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Historical Transition in Public Administration
Get PDF本稿の目的は，国家機能の拡大に伴う行政活動の変化の様相を概観したうえで，行政活動を見直す取組み（行政改革）の特徴を考察することにある。現代国家の性格が「福祉国家」「行政国家」と呼ばれるものに変化するなかで，行政の活動領域は急速に拡大していった。その後，肥大化した行政活動は様々な課題を抱えるようになり，1980年代以降，先進国では行政のあり方を見直し，効率化と公共サービスの質の向上を目指す様々な改革手法（NPM など）を導入するようになった。これまでに先進国が実行してきた行政改革は，各国における統治構造の見直しと関連するパブリック・ガバナンスの改革と捉えられるものであり，(1)行政が効率性，柔軟性や透明性を意識するようになり，顧客（市民）志向を強めたこと，(2)行政改革の取組みでは，行政を一国のガバナンス構造の枠組みの中に位置づけ，全政府的（whole-of-government）なアプローチを必要とすること，(3)行政改革は社会経済の変化に対応し続けなければならないため継続的な取組みとなること，などの教訓が得られている。福祉国家行政国家行政改革ＮＰＭパブリック・ガバナン
Introduction of English Curriculum at Elementary and Secondary Schools in Japan
Get PDFThe new government curriculum guidelines from 2020 will bring significant changes to English education at elementary and secondary schools in Japan. Notable features of the renewal this time are earlier start of English education at elementary schools (from Grade 3), English taught in English at junior high schools, and its synchronism with the reform of college entrance examinations. Critical changes will occur at the entrance and exit of the elementary and secondary education. After Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology issued an action plan to “Cultivate Japanese with English Abilities” in 2003, English education changed, e.g. English activities from Grade 5, recommendation to teach English in English at senior high schools, or introduction of listening tests in college entrance examinations. However, its achievement level is not regarded satisfactory, and Japanese government represented its concern in “Strategy to Foster Global Human Resources (2012),” warning that Japan might miss an opportunity for revitalization. It is true that foreign language education plays an important role in the prosperity of a country or a nation as globalization of the economy is moving forward. However, school education is not only for getting a victory in the international competitions. For the peaceful and sustainable world, to raise awareness as global citizens and to encourage friendship, cooperation and action from every corner of the world are crucial. As shown in “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” adopted in the United Nations General Assembly, not the competition to create minor winners but coexistence and co-prosperity on a global scale is strongly desired. Foreign language education is essential to develop concern and empathy toward different countries or cultures, awareness that windows of the own house are open to the world, or a sense of ethics that any action of oneself entails global responsibility. Elementary school education is particularly important as young children are, in essence, to learn and develop infinitely. Further consideration on the content, method, and system of foreign language education is desirable for children’s development with friendship across the borders. Along with these points of view, some implications and challenges through the practices at Ritsumeikan Primary School, where the author worked as principal for five years, will be reported
Humanitarian Activities after the Great East Japan Earthquake by Buddhist Youth Organizations and Their Relevance to Buddhist Doctrine and Practice
Get PDF東日本大震災以降，仏教系青年組織は支援活動を組織的に行うようになっている。現在行われている仏教系の支援活動は，エンゲードブディズムという世界的な仏教の潮流の中に位置しているとも言える。彼らはどのような思いで支援活動を行っているのか。教義や実践との関わりはいかなるものであったのか。非宗教系支援団体，超宗派系支援団体，仏教系青年組織，それぞれの災害支援活動と教義および実践との関わりについて明らかにしたい。東日本大震災仏教系青年組織ボランティアエンゲージドブディズ