Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi
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Species Diversity and Secondary Metabolite Compounds of Orchids in Menoreh Ecotourism Areas, Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Full text linkMenoreh Hills is an area with high flora diversity. One of the plants reported as having high species diversity in Menoreh Hills is orchid. Most orchids species are known to be rich in secondary metabolites. This study aims to explore orchids diversity in Menoreh and to identify their secondary metabolites. Orchid data collection was carried out in Sidoharjo Waterfall and Mudal River, Kulon Progo. Inventory survey was carried out by explorative method without plot, and sample collection was done manually. Secondary metabolite identification was carried out by qualitatively on methanolic extract, and detected using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Identification of orchid species was done by comparing morphological characters with literature. Analysis of TLC was carried out by determining the Rf of sample extract spots. The result showed that there are 12 orchid species in Sidoharjo Waterfall and 11 orchid species in Mudal River Ecotourism. A total of 17 orchid species was found in this study, consisted of Liparis condylobulbon, Peristylus goodyeroides, Nervilia plicata, Dendrobium crumenatum, Cymbidium sp., Acriopsis liliifolia, Eulophia cernua, Crepidium kobi, Spathoglottis plicata, Taeniophyllum sp., Liparis parviflora, Bryobium retusum, Zeuxine, Vanilla planifolia, Malaxis sp., Dienia ophrydis, and Phaius sp. Results of secondary metabolite identification showed that most orchids species contain phenolic, flavonoid, and alkaloid compounds. TLC results indicated that the methanolic extract of orchid samples has high abundance of various secondary metabolites, including flavonoid, phenolic, and alkaloid compounds
Stability of Morphophysiological Characters, Tuber Yield, and FBPase Gene Expression in Transgenic Potato Cultivar IPB-CP3
Full text linkPotatoes are an essential agricultural commodity that needs to be genetically improved to increase productivity and meet industrial needs. The research aimed to evaluate the stability of the morpho-physiological characters, tuber yield, and transgene expression of transgenic potato cultivar IPB-CP3 harboring the FBPase gene in the G0 and G1 generations. The study was conducted by growing transgenic plants in a greenhouse and analyzing plant morpho-physiological characters, tuber yield, and gene expression. The results showed that transgenic plants had higher values in stem diameter (32.7–50.8%), number of leaves (33.9–41.2%), biomass dry weight (14.4–36.2%), photosynthetic rate (25.2–28.25%), and tuber weight (42.6–196.0%) than non-transgenic plants. However, there was no significant difference in plant height characters between the transgenic and non-transgenic plants. Transgenic plants consistently expressed the FBPase gene at higher level than the non-transgenic plants in the G0 and G1 generations. The research results suggest that overexpression of the FBPase gene increases plant growth and tuber yield. This finding implies agricultural practices, particularly in the context of crop improvement through genetic engineering
Spatial Analysis of Vegetation Density in Langsa City Using NDVI Index
Full text linkThis study aims to analyze the distribution of vegetation density in Langsa City using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The research was conducted from June to October 2024, covering a study area of 21,881.41 ha. The method used is remote sensing, using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery, along with Geographic Information System (GIS) software, specifically ArcGIS, for mapping and spatial analysis. The NDVI classification results show five land cover categories based on NDVI value ranges. NDVI Class 1 (-0.38 to -0.02) includes non-vegetated land and water bodies. NDVI Class 2 (-0.02–0.20) indicates very low greenness, typically consisting of bare land. NDVI Class 3 (0.20–0.38) represents low greenness, which includes built-up areas. NDVI Class 4 (0.38–0.54) includes moderate greenness, typically found in plantations or fields, while NDVI Class 5 (0.54–0.83) represents high greenness, covering areas such as shrubs, forests, and mangroves. This analysis provides valuable information for land use planning and environmental management based on spatial vegetation data. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for policy-making that supports the sustainable management and conservation of vegetation in Langsa City
Populasi dan Intensitas Serangan Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith Pada Tanaman Jagung di Kecamatan Pacet dan Cimaung, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat
Full text linkSpodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith merupakan hama penting yang mengganggu produktivitas tanaman jagung di seluruh dunia. Serangan S. frugiperda dilaporkan pertama kali ditemukan di Jawa Barat pada tahun 2019. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui populasi dan intensitas serangan S. frugiperda pada sentra tanaman jagung di Kecamatan Pacet dan Kecamatan Cimaung, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat. Pengamatan dilakukan pada tanaman jagung berumur 2, 4, 6, dan 8 minggu setelah tanam (MST). Rataan populasi kelompok telur (0,036 ± 0,01), larva (0,29 ± 0,03), dan intensitas serangan (22,47%) S. frugiperda di Kecamatan Pacet lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Kecamatan Cimaung (rataan populasi telur sebesar 0,004 ± 0,00, larva 0,10 ± 0,01, intensitas serangan 14,87%). Tingkat serangan S. frugiperda dipengaruhi oleh umur tanaman dan jenis varietas jagung. Intensitas serangan S. frugiperda akan mengalami peningkatan mulai dari fase vegetatf (2 MST) dan akan menurun saat memasuki fase generatif (8 MST). Rataan intensitas serangan S. frugiperda lebih rendah pada jagung varietas Scada (14,76 ± 1,82%) dibandingkan varietas Paragon (30,40 ± 2,89%). Spodoptera frugiperda merupakan hama pada pertanaman jagung yang perlu dikendalikan populasinya
Aplikasi Ekstrak Jahe dan Lengkuas Merah sebagai Fungisida Alami Tanaman Jeruk
Full text linkJahe (Zingiber officinale) dan lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) merupakan tanaman biofarmaka yang dikenal memiliki berbagai manfaat termasuk aktivitas antijamur. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas ekstrak jahe (Zingiber officinale) dan lengkuas merah (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) sebagai pestisida alami dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur patogen pada tanaman jeruk. Ekstrak kedua tanaman tersebut mengandung senyawa aktif seperti gingerol, shogaol, galangin, dan flavonoid yang diketahui memiliki sifat antijamur. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi ekstraksi bahan aktif jahe dan lengkuas merah serta pengujian aktivitas fungisidanya terhadap pertumbuhan jamur menggunakan metode difusi agar. Parameter yang diukur adalah diameter zona hambat sebagai indikator efektivitas masing-masing ekstrak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak jahe dan lengkuas merah memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan jamur patogen, dengan tingkat efektivitas yang bervariasi tergantung konsentrasi ekstrak. Lengkuas merah menunjukkan aktivitas antijamur yang lebih signifikan dibandingkan jahe pada konsentrasi tertentu. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa jahe dan lengkuas merah berpotensi menjadi pestisida alami yang ramah lingkungan, lengkuas merah mempunyai efektivitas yang lebih tinggi dalam mengendalikan jamur patogen. Ekstrak lengkuas menunjukkan zona hambat yang lebih besar dibandingkan jahe, mengindikasikan potensi yang lebih kuat dalam mengendalikan infeksi jamur pada tanaman. Dengan demikian, penggunaan jahe dan lengkuas sebagai pestisida alami dapat menjadi alternatif ramah lingkungan dalam pengendalian penyakit tanaman
Genetic Diversity of Mahseer (Tor spp.) in Jambi: A DNA Barcoding Approach for Conservation
Full text linkGenetic-based management is a critical approach to maintain the sustainability of mahseer fish (Tor tambra and T. tambroides), which are facing threats from habitat degradation and overfishing in Jambi Province. This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of mahseer using the COI gene markers. A total of 18 specimens were collected from six locations in the Jambi rivers (June-August 2024). DNA sequencing results showed 98.51–99.85% similarity to the references T. tambra and T. tambroides in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the grouping of this species, with a bootstrap value of 100% and closeness to the species Barbonymus gonionotus and Hampala macrolepidota. There were 11 haplotypes with the highest diversity at stations 3 and 6 (Hd= 0.90000), while moderate genetic differentiation (Fst= 0.109–0.141) was found between station 2 and other locations, indicating isolation due to habitat fragmentation. Water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen 6.3–7.1 mg/L, pH 7.0–7.3, current velocity 0.2–0.4 m/s) support habitat suitability, but anthropogenic activities potentially threaten genetic connectivity. These findings underscore the need for genetic data-driven conservation strategies, such as restocking of highly diverse populations and protection of critical habitats. Further research is needed to monitor long-term genetic dynamics
Effect of Ethanol Extract of Wijaya Kusuma Leaves (Epiphyllum oxypetalum) as An Inhibitor of Salmonella typhi Bacteria
Full text linkThis study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of wijaya kusuma leaves (Epiphyllum oxypetalum) as an inhibitor and determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against Salmonella typhi bacteria. Quantitative research method with an experimental research design using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and the results were analyzed using One Way ANOVA test and continued with the Tukey test. Test method with disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) in antibacterial test with extract concentration 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; and 0.6% (g/v) and liquid dilution method in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test with extract concentration 0; 0.02; 0.04; 0.06; 0.08; and 0.1% (g/v). The results showed that ethanol extract of wijaya kusuma leaves (Epiphyllum oxypetalum) had a significant effect on Salmonella typhi bacteria with the best concentration of 0.6% which had a mean inhibition zone area of 45.05 ± 4.80 mm2 and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was in the concentration range of 0 to 0.02% (g/v). The ethanol extract of wijaya kusuma leaves (Epiphyllum oxypetalum) has an effect as a growth inhibitor of Salmonella typhi bacteria
Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Understory Invasive Plant Species in The Cisorog Block, Mount Tilu Nature Reserve
Full text linkInvasive plants can reduce biodiversity, particularly in understory vegetation, by altering ecosystem composition and dynamics. Conservation areas, such as the Mount Tilu Nature Reserve (NR) in Bandung Regency, play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. One of its blocks, Cisorog Block, consists of open areas directly adjacent to public activities, which support the growth and spread of invasive species. This study aims to analyze the diversity, distribution patterns, and environmental factors influencing invasive understory species in Cisorog Block. Vegetation analysis and principal component analysis were conducted within a 47- hectare area at three sampling points. A total of 39 invasive species from 21 families were identified. Species with the highest Important Value Index (IVI) included Cyrtandra grandis (93.714%) at station 1, Cyperus odoratus (33.927%) at station 2, and Commelina benghalensis (15.353%) at station 3. The invasive evenness index was relatively high (0.65–0.85), while the diversity index was moderate (1.05–2.96). All species exhibited clumped distribution patterns.The environmental factors most strongly associated with invasive species distribution were light intensity and air humidity. These results emphasize the importance of developing management strategies based on environmental factors to control invasive plants and conserve biodiversity in the Mount Tilu Nature Reserve
Anatomical and Physiological Appearances of Seagrass (Enhalus acoroides) in The Polluted Environment of Kayeli Bay, Maluku Province
Full text linkPollution in Kayeli Bay is from the Marlosso and Nametek rivers. This area forces full adaptation of biota, including the seagrass Enhalus acoroides. This study aimed to compare changes in the anatomical structure and physiological response of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides. The preparation method uses a modification of the Ruzin method. Measurements are made using a microscope equipped with a micrometer and a spectrophotometer. The results showed that the thickness of the root epidermis and endodermis in the Marlosso area was 5.77 μm and 2.3 μm; and in Nametek, epidermis 5.58 μm and endodermis 1.54 μm. The epidermis and endodermis of the Marlosso rhizomes are 9.98 μm and 3.5 μm. Nametek rhizomes are 6.62 μm and 3 μm. The leaf tissue in Marlosso, namely the adaxial and abaxial cuticle, is 0.57 μm, the adaxial and abaxial epidermis is 2.84 μm and 2.78 μm, the thickness of the epidermis and cuticle is 10.2 μm and 1.81 μm. Nametek Waters are 0.45 μm and 0.54 μm, and the adaxial and abaxial epidermis are 1.62 μm and 2.29 μm. It was concluded that there was thickening of the cell walls in all tissues in the Marlosso River, and showed lower chlorophyll content compared to Nametek
Bacteriophage-Based Wound Care Formulation for Diabetic Ulcers as A Growth Inhibitor of Alcaligenes faecalis
Full text linkDiabetic ulcers are frequently complicated by infections from multidrug-resistant bacteria such as Alcaligenes faecalis, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Bacteriophage therapy presents a promising approach due to its specificity and efficacy against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a bacteriophage-based topical cleanser using the phage ϕAFaV1 for treating A. faecalis infections, focusing on high antibacterial efficacy and low dermal toxicity. Three suspension formulas (F1, F2, F3) were prepared with varying chitosan concentrations (0.5; 0.75, and 1.0%) as a suspending agent. These formulations underwent physical stability testing over 28 days, including assessments of viscosity, pH, zeta potential, and homogeneity. Antibacterial efficacy was determined through inhibition zone assays. All three formulations effectively inhibited bacterial growth, forming clear zones. The F2 formula (0.75% chitosan), containing 200 µL of active phage ingredient, was identified as the optimum formulation. It demonstrated superior physical stability and the most effective bactericidal activity against A. faecalis, as confirmed by statistical analysis. These results indicate that a bacteriophage suspension stabilized with 0.75% chitosan is a highly promising and stable topical agent for combating multidrug-resistant A. faecalis in diabetic wound care