Aceh Journal of Animal Science
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Common milk adulterants in developing country Nepal: A mini- review
No full textMilk adulteration is a serious concern in developing country Nepaland is at higher risk due to lack of government policies. Milk is almost a complete food containing essential nutrients required for growth and maintenance of the body. Milk is a high-risk commodity that can be adulterated in numerous ways and turn affects milk quality. The quality and safe milk production are one of the biggest problems faced by developing countries, and Nepal is one of them. The reason behind the milk adulteration is more for economic concerns, but the root cause of adulteration is to increase milk demand during the lean season in developing countries and the existing supply chain. Water being cheap is the most common adulterant added in the milk that decreases the nutrient content of milk. Milk producer also adds the preservatives to increase the shelf life of milk, caustic soda to reduce the milk acidity and materials like urea, starch, sugar and milk powder to increase SNF content. Such milk adulterants can possess serious health hazards to the public leading to fatal diseases. This review shows the common milk adulteration practices in-country Nepal and their impacts on food safety and human health and emphasize potential strategies for control of such adulteration practices.Keywords:Adulteration, Milk quality, food safety, human healthselfAdam, A.A.H. 2009. Milk adulteration by adding water and starch at Khartoum state.Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,8(4):439-440.Barham, G.S., Khaskheli, M. Soomro, A.H. and Nizamani, Z.A. 2014. Extent of extraneous water and detection of various adulterants in market milk at Mirpurkhas, Pakistan.J Agri Vet Sci,7(3), pp.83-89.Barham, G.S., Khaskheli, M., Soomro, A.H. and Nizamani, Z.A.2014b. Detection and extent of extraneous water and adulteration in milk consumed at Hyderabad, Pakistan. InFood Nutrition Sciences,2: 47-52.Bastola, K.P., Nepali, D.B. 2016. 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Detection of urea adulteration in milk using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy.Food analytical methods,8(1):93-102.Kumar, A., Thapa, G. Joshi, P.K. Roy, D. 2016.Adoption of food safety measures among Nepalese milk producers: Do smallholders' benefit?(Vol. 1556), Intl Food Policy Res Inst.Lateef, M., Faraz, A. Mustafa, M.I. Akhtar, P. Bashir, M.K. 2009. Detection of adulterants and chemical composition of milk supplied to canteens of various hospitals in Faisalabad city.Pakistan Journal of Zoology,9:139-142.Lin, M., He, L. Awika, J.Yang, L. Ledoux, D.R. Li, H.A. Mustapha, A. 2008. Detection of melamine in gluten, chicken feed, and processed foods using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and HPLC.Journal of food science,73(8): T129-T134.Liu, Y., Todd, EED. Zhang, Q. Shi, JR. Liu XJ.2012. Recent developments in the detection of melamine. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B (Biomed Biotechnol),13(7): 52532.Lues, J.F.R., Venter, P. Van der Westhuizen, H. 2003. Enumeration of potential microbiological hazards in milk from a marginal urban settlement in central South Africa.Food Microbiology,20(3): 321-326.Mu, L., Dawande, M. Mookerjee, V. 2014. Improving the milk supply chain in developing countries: Analysis, insights, and recommendations.Production and Operations Management,23(7): 1098-1112.NDDB.2014. Final Report on Study on Cost of Milk Production. Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, IndiaNDDB/C/RFP/2072-73/01. Final Report on Benchmark Survey on Quality of Raw and Processed Milk in Nepal".Nirwal, S., Pant, R. Rai, N. 2013. Analysis of milk quality, adulteration and mastitis in milk samples collected from different regions of Dehradun.International Journal of PharmTech Research,5(2):359-364.Pandya, A.V., Joshi, D. Vora, S. Vishwakarma, A. 2013. Estimation of the Type and Quantity of Sugar in Milk.Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences (JCBPS),3(4):2623.Parajuli, A., Rimal, P. Maharjan, R. Chaudhary, R. Chaturwedi, S.B. 2018. Quality Analysis of Milk in Kathmandu Valley.Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology,5:7-10.Pouranik, M. Siddiqua, A.2017. Adulteration in Local Available Milk Samples of Jabalpur RegionsA Comparative Study.Rijal, P. 2016."Water, Oil, Ghee and Milk Most Adulterated Items". The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost.com/money/2016/08/18/water-oil-ghee-and-milk-most-adulterated-items Accessed on June 1, 2016.Roy, B., Singh, J. Sunsunwal, S. Dayal, G. Yadav, B. Bhardwaj, C. Teotia, A. 2017. Detection of harmful adulterants in milk supplied to Delhi, India.Current Science, 2316-2320.Salih, M.A.M. Yang, S. 2017. Common Milk Adulteration in Developing Countries: Cases Study in China and Sudan: A review. Journal Advances in Dairy Research, 5: 192. doi:10.4172/2329-888X.1000192Sharma R., Rajput Y. S. Barui A. K. N., L. N. 2012. Detection of adulterants in milk, A laboratory manual. In N. D. R. Institute (Ed.)). Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Singh, J., Roy, B. Dayal, G. Sunsunwal, S. Yadav, B. Bhardwaj, C. Teotia, A.2015. Detection of common adulterants in milk from Delhi and NCR.DU Journal of Undergraduate Research and Innovation,1(1):.152-156.Singh, P., Gandhi, N. 2015. Milk preservatives and adulterants: processing, regulatory and safety issues.Food Reviews International,31(3):236-261.Singuluri, H., Sukumaran, M. K.2014. Milk adulteration in Hyderabad, India-a comparative study on the levels of different adulterants present in milk.Journal of Chromatography Separation Techniques,5(1): 1.Spink, J., Moyer, D.C.2011. Defining the public health threat of food fraud.Journal of food science,76(9):R157-R163.Statistical Pocket Book of Nepal.2004. Kathmandu, Nepal: His Majestys Government of Nepal,.1- 39.Tanzania, A.Shoeb. A.2016. Common milk adulteration and their detection techniques. International Journal of Food Contamination, 3:22. doi:10.1186/s40550-016-0045-3Tiwari. U., Paudel, K.2018. 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Prevalence of coccidia in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1789) in Benghazi city, Libya
Full text linkPigeon coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria spp; a protozoan parasite which limits birds productivity by causing severe illness. The current study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of coccidiosis on domestic pigeon in Libya. Intestinal contents of 100 pigeons (Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1789) were collected within a period of five months; January to May 2020. The intestinal content was examined to detect of coccidian oocysts infection on the randomly selected birds. A total of 100 faecal samples were investigated with two methods;Willis-Schaafs (qualitative) and McMasters (quantitative). The results obtained showed that the number of infected Pigeons was 72 pigeons (72%) of the total number of Pigeons. The prevalence was higher in female than that of males, where the total of infected females was 50 (69.4 %) and infected males was 22 (30.6%). The results showed that the highest incidence of Eimeria labbeana was observed in the young pigeons than that of adults, where the total number of young pigeons was 66 (91.7 %), and adult pigeon was 6 (8.3 %)
Detection of sarcocystis in carcasses of small ruminant slaughtered in abattoir in Perak, Malaysia
No full textSarcocystis is a cyst forming intracellular protozoa with an obligatory two-host life cycle. The prey-predator relationships may result in muscular sarcocystis in intermediate host and intestinal sarcocystis in definitive host. The study on the parasites was conducted in abattoirs in Perak with the aim to detect the existence of sarcocystis in small ruminant from the slaughtered carcasses by digestion method and histological examination. A total of 90 fresh muscle samples from 30 goats were randomly collected commencing from March to August 2016. The result shows 23.33% (7 out of 30) of the animals were positive with sarcocystis microcyst with 20.00% (6 out of 30) and 13.33% (4 out of 30) by digestion method and histological examination, respectively. Most of the positive samples were detected from the thigh muscles by both diagnostic techniques. Among the positive animals, 14.29% (1 out of 7) of the animals were heavily infected in which microcyst were detected in the heart, esophagus and thigh muscle samples. No sarcocystis macrocyst were detected upon observation. Even though sarcocystis in small ruminant in this study was reported less than quarter of the samples, the presence of the parasites could not be ignore as it may infect the carnivorous animals. Provide thoroughly cooked meat to the animals will reduce the potential infection of the disease
Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor of Yellowstripe scad, Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier, 1833) in the Visayan Sea, Philippines
Full text linkThe length-weight relationship (LWR) and relative condition factor (Kn) are essential biometric tools in fishery studies since they provide information about the fish's growth, condition, and suitability in its habitat. The LWR of 680 samples of Selaroides leptolepis or yellowstripe scad collected from commercial trawls fishing in the Visayan Sea was studied to determine its growth condition. The results indicated that S. leptolepis exhibited an isometric growth (b = 3.023), indicating an equal growth rate of the fish's length size and body weight. The relative condition factor (Kn) values of the studied species fluctuated between 0.95 to 1.10 from November 2018 to October 2019 study period. The dry season had been observed that might influenced the Kn values 1, which indicated a state of well-being of yellowstripe scad during this season. The current study would provide baseline data about LWR and the relative condition factor of S. leptolepis in the Visayan Sea. These data are valuable for establishing a monitoring and management system for this fish species
Effects of Tamarindus indica (Linnaeus 1753) pulp-fortified diets on the gut microflora and morphometry in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)
Full text linkThe global criticism on the adverse effects of synthetic antibiotics including destabilization of gut microflora necessitated research into natural alternative like phytobiotics. Tamarind pulp is a phytobiotic known for its antimicrobial, growth-promoting and antioxidants properties, with little information on the mechanism of its growth promotion in fish. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of tamarind pulp (TP) meal as feed additives on the growth, gut microflora, and morphometry in Clarias gariepinus. The fish were fed with diets fortified with graded levels (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% or 2.0%) of TP or 0.2% oxytetracycline (OTC). Fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), gut microflora and morphometry were determined. The weight gain of fish rose (P 0.05) with increasing levels of TP, while the FCR reduced significantly, compared to those fed the control diets. The total viable counts and enterobacteriaceae from the gut of fish fed OTC-fortified control diet was lower, compared the fish fed unfortified control (0.0% TP) diet and diets containing TP. Fish fed 1.0-2.0% TP-fortified diets had significantly higher yeast counts, compared to those fed other diets, while on the other hand higher (P0.05) Streptococcus sp was obtained from fish fed the control diets. The thickness of muscular lining of the base of villi, villi height and absorption area were higher (P0.05) in fish fed OTC-fortified (C2) diet, compared to other treatments, while lower crypt depth were obtained in fish fed TP-fortified diets. The correlation analyses showed moderate negative (R = -0.539 at P 0.05) relationship between FCR and population of enterobacteriaceae while a very strong positive relationship (R = 0.848 at P 0.01) existed between FCR and population of haemolytic Streptococcus. The enhanced growth in fish fed TP-fortified diets could be accredited to the reduced crypt depth and colonization of yeast and reduced Streptococcus counts. Therefore the application of tamarind pulp meal at 2% is recommended for enhanced growth and healthy gut microflora composition
Gonad maturity and gonadal somatic index of blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus harvested from Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Full text linkReproductive biology is one of the biological aspects that needed to formulate responsible management of blue swimming crab (BSC). The crab is one of the commercial fisheries commodities in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Presently no information on the reproductive biology of this crab from Spermonde Archipelago, Sout Sulawesi. Therefore, the study aimed to analyze and compare gonad maturity stage(GMS)andgonadalsomaticindex(GSI)oftheBSCcaughtonthreeecosystemsnamelycoralreef,seagrass,andmangrovein Salemo Island, Spermonde Archipelago. GMS and GSI were analyzed descriptively for five months from March to July 2015. Results indicate there was a difference in GMS of the BSC caught in mangroves, seagrass, and coral reef. Generally, mangrove was dominated by immature BSC with GMS I and GMS II, while the BSC caught in the seagrass and coral reef BSC were dominantly mature and spawn GMS III, IV, and V. GSI BSC caught in mangrove ecosystem are smaller than GSI BSC caught in seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seagrass and coral reef ecosystems suitable for development no-take zone of the BSC
Gastric dilatation and volvulus (bloat) - A case report and mini review of literature
Full text linkGastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is a progressing bloat condition in dogs characterized as dilatation followed by rotation of stomach. A sevenyear old 18 kg black colour female non-descriptive dog presented, with history of difficulty in respiration within half an hour after feeding of curd meals. With the history and general clinical examination the case tentatively diagnosed as gastric dilatation. After unsuccessful advancement of oro-gastric tube, needle gastric paracentesis was performed on left side of the abdomen caudal to the last rib for decompression. Mid-ventral celiotomy and gastrotomy were performed after stabilization of heart rate and respiratory rate. After evacuating the whitish frothy content from the stomach, derotation and incisional gastropexy was performed. On 14thpostoperative day telecommunication confirmed the milk based meal induced GDV canine patient recovered uneventfully. Electrocardiogram monitoring done for first 24 hours period and ventricular arrhythmia was managed by using lidocaine (loading@2mg/ kg bw followed by 25mcg/kg/min for 30 min).It is concluded thaton 14thpostoperative day telecommunication confirmed the milk based meal induced GDV canine patient recovered uneventfully
Comparative Effect on the Utilization of Moringa Oleifera Seed Meal in Local and Exotic Chickens
No full textThe study aimed at determining the nutrigenetic effect of Moringa oleifera (MOSM) on obesity, liver and kidney function parameter of broilers and local chicken. Moringa oleifera has been found to have anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. A total of 96 broiler chickens and 96 local chickens were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatment groups. Each group contained 24 birds (8 birds per replicate in 3 replicates) each for both genotypes of chicken in a factorial layout within a completely randomized design such that birds in each genotype were randomly allocated to four diets (control diet contained 0% MOSM and 5%, 10% and 15% graded levels of MOSM as diets 2, 3 and 4 respectively). Obesity was determined through weekly measurement of body weight and body mass index (BMI). Serum total cholesterol, kidney and liver functioning parameters were determined at week 8 by analyzing for creatinine, ALT, AST and ALP. Broilers exhibited higher creatinine, total cholesterol, ALT, AST and ALP but no significant difference (P0.05). Broilers exhibited significantly higher (p0.05) BMI than YENLC. G* Ed interactions were observed at age 8 weeks. MOSM resulted in significantly higher (P0.05) BMI in birds fed 10% MOSM at week 8. Increasing levels of MOSM also yielded reduction in the level of total cholesterol for both genotypes. There was no significant (P0.05) interaction between genotype and MOSM utilization by the chickens and BMI at week 8, cholesterol, creatinine, ALT, AST and ALP. Thus, dietary intervention through the inclusion of MOSM is effective in lowering heart disease risk through lowering of adiposity (BMI) and cholesterolaemia and it has little or no toxic effect as AST and ALP were not significantly affected
A preliminary study on the size structure and sex ratio of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides Hamilton, 1822) harvested from Kwandang Bay, Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia
Full text linkOrange-spotted grouper is one of the coral reef fish has the economic value and exploited by local fisherman. Information about the size structure and sex ratio are urgent to formulate a policy for sustainability. This research aims to analyze the size structure and sex ratio of the orange-spotted grouper in Kwandang Bay. The research was conducted from December 2016 to November 2017. Sampling is carried out twice a month for one year. The total sample of orange-spotted grouper used for the analysis of the sex ratio was 149 individuals. Sample of orange-spotted grouper collected from fish landed and middlemen (grouper traders) at the Kwandang Fishing Port. Data analysis applying chi-square. The results show that males bigger than females. The sex ratio of orange-spotted grouper is 87.25 % female, 7.38 % male, and 5.37 % hermaphrodites. Orange-spotted grouper dominated by females and undergoes a gonad differentiation to male (protogynous hermaphrodite).It is concluded thatThe size of the male orange-spotted grouper is larger than that of the female grouper. The caught orange-spotted grouper is dominated by the female phase and undergoes a differentiation of the gonad from female to male (protogynous hermaphrodite
Prevalence, intensity, and dominance of ectoparasites in gourami (Osphronemus goramy) reared in floating net cage in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia
No full textThe aimed of the study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and dominance of ectoparasites that infected gourami (Osphronemus goramy) which cultivated in floating net cages in Cirata reservoir, West Java. Present results showed that there were 22 gouramis infected with ectoparasites from 30 observed fish. The ectoparasites (Prevalence, Intensity and Dominance) found were Trichodina sp. (13.33%, 8.15 32.62%), Ichthyobodo sp. (3.33%, 1.00, 0.31%) Microsporadia (6.67%, 1.00, 0.31%), Carchesium granulatum (6.67%, 34.00, 20.92%), Cichligogyrus sp. (3.33%, 7.00, 2.15%), Dacthylogyrus sp. (20.00%, 2.00, 3.69%), Centrocestus sp. (6.67%, 3.00, 1.85%), Argulus sp. (56.67%, 6.94, 36.31%), Lerneae sp. (3.33%, 3.00, 0,92%), Gnatia sp. (3.33%, 1.00, 0.31%) and Hatschekia sp (3.33%, 1.00, 0.31%). The Argulus sp. had the highest prevalence with a percentage of 73.33% and becames the most dominant species with a percentage value of 36,31%. Meanwhile, Carchesium granulatum was an ectoparasite species that demonstrated the highest intensity of 34. Based on the diversity of ectoparasites, it was found as positive case that gourami cultivated in the Cirata reservoir have been infected with ectoparasites, especially from the species Argulus sp