Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a fish species developed in Kampar regency of Riau Province.The catfish skin can be used as raw material source in gelatin production. This study aims to compare the characteristics of gelatin extracted from catfish skin with acid and alkaline pretreatment. In the acid pretreatment, sulfuric acid is used until the solution at pH 3, then it is extracted with distilled water at 60ºC. In the alkaline pretreatment, the sample was added by 0.2 N NaOH followed by 0.05 N acetic acid and then extracted with distilled water at 60ºC. Characterizations done were including calculation of rendement value, organoleptic test, moisture content, pH, ash content, viscosity, gel strength and texture profile analysis using texture analyzer, protein content with Kjeldahl method and analysis amino acid with HPLC. Characterization of catfish gelatin with acid process gives the following results: rendement (14.94%), water content (9.80%), pH (5.14), ash (0.19%), viscosity (3.12 cP), protein content (97.71%), and highest amino acids, glycine = 16.90 %, proline = 11.08%, glutamic acid = 9.10 %. The result of gelatin characterizations with alkaline process: rendement (14.30%), water content (7.25%), and pH (5.35), ash content (1.54%), viscosity (5.35 cP), gel strength (141,5 g), protein content (91.92%), the highest amino acid content are glycine = 18.15%, proline = 12.30%, glutamic acid = 10.73%. Catfish gelatin through alkaline pretreatment exhibits better properties than acid pretreatment
Pengembangan Metode Analisis Agen Pengatur Keasaman Pakan Ternak Menggunakan Metode Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi
No full textAnalisis kuantitatif asam organik dalam produk acidifier diperlukan untuk menjaga efektifitas produk dalam menekan pertumbuhan mikroba dan menurunkan pH pakan serta saluran cerna. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penetapan kadar asam organik dalam dua sediaan acidifier yang terdapat di pasaran. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi fase terbalik dengan kolom LiChrospher® 100 RP-18 (5µm,Merck) dengan panjang kolom 250x4,0 mm dan fase gerak dapar kalium dihidrogenfosfat-TEA 0,5% pH 4,00 pada laju alir 0,6 mL/menit.Panjang gelombang yang digunakan pada analisis adalah 214 nm.Validasi metoda analisis memberikan hasil UPK asam format sebesar 98,02%-101,97% dan 97,09%-102,78% untuk asam laktat, KV <0,59% untuk asam format dan KV <1,28% untuk asam laktat, LOD sebesar 63,05 µg/mL untuk asam format dan LOD sebesar 4,55 µg/mL untuk asam laktat,LOQ sebesar 210,16 µg/mL untuk asam format dan LOD sebesar 15,18 µg/mL untuk asam laktat. Metode analisis linear pada rentang 439,2 µg/mL-1764,61 µg/mL untuk asam format dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0,9992 sedangkan rentang linearitas untuk asam adalah 47,88 µg/mL-193,44 µg/mL dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0,9994.Kesesuaian kadar terhadap label untuk produk A memberikan hasil sebesar 108,19%-109,82% asam format dan 156,88%-167,90% asam laktat sedangkan untuk produk B memberikan hasil sebesar 101,65%-109,95% asam format dan 151,10%-172,82% asam laktatQuantitative analysis of organic acid in acidifier product is needed to maintain product effectiveness in repressing microbial growth and lowering feed and gastrointestinal tract pH.The aim of this research is determining the level of formic and lactic acid in two acidifiers from the market.Analysis were performed using reversed phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with LiChrospher® 100 RP-18 column (5μm,Merck) with 250x4,0 mm column length,buffer potassium dihydrogenphosphate-TEA 0,5% pH 4,00 as mobile phase and flow rate 0,6 mL/min.Wavelength used in the analysis was 214 nm.Validation methods provide results of recovery by 98,02%-101,97% for formic acid and 97,09%-102,78% for lactic acid,RSD <0,59% for formic acid and RSD <1,28% for lactic acid,LOD63,05 mg/mL for formic acid and LOD 4,55 mg/mL for lactic acid,LOQ 210,16 mg/mL for formic acid and LOD 15,18 mg/mL for lactic acid.The analysis method gives linearity in the range of 439,2 mg/mL-1764,61 mg/mL for formic acid with correlation coefficient (r) 0,9992 while lactic acidlinearity range was47,88 ug/mL-193,44 g/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) 0,9994.Conformity product A to its label provides the results of 108,19%-109,82% formic acid and 156.88%-167.90% lactic acid whereas the result for product B were 101.65%-109.95% formic acid and 151.10%-172.82% lactic acid
Potensi Antelmintik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mangga Arumanis (Mangifera indica L.) pada Cacing Ascaridia galli dan Raillietina tetragona secara In Vitro
Get PDFPlants havepotential as a traditional medicine, one of them is arumanis mango (Mangifera indica L.) which is suspected have anthelmintic activity. The aim of this research is to know the anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of arumanis mango leaves on Ascaridia galli worm and Raillietina tetragona in vitro, to know the effect of increasing extract concentration and to know LC50 and LT50 value from extract. The concentration of extract used were 5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml, normal control (NaCl 0,9%) and positive control (mebendazole 5 mg/ml). The time and number of worm deaths were observed and analyzed using SPSS One Way Anova, Post hoc (LSD) and Probit. The results showed normal controls different significantly with all treatment groups. Concentrations of extracts 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml had time and number of worm deaths that didn’t different significantly with mebendazole 5mg/ml p=0.466 and p=0.760 at Ascaridia galli, p=0.093 and p=0.566 on Raillietina tetragona, there is an effect of increasing the concentration of extract on the increase of anthelmintic activity. The value of LC50 extract on Ascaridia galli and Raillietina tetragona are: 2,6mg/ml and 3,1mg/ml, while LT50 extract value of Ascaridia galli and Raillietina tetragona are: 15,2 hours and 2,5 hours. The conclusion from this research is Mango arumanis leaves have anthelmintic activity
Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.)
Get PDFKaras (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) leaves contain secondary metabolite such as alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, antraquinone, and triterpenoid. Flavonoid compound has anti inflammatory activity. This research was conducted to investigate the effective anti inflammatory dose from the reduction of rat paw edema using plethismometer. Karas leaves was macerated with 96% ethanol and then evaporated until crude extract was obtained. This research was carried out using 25 male rats that was divided into 5 treatment groups, negative control (CMC-Na 1%), positive control (Natrium diclofenac 4.5 mg/kgBW), dosage I (45 mg/kgBW), dosage II (90 mg/kgBW), and dosage III (180 mg/kgBW). The extract was administrated orally half an hour before the induction of 0.1 ml carragenan 2% solution. The anti inflammatory activity was observed from the volume of edema, AUC, and the percentage of antiinflammatory activity. The data was analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS. The result shows that there was a significant difference between negative control with the treatment groups (dosage I, II, and III). There was no significant difference between positive control with dosage II and III, however there was a significant difference to dosage I. The percentage of antiinflammatory activity of positive control, dosage I, dosage II, and dosage III was 39.3%, 22.9%, 29.6%, and 37.9% respectively. The conclusion of this research was that the effective dose of ethanolic extract form karas leaves was 180 mg/kgBB
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Proteus mirabilis
Get PDFDaun gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Bail) merupakan salah satu bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui golongan kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder daun gaharu dan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Proteus mirabilis dengan metode Disc diffusion Kirby-Bauer. Simplisia daun gaharu dimaserasi dengan etanol 96%. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun gaharu mengandung flavonoid,fenol,tanin,saponin dan steroid. Selanjutnya dilakukan KLT untuk penegasan adanya senyawa kimia pada ekstrak daun gaharu menggunakan fase gerak butanol:asam asetat:air (4:1:5) dengan fase diam silika gel GF254 dengan penampak bercak FeCl3 5% untuk fenolik dan AlCl3 5% untuk flavonoid kemudian di deteksi pada sinar UV 254nm dan 366nm. Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah Siprofloksasin 50μg sedangkan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah DMSO 20%. Berdasarkan hasil rata-rata diameter zona hambat ekstrak etanol daun gaharu pada Staphylococcus aureus dengan konsentrasi 300 mg/mL, 400 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL yaitu 12,50 mm, 13,51 mm, 15,80 mm. Sedangkan pada Proteus mirabilis dengan konsentrasi 300 mg/mL, 400 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL yaitu 12,10 mm, 13,26 mm, 15,19 mm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun gaharu memiliki aktivitas pada Gram positif dan Gram negatif
L-citrulline as Alternative Pharmacological Substance in Protecting Against Cardiovascular Disease
Get PDFCardiovascular disease (CVD) has contributed average 30% of global death diagnoses. Attempts of physicians to transiently relieve CVD came down to using focally targeted drugs. Struggle to find other treatment strategies is done to discover alternatives that serve to not only cure, but also prevent CVDs, or that do not require such a precise administration in order to minimize side-effects. This review would offer using L-citrulline as potential therapeutics in treating and preventing CVDs. This compound, found mostly in Citrus sp., contains chemical trait that could affect other bodily physiology, especially boosting nitric oxide (NO) production. Enhancing NO bioavailability suppresses the risk of myocardial oxidative stress due to ischemia and cardiac pressure-overload, as well as pulmonary hypertension. So, understanding of L-citrulline effects on endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway in generation of NO and its uncoupling mechanisms may serve as fundamental treatment for oxidative stress-induced cardiovascular diseases with or without prophylaxis.
Potency of (Poly) Acrylic/Carboxymethyl Starch-Chitosan Biohydrogel for Curcumin Oral Delivery Matrix
Get PDFObjective: Biohydrogel has gathered great interest in the pharmaceuticals field. This natural polymers were biodegradable, non-toxic, biocompatible, and its specific ability to response environment change can be considered for the controlled released matric of bioactive compound. In this study, the biohydrogel was synthesized by graft-copolymerization of acrylic acid onto carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and chitosan. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of CMS-chitosan ratio on the biohydrogel characteristic. Methods: The acrylic acid was grafted on to the backbone (3:1) by using cerric ammonium nitrate as the inisiator. A standarded curcumin was applied to test the binding potency of matrix. Results: A higher CMS ratio in the polymer mixture (4:1) revealed the highest swelling power (16.9 w/w) and percentage of curcumin absorption (17.34%). All the samples have the pH-responsive swelling properties, with the swelling trend was observed in the order of distilled water > HCl solution > phospathe buffer solution. FTIR spectra and SEM micrographs has confirmed the graft-copolymerization of PAA/CMSCs biohydrogel by describing the appearance of peak around 1600 cm-1 and the morphology of granula structure, respectively. Conclusion: The graft-copolymerization of acrylic acid onto the two anionic natural polymer by cerric ammonium nitrate as the initiator has resulted a pH-dependent swelling biohydrogel, and it has the ability to deliver curcumin in stomach-targeted system
Optimasi Aktivitas Bakteriosin yang Dihasilkan oleh Bakteri Lactobacillus plantarum dari Minuman Ce Hun Tiau
Get PDFBacteriosin didefinisikan sebagai suatu senyawa protein yang memiliki bobot molekul kecil dan mempunyai aktivitas sebaga antibakteri. Bakteriosin telah banyak diaplikasikan sebagai pengawet alami makanan karena efektif mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri patogen pada makanan dan minuman. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalisasi aktivitas bakteriosin yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri asam laktat yaitu Lactobacillus plantarum dari minuman Ce hun tiau dengan uji pH dan pemanasan terhadap bakteri Eschericia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Di dalam penelitian ini bakteri Lactobacillus plantarum yang telah diisolasi dari minuman Ce hun tiau dikaraketrisasi dengan uji pewarnaan Gram. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan ekstraksi bakteriosin dari bakteri Lactobacillus plantarum yang telah diinkubasi dalam media deMan Rogose Sharpe Broth. Selanjutnya diuji konfirmasi menggunakan enzim proteolitik dan uji aktivitas pengaruh pH (2, 4, 6, 8, dan 10) dan suhu (400, 600, 800, 1000, dan 1210 C) terhadap aktivitas bakteriosin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteriosin memiliki aktivitas terhadap Eschericia coli namun tidak memiliki aktivitas terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Zona hambat terbentuk pada pH 2 sampai 6 dan pada rentang suhu 400 sampai 1210C. Bacteriocin is defined as a protein compound that has a small molecular weight and antibacterial activity. Bacteriocin has been wisely applied as a natural food preservative, as it effectively prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria in foods and beverages. The aim of this research is to know the activity of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria that is Lactobacillus plantarum from Ce hun tiau with pH and temperature treatment againts. Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria isolated from Ce hun tiau beverages were characterized by Gram staining test. Bacteriocin. Bacteriocin must be extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria wich has been incubated in deMan Rogose Sharpe Broth media. Confirmation test used proteolytic enzyme and activity test of pH (2, 4, 6, 8, 10) and temperature (400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1210 C) influence on bacteriocin activity. The result showed that bacteriocin has activity againts Eshcericia coli but has no activity againts Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone is formed at pH 2 to 6 and temperature range of 400C and 1210C.
Formulasi, Uji Stabilitas Fisik, dan Uji Aktivitas Secara In Vitro Sediaan Spray Antibau Kaki yang Mengandung Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.)
Get PDFDaun sirih telah lama terbukti dan banyak digunakan di Indonesia untuk aktivitas antibakterinya. Ekstrak etanol 80% daun sirih memiliki kompatibilitas tinggi untuk dijadikan produk farmasi, termasuk sediaan semprot (spray). Pada tahun 2014, American Podiatric Medical Association, mempelajari peningkatan prevalensi bau kaki yang signifikan pada masyarakat. Salah satu alasan bau kaki disebabkan oleh bakteri, terutama oleh Bacillus subitilis. Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk menciptakan produk farmasi dengan sifat antibakteri kuat yang dapat menunjukkan minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) terhadap bakteri penyebab bau kaki. Produk semprot (spray) dipilih karena menyenangkan bagi pengguna. Penelitian ini menguji berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun sirih 80%, untuk mempelajari aktivitas antibakterinya. Selain itu, pengujian stabilitas fisik pada penyimpanan 8 minggu dalam tiga suhu berbeda; suhu kamar (28 ± 2 oC), suhu tinggi (40 ± 2 oC), dan suhu rendah (4 ± 2 oC), juga dilakukan. Semua formula stabil secara fisik yang didasarkan pada parameter organoleptik. Ekstrak etanol 80% daun sirih dalam Formula 3 menunjukkan minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) di daerah 2 mm, dengan formula yang mengandung ekstrak ethanolic ≥ 2 mg/ml. Betel leaf has long been proven and widely used in Indonesia for its antibacterial activities. Betel leaf 80% ethanolic extract has high compatibility to be made as a widely used pharmaceutical product, including spray. In 2014 American Podiatric Medical Association, studied a significant increase of foot odor prevalence between our citizens. One of the reasons of foot odor is caused by bacteria, mostly by Bacillus subitilis. This study focused on creating a pharmaceutical product with a strong antibacterial that showed minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) towards bacteria that caused foot odor. Spray product was chosen because of the great pleasant experience for the user. The study tested various concentrations of betel leaf 80% ethanolic extract, to study its antibacterial activity. Furthermore, stability testing towards its physical property on 8-week storage in three different temperature; room temperature (28±2 oC), high temperature (40±2 oC), and low temperature (4±2 oC), was also conducted. All formulae showed great physical stability profile on organoleptic parameters. Betel leaf 80% ethanolic extract, in the Formula 3 showed minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in 2 mm area with the formula that contained ≥ 2 mg/ml ethanolic extract