Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi
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Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Cassia Alata Using GC-MS and Their Potential Against Microorganisms That Cause Skin Infections
Full text linkCassia alata is widely used in traditional medicine for treating skin infections, yet its antifungal properties and chemical constituents remain underexplored. This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds in C. alata leaves and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Phytochemical analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Malassezia furfur, and Trichophyton rubrum at extract concentrations of 6; 9; 12; and 15%. GC-MS analysis revealed six major peaks, with myo-inositol identified as the dominant compound. The extract exhibited weak antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 174.9 ppm. However, significant antifungal activity was observed, particularly against M. furfur and T. rubrum, with the most effective inhibitory concentrations at 12% and 15%, respectively. Despite its modest antioxidant effect, C. alata leaf extract demonstrates promising antifungal potential, especially against common fungal pathogens associated with skin infections. These findings support the traditional use of C. alata and highlight its potential as a natural antifungal agent
Riparian Vegetation Profile in The Boyong River Segment, Sleman, Yogyakarta
Full text linkBoyong River is upstream of Code River and one of the areas potentially affected by volcanic mudflow and pyroclastic flow of Mount Merapi. Boyong River is the upstream of Code River that passes through Hargobinangun Village to Sinduharjo Village. Vegetation data collection in this study used the Belt Transect method as far as 50 meters. Each station consisted of 10 continuously placed plots, and vegetation measurements were taken on each 10 × 10 m plot. Data were analyzed using the Spatially Explicit Individual-based Forest Simulator (SExI-FS) software version 2.1.0. The diversity of riparian vegetation in the Boyong River was found to be as much as 29 species. Albizia falcataria had the highest IVI rate, with 96% and 63% at stations 1 and 3, respectively.Swietenia mahagoni had the highest IVI rate at station 2, with 91%. The Boyong River has varied canopy stratification, and there is one location that has complete strata (strata A, B, C, and D), namely Candibinangun Village, while Hargobinangun Village and Sinduharjo Village only have three canopy strata. Canopy closure in the Boyong River still left canopy gaps that allowed other plants to grow and occupy empty space, while Candibinangun and Sinduharjo villages formed layers that overlapped each other
Study of The Ecological Populations and Nesting Oecophylla smaragdina FABR. on Oil Palm Plantations as A Biological Control Indicator
Full text linkWeaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabr.) are social insects that have an ecological role in ecosystems of oil palm plantations. Oecophylla is a predator that prevents ant prey and influences interspecies competition. The study of the ecological population of Oecophylla smaragdina Fabr. Has not been reported, focusing on measuring nest and population density in plantations with varying ages. Important research in understanding the role of Oecophylla as a potential biological control agent in plantations. The purpose of the study was to determine the population density and nest as indicators of biological control. The study was conducted in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra, with a purposive sampling method, collecting ant nest data based on variations in plant age. The results of our study found that the number of individuals was 4,782 from various nests. The nests found were round and oval with an area ranging from 4.19–24.19 cm². The nests found were at a height of between 1 m and 3.4 m. Population and the formation of nests are also influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. The formation of nests is an indication of interactions between species and is an important factor in the study of the population ecology of Oecophylla as a biological control
Keanekaragaman Liken di Kawasan Cemoro Kandang, Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah
Full text linkCemoro Kandang merupakan kawasan yang terletak di kaki Gunung Lawu, Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah yang memiliki faktor abiotik yang mendukung pertumbuhan liken. Liken adalah makhluk hidup simbiotik antara alga dan fungi yang hidup menempel pada batang, dahan, dan daun pada inang. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman liken di kawasan Cemoro Kandang, Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksploratif dengan penjelajahan secara bertingkat. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan tehnik purposive sampling. Sampling dilakukan di tiga stasiun, yakni Stasiun 1 ketinggian 1.800–1.820 mdpl, Stasiun 2 ketinggian 1.820–1.840 mdpl, dan Stasiun 3 ketinggian 1.840–1.860 mdpl. Untuk mengetahui distribusi liken ditentukan berdasarkan Indeks Shannon-Wiener, yaitu indeks keanekaragaman, kemerataan, dan dominansi. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan 29 spesies liken, yakni Cryptothecia punctosorediata Sparrius, Cryptothecia striata, Graphis afzelii, Graphis elegans, Graphis scripta, Graphis insidiosa, Lecanora strobilina, Lecanora phaeostigma, Lecanora allophane, Lecanora subpallens, Lecidella elaeochroma, Lepraria barbatica, Lepraria incana (L.), Lepraria rigidula, Opegrapha gyrocarpa, Heterodermia japonica, Heterodermia leucomela, Heterodermia obscurata, Menegazzia terebrata, Parmelia caperata (L.), Parmotrema Crinitum, Parmotrema xanthinum, Peltigera collina, Ramalina farinacea, Ramalina intermedia, Ramalina montagnei, Usnea cornuta, Usnea hirta (L.), dan Usnea trichodea Ach. Liken tersebut termasuk dalam kelompok thallus crustose, foliose, dan fruticose
The Ability of ᵝ-Glukan Pleurotus ostreatus in Biosorption of Lead
Full text linkThe increase in toxic pollutants, such as the heavy metal lead (Pb²⁺), in aquatic environments is caused by anthropogenic activities and natural factors. Lead is difficult to degrade naturally, necessitating bioremediation methods, one of involves biosorption agents. Macrofungi, such as Pleurotus ostreatus, have complex cell walls capable of absorbing heavy metals through β-glucan. This study evaluates the effectiveness of β-glucan from P. ostreatus in adsorbing lead. The biosorption mechanism is influenced by functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and amine (-NH₂), as well as the coil structure of β-glucan, which affects binding site availability. Results show biosorption efficiency reaches 89–97%, with the highest at 97% at 25.64 mg/L and a contact time of 3 hours. Even after 1 hour, efficiency remains high (96%), indicating rapid and effective adsorption. FTIR analysis reveals changes in functional group structures after lead exposure, confirming the role of active groups in biosorption. Biosorption efficiency is also influenced by metal concentration, biomass amount and surface area, contact time, and biosorbent diffusion. These findings highlight the potential of β-glucan from P. ostreatus as a natural biosorbent for lead remediation in aquatic environments
Riparian Vegetation and Perception of Ecosystem Services in The Upper Gajahwong River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Full text linkResearch on riparian vegetation and ecosystem services perception is essential to encourage community involvement in river area management. Therefore, this study aims to examine the composition of riparian vegetation along the upper Gajahwong River and assess local community perceptions of the ecosystem services provided by riparian biodiversity. Vegetation composition was studied through a floristic survey using plots placed along transects at three locations; Hargobinangun, Sardonoharjo, and Minomartani. Community perception was assessed through a survey of 60 randomly selected residents from the three villages studied. Data analysis involved calculating species richness, and species diversity, and analyzing community perceptions based on response percentages. The study identified more than 70 plant species at each site, with a very high diversity index (>4). Species with high Importance Value (IV) included Ficus racemosa (3.11), Dieffenbachia seguine (4.40), and Acalypha indica (3.59). Dominant plant families included Araceae, Fabaceae, and Moraceae, which provide essential provisioning and regulating ecosystem functions. Regarding community perception, the study found that residents recognized ecosystem functions, including provisioning services, regulating services, and socio-cultural services. Their understanding of ecosystem services was influenced by cultural values, particularly Javanese traditions emphasizing the importance of nature conservation
Efficacy of Salak Seed and Pomelo Peel Extracts on HeLa Cell Apoptosis and Proliferation
Full text linkThe development of adjuvant therapies is vital for reducing cancer recurrence and minimizing the adverse effects of conventional treatments. Salak seeds (Salacca zalacca) and pomelo peels (Citrus maxima) are rich in bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, lycopene, and polyphenols, making them promising candidates for adjuvant cancer therapy. This study evaluated the anticancer effects of their individual and combined extracts. Bioactive compounds in salak seed (S) and pomelo peel (J) extracts were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analyzed in silico to assess their binding affinities to key target proteins: COX-2 (anti-inflammatory), caspase-3 (apoptosis induction), and PI3K (cell proliferation). The extracts were tested in vitro on cervical cancer HeLa cells at varying treatment groups: S; J; 1S3J; 1S1J; and 3S1J. Assays evaluated anti-inflammatory activity, cytotoxicity, cell migration inhibition, and apoptosis induction. Both in silico and in vitro analyses consistently demonstrated that the extracts significantly reduced cell viability exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, inhibited cell proliferation, and enhanced apoptosis. Among the tested treatments, the 1S1J combination showed the most pronounced effects across all parameters, highlighting its synergistic interaction, and superior therapeutic potential. These findings position the 1S1J combination as an optimal candidate for adjuvant cervical cancer therapy, warranting further investigation
Abundance, Diversity, and Water Quality Assessment of Epilithic Diatoms as Bioindicator in The Dem River, Glothak Waterfall, Wagir District, Malang Regency
Full text linkThe Dem River, originating from the Coban Glothak Waterfall, is an important water source for local communities. However, the rapid growth of tourism in the Coban Glothak area raises concerns regarding potential water pollution. To evaluate the river’s ecological condition, this study analyzed biological, physical, and chemical parameters with a focus on epilithic diatoms as bioindicators. An exploratory design was applied across three representative stations, each subdivided into three sampling points. Biological analysis involved measuring abundance, diversity, and dominance of diatoms using PAST software. Physical and chemical parameters included temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate (NO₃), and phosphate (PO₄). Results showed that epilithic diatom abundance was relatively high at all stations, but a decreasing trend was observed from station 1 to station 3, reflecting spatial variations in environmental conditions. The diversity index consistently exceeded 1.5, indicating a fairly diverse diatom community and suggesting supportive water conditions for aquatic organisms. Low dominance values at all stations revealed no species over-dominance, reflecting balanced ecological conditions. Furthermore, the physical and chemical measurements aligned with class 2 and 3 water quality standards, confirming that the Dem River remains suitable for sustaining aquatic life with reasonable diversity
DNA Barcoding Primer Design for Species Identification of Skipjack Tuna, Yellowfin Tuna, and Mackerel: Development and Validation of Primers for Genetic Research
Full text linkThe DNA barcoding technique is primarily utilized to rapidly identify species, particularly when samples are damaged and cannot be identified accurately through morphological methods. This approach utilizes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology to amplify DNA fragments from the targeted species, with its success largely due to the design of the primers employed. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, a mitochondrial gene, is frequently targeted in DNA barcoding and has been proven effective in distinguishing species. At Pondokdadap Port, over 90% of the fish caught consist of skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, and mackerel (T2C). This study aimed at designing silico DNA barcoding primers for these three species. The successful development of these primers may facilitate the documentation and understanding of the genetic diversity of the species under study, which is crucial for efficient and effective fisheries management. The primer design process applied Primer-BLAST software from the NCBI website, followed by additional testing with OligoAnalyzer. The selected primer pairs were the forward primer 5\u27-GGCCCATGCCTTCGTAATGA-3\u27 and the reverse primer 5\u27-GCAGGGTCGAAGAAGGTTGT-3\u27. These primers successfully amplified the DNA of T2C fish, with PCR results indicating that the optimal annealing temperature for these primers was 55 °