Jurnal Fisika Unand
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Experiences and needs of unaccompanied irregular migrant minors who arrive in Spain on small boats: A qualitative study
No full textThe European Union receives thousands of unaccompanied irregular migrant minors every year, but little is known about their life experiences during the migration process. The aim of this study is to describe their experiences as minors when they arrived in Spain in small boats, which will help to understand their psychosocial and health needs. A descriptive qualitative study was undertaken. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 unaccompanied irregular migrants (15 men and 3 women) from different African countries with a mean age of 20.05 years (SD = 2.77). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Three main themes emerged such as (1) unaccompanied irregular migrant minors: risking it all for a better life; (2) redefining your identity as a means of adaptation and (3) obtaining legal status to avoid deportation. Unaccompanied migrant minors risk their lives on the migration journey, but do not always find better conditions in the destination country. The unaccompanied irregular migrant minors are forced to rebuild their lives at a high cost; they experience rejection from the host society and their culture of origin, which has a negative impact on their physical and psychological health over time
De monedas complementarias a criptomonedas: una revisión a su evolución y el desarrollo local en la era digital
No full textI. Bitcoin ha revolucionado no solo el ámbito de las monedas digitales, sino también una variedad de aplicaciones secundarias reutilizables en diversas industrias. Entre ellas, está la tecnología de la cadena de bloques. Este innovador sistema ha demostrado ser una solución práctica al contener todas las asignaciones y envíos de la información, además de hacerlas verificables para todos los usuarios de la red. La capacidad de blockchain para proporcionar un servicio seguro de sellado en el tiempo a la vez que minimiza el riesgo de gastos dobles, aunque no lo elimina por completo, la transforma en un gran libro de cuentas que actualmente debe tenerse en consideración.
II. Uno de los mayores logros de blockchain es su transparencia, que permite la verificabilidad de las actividades realizadas aunque introduce a ese modelo de atacante global omnipresente. A pesar de estos desafíos, se están haciendo esfuerzos para mejorar la privacidad mediante el uso de redes de anonimato y esquemas como las pruebas de conocimiento cero. La descentralización lograda a través del concepto de minería basado en la prueba de trabajo y otras técnicas es fundamental para mantener la seguridad del libro mayor y estabilizar el consenso.
III. Sin embargo, la tendencia hacia la centralización de los mineros en pools plantea riesgos significativos para la descentralización. Es crucial desarrollar métodos que desalienten esta práctica y promuevan una distribución más equitativa. Además, la robustez de la blockchain sigue siendo una cuestión abierta, especialmente en términos de escalabilidad de la red y la disminución de las recompensas mineras, lo que plantea dudas sobre si las tarifas de transacción pueden proporcionar el incentivo necesario para mantener el sistema vigente en el tiempo.
IV. Por todo lo positivo mencionado, las aplicaciones de la cadena están extendiéndose más allá del .ámbito financiero, con el potencial de transformar industrias tradicionales al mejorar la seguridad y la eficiencia de sus sistemas. Los contratos inteligentes, por ejemplo, tienen un potencial muy elevado en diversos campos como los servicios financieros y el IoT. Al mismo tiempo puede revolucionar la educación al resolver problemas como la autenticidad de certificados, la gestión de registros académicos o el intercambio de recursos educativos. En la medicina, puede mejorar la gestión de registros electrónicos de salud y optimizar procesos de investigación biomédica y el suministro de medicamentos. O en el sector energético, puede crear redes eléctricas inteligentes y sistemas de comercio de energía descentralizados, promoviendo la eficiencia energética y reduciendo costes operativos.
V. El campo de la cadena de bloques es dinámico y está en desarrollo constante, por lo que se debe seguir su evolución en los próximos años. Esto hace que las futuras investigaciones deban centrarse en mejorar la escalabilidad y la privacidad, as. como en explorar nuevas aplicaciones
para aprovechar su potencial al máximo. Pero y la más importante, se debe realizar un análisis pormenorizado de la red a nivel legal. Hay que revisar si lo buscado es regular la forma origen o la cadena de bloques en general. A partir de ahí, se tiene que comprobar y vincular a los actores para proporcionar entornos de seguridad jurídica. Aunque la blockchain se enfrenta desafíos significativos, ha demostrado ser un sistema cuyo impacto va a ir mucho más allá del intercambio monetario
The Mediation (Emotional Self-Control) and Moderation (Fun) of the Relationship Between Receiving and Perpetrating Hate Speech Among Boys and Girls in Almeria (Spain)
No full textThis article presents an analysis of the mediation and moderation of the suffering and perpetration of hate speech among adolescents in Almería (Spain), taking into account gender differences. For this purpose, data from a questionnaire completed by secondary school students (N = 535) in four schools in Almería (Spain) was analyzed. For the analysis, an index of emotional self-control was constructed and introduced as a mediator between receiving hate speech and perpetrating it. In addition, the moderating role of revenge and fun motives in this relationship was analyzed, finding that the revenge motive is not significant and the fun motive is significant (for boys). The results suggest that receiving hate speech does not mean that one commits hate speech. It occurs when there is a low level of self-control and increases (for boys) when hate speech is perceived as fun. Therefore, we can say that for both boys and girls, it is necessary to improve emotional self-control. In addition, toxic masculinity is related to low emotional self-control, but is loaded with the view that hate speech is funny
Suseptibilitas Magnetik, pH dan Kandungan Mineral untuk Uji Tingkat Kesuburan Tanah pada Lahan Perkebunan Kemiri di Kecamatan IX Koto Sungai Lasi
Full text linkResearch has been conducted on the value of magnetic susceptibility, pH and mineral content to test the level of soil fertility in Nagari Indudur, District IX Koto Sungai Lasi. Samples were taken at the location of candlenut plantations in two different locations that were suspected of experiencing a decrease in soil fertility. Sampling was taken at 6 points with three depth variations, 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm so that 36 samples were obtained. The distance between sampling points is 2 m. Magnetic susceptibility measurements using the MS2B Bartington Susceptibility Meter using two frequencies, namely 0,47 kHz LF (Low Frequency) and 4.7 kHz HF (High Frequency). At location 1, the average value obtained is 181.2089 x10-8 m3/kg, while the average χHF value obtained is 170.5870x10-8 m3/kg. At location 2 the average χLF value obtained is 487.6539x10-8 m3/kg, while the average χHF value obtained is 480.5271 x10-8 m3/kg. with an average pH in both locations of candlenut plantations is acidic. This occurs because of the excess of Si and Al elements that make the plantation soil acidic, as well as the deficiency of Magnesium (Mg) and sulfur, minerals that make candlenut plants experience a decrease in production. Besides that deposition on plantation land is also one of the triggers for soil in the plantation location to experience a decrease in soil fertility.Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang nilai suseptibilitas magnetik, pH dan kandungan mineral untuk uji tingkat kesuburan tanah di Nagari Indudur, Kecamatan IX Koto Sungai Lasi. Sampel diambil pada lokasi lahan perkebunan kemiri pada dua lokasi yang berbeda serta diduga mengalami penurunan kesuburan tanah. Pengambilan sampel diambil pada 6 titik dengan tiga variasi kedalaman, 30 cm, 60 cm dan 90 cm sehingga diperoleh 36 sampel. Jarak antar titik pengambilan sampel adalah 2 m. Pengukuran suseptibilitas magnetik menggunakan MS2B Bartington Susceptibility Meter dengan menggunakan dua frekuensi yaitu 0,47 kHz LF (Low Frequency) dan 4,7 kHz HF (High Frequency). Pada lokasi 1, nilai χLF rata – rata diperoleh yaitu 181,2089 x10-8 m3/kg, sedangkan nilai χHF rata – rata diperoleh 170,5870 x10-8 m3/kg. Pada lokasi 2 nilai χLF rata – rata diperoleh yaitu 487,6539 x10-8m3 /kg, sedangkan nilai χHF rata – rata diperoleh 480, x10-8 m3/kg. dengan rata – rata pH pada kedua lokasi perkebunan kemiri bersifat asam. Hal ini terjadi karena berlebihnya unsur Si dan Al yang membuat tanah Perkebunan menjadi asam serta terjadinya defesiensi mineral Magnesium (Mg dan sulfur) yang membuat tanaman kemiri mengalami penurunan hasil dari produksi. selain itu deposisi pada lahan Perkebunan juga menjadi pemicu tanah pada lokasi Perkebunan mengalami penurunan kesuburan tanah
Prototipe Sistem Kontrol dan Monitor Tanaman Hidroponik pada Sayuran Pakcoy Berbasis Internet of Things
Full text linkA prototype of hydroponic plant control and monitoring system for pakcoy vegetables using NodeMCU ESP8266 with notification via Telegram has been produced. This system can facilitate farmers to monitor and control hydroponic plants remotely with parameters of plant height, pH, water level of hydroponic plants. The prototype is designed using 2 HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors, pH sensors, servo motors, NodeMCU ESP8266, and telegram applications using the Internet of Things (IoT). Tests were carried out by observing pakcoy plants for 28 days after seeding. The measurement results displayed via telegram found that the percentage error of plant height, water pH, and water level are 1.88%, 1.38%, and 6.81%, respectively, and the water tap can function when the water level on the plant is less than 5 cm. Based on the results obtained, this system can work well
Desain dan Implementasi Sistem Pendingin Berbasis Peltier TEC 12706 dengan Pemantauan Jarak Jauh Melalui Aplikasi Blynk pada Smartphone
Full text linkCooling technology plays an important role in daily life, particularly in refrigerators used for storing fruits, vegetables, and beverages. However, conventional cooling systems still use freon, which can damage the ozone layer. This study utilizes the Peltier Effect on the Peltier TEC 12706 module as an environmentally friendly cooling component. The DHT22 sensor is used to measure temperature and humidity, while the NodeMCU ESP8266 processes sensor data displayed through the Blynk application. Three fans are installed outside the cooling chamber to prevent the Peltier module from overheating, and one fan is placed inside the chamber for air distribution. A heatsink is used to assist in heat dissipation. Testing compared the DHT22 sensor with AZ HT-02 and FY-11, producing regression values of R² = 0.9902 for temeprature and R² = 0.9798 for humidity, indicating high accuracy. Using two Peltier TEC 12706 modules and a 12 V 30 A AC-DC adapter, the temperature in the cooling chamber with dimensions (26x17x10) cm was reduced to 19.6°C, with humidity rising to 90.1% within 2 hours. These results show that the developed cooling system can function effectively.Teknologi pendingin memiliki peranan penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, terutama pada kulkas yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan buah, sayuran, dan minuman. Namun, sistem pendingin konvensional masih menggunakan freon yang dapat merusak lapisan ozon. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan Efek Peltier pada modul Peltier TEC 12706 sebagai komponen pendingin ramah lingkungan. Sensor DHT22 digunakan untuk mengukur suhu dan kelembapan, sedangkan NodeMCU ESP8266 mengolah data sensor yang ditampilkan melalui aplikasi Blynk. Tiga kipas dipasang di bagian luar ruang pendingin untuk mencegah modul Peltier dari panas berlebih, dan satu kipas di dalam ruang pendingin untuk distribusi udara. Heatsink digunakan untuk membantu pelepasan panas. Pengujian membandingkan sensor DHT22 dengan AZ HT-02 dan FY-11, menghasilkan nilai regresi R² masing-masing 0,9902 untuk suhu dan 0,9798 untuk kelembapan, menunjukkan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi. Dengan menggunakan dua modul Peltier TEC 12706 dan adaptor AC-DC 12 V 30 A, suhu di ruang pendingin berdimensi (26x17x10) cm berhasil diturunkan hingga 19,6°C dengan kenaikan kelembapan hingga 90,1% dalam kurun waktu 2 jam. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem pendingin yang dikembangkan dapat berfungsi
Evaluasi Penerapan Proteksi Radiasi pada Ruangan dan Pekerja Radiasi di Instalasi Radiologi Rumah Sakit Universitas Andalas
Full text linkResearch has been carried out regarding the evaluation of the application of radiation protection to rooms and radiation workers in the Radiology Installation at Andalas University Hospital. The aim of the research is to evaluate the radiation dose rate on the inside and outside walls of the room, evaluate the radiation dose rate received by radiation workers, and evaluate the completeness of the work area and radiation protection for radiation workers. Evaluation of the radiation dose rate on the radiation shield wall was carried out using the TLD-100 in the CT-Scan, conventional X-ray and dental rooms. Evaluation of the radiation dose rate received by radiation workers is carried out using the TLD badge worn by radiation workers. Evaluation of the completeness of the work area is carried out by directly observing the radiology room, then conducting interviews with radiation workers. The research results showed that the highest radiation dose rate was obtained in the CT-Scan room and the lowest was outside the dental room at the entrance, without exceeding the Dose Limit Value (NBD) set by BAPETEN Regulation No. 4 of 2013 of 20 mSv/year for radiation workers and 1 mSv/year for the general public. The radiation dose rate value received by radiation workers is still below the NBD set by BAPETEN Regulation No. 4 of 2013 amounting to 20 mSv/year. The results of the evaluation of the completeness of the work area and radiation protection in general have met the provisions of BAPETEN Regulation No. 4 of 2020 except for danger signs in conventional X-ray and CT-Scan rooms.Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai evaluasi penerapan proteksi radiasi pada ruangan dan pekerja radiasi di Instalasi Radiologi Rumah Sakit Universitas Andalas. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengevaluasi laju dosis radiasi pada dinding bagian dalam dan luar ruangan, mengevaluasi laju dosis radiasi yang diterima pekerja radiasi, serta mengevaluasi kelengkapan daerah kerja dan proteksi radiasi pada pekerja radiasi. Evaluasi laju dosis radiasi pada dinding perisai radiasi dilakukan menggunakan TLD-100 pada ruangan CT-Scan, sinar-X konvensional, dan dental. Evaluasi laju dosis radiasi yang diterima pekerja radiasi dilakukan menggunakan TLD badge yang dipakai pekerja radiasi. Evaluasi kelengkapan daerah kerja dilakukan dengan mengamati secara langsung ruangan radiologi, kemudian dilakukan wawancara pada pekerja radiasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan laju dosis radiasi tertinggi didapatkan di dalam ruangan CT-Scan dan terendah di luar ruangan dental bagian pintu masuk, dengan tidak melampaui Nilai Batas Dosis (NBD) yang ditetapkan Peraturan BAPETEN No. 4 Tahun 2013 sebesar 20 mSv/tahun untuk pekerja radiasi dan 1 mSv/tahun untuk masyarakat umum. Nilai laju dosis radiasi yang diterima pekerja radiasi masih berada di bawah NBD yang ditetapkan Peraturan BAPETEN No. 4 Tahun 2013 sebesar 20 mSv/tahun. Hasil evaluasi kelengkapan daerah kerja dan proteksi radiasi secara umum telah memenuhi ketentuan Peraturan BAPETEN No. 4 Tahun 2020 kecuali untuk tanda bahaya radiasi pada ruangan sinar-X konvensional dan CT-Scan
Sintesis Surfaktan Natrium Lignosulfonat (C20H24Na2O10S2) Berbahan Dasar Serbuk Kayu Mahoni Menggunakan Proses Sulfonasi.
Full text linkFurniture production made from mahogany wood produces sawdust that contains biomass such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The lignin content in mahogany wood can be used as raw material for making sodium lignosulfonate surfactants. Delignification of lignin is carried out alkaline and continued with lignin isolation by acid precipitation. Pure lignin isolate is further used as a raw material for making sodium lignosulfonate surfactants using the sulfonation process. The sulfonation process is carried out by mixing lignin isolate and sodium bisulfite solution using excess NaHSO3 variation and sulfonation time. Both variables are run by adding sodium hydroxide as a catalyst and the pH condition was maintained at pH 4. The sodium lignosulfonate surfactant solution formed was then characterized using FT-IR spectrophotometer and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The best condition was obtained at a sulfonation time of 150 minutes and NaHSO3 exceeded 75%, namely with a surfactant concentration of 4100,784 mg/L.Produksi furnitur berbahan dasar kayu mahoni menghasilkan limbah serbuk gergaji yang mengandung komposisi biomassa seperti selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin. Kandungan lignin pada serbuk kayu mahoni dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku sintesis surfaktan natrium lignosulfonat. Delignifikasi lignin dilakukan secara alkali dan dilanjutkan dengan isolasi lignin secara presipitasi asam. Isolat lignin murni selanjutnya digunakan sebagai bahan baku sintesis surfaktan natrium lignosulfonat melalui proses sulfonasi. Proses sulfonasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan isolat lignin dan larutan natrium bisulfit menggunakan variasi NaHSO 3 berlebih serta waktu sulfonasi. Variabel kedua dijalankan dengan penambahan katalis larutan natrium hidroksida sebesar 16,5% dan kondisi pH dijaga tetap pada pH 4. Larutan surfaktan natrium lignosulfonat yang terbentuk kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektrofotometer FT-IR dan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Kondisi terbaik diperoleh pada waktu sulfonasi 150 menit dan NaHSO 3 berlebih 75% yakni dengan konsentrasi surfaktan natrium lignosulfonat sebesar 4100,784 mg/L
Pendugaan Zona Alterasi Hidrotermal Menggunakan Data Geomagnetik EMM 2017 Di Wilayah Lubuk Sikaping
Full text linkThis study aims to identify hydrothermal alteration zones in Lubuk Sikaping District, Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra, using Enhanced Magnetic Model (EMM) 2017 geomagnetic data developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The data processing stages include International Geomagnetic Referee Field (IGRF) correction, evaluation of regional and residual anomalies using Radial Average Power Spectrum (RAPS), reduction to the poles, analysis of magnetic anomaly values with the geological conditions of the study area. The results show that residual magnetic anomalies are in the range of -7.09582 nT to 7.65333 nT. The results of the analysis of magnetic anomaly values and geological conditions indicate that the high anomaly zone (3.12460 nT - 7.65333 nT) spread in the south and southwest is a mineralization zone. The moderate anomaly zone (0.07503 nT - 3.12460) spread in the central to northeast is a lithology preservation zone between magnetic igneous rocks and non-magnetic sedimentary rocks. The low anomaly zone (–7.09582 nT - 0.07503 nT) located in the north and northeast is a hydrothermal alteration zone. The presence of mineralization zones, lithology boundary zones and hydrothermal alteration zones indicates that there is a fluid migration path in this area. The hydrothermal alteration zone in Lubuk Sikaping District is associated with the Sarik-Gajah Formation which consists of volcanic rocks that have undergone alteration due to the presence of active structures of the Sumatran Fault System.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi zona alterasi hidrotermal di Kecamatan Lubuk Sikaping, Kabupaten Pasaman, Sumatera Barat, menggunakan data geomagnetik Enhanced Magnetic Model (EMM) 2017 yang dikembangkan oleh National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Tahapan pengolahan data meliputi koreksi International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), pemisahan anomali regional dan residual menggunakan Radial Average Power Spectrum (RAPS), reduksi ke kutub, analisis nilai anomali magnetik dengan kondisi geologi daerah penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anomali magnetik residual berada pada rentang –7,09582 nT hingga 7,65333 nT. Hasil analisis nilai anomali magnetik dan kondisi geologi menunjukkan bahwa zona anomali tinggi (3,12460 nT - 7,65333 nT) tersebar di bagian selatan dan barat daya merupakan zona mineralisasi. Zona anomali sedang (0,07503 nT - 3,12460) tersebar di bagian tengah hingga timur laut merupakan zona peralihan litologi antara batuan beku magnetik dan batuan sedimen non-magnetik. Zona anomali rendah (–7,09582 nT - 0,07503 nT) terletak di bagian utara dan timur laut merupakan zona alterasi hidrotermal. Adanya zona mineralisasi, zona batas litologi dan zona alterasi hidrotermal menunjukkan pada daerah ini terdapat jalur migrasi fluida. Zona alterasi hidrotermal di Kecamatan Lubuk Sikaping berasosiasi dengan Formasi Sarik-Gajah yang terdiri dari batuan vulkanik mengalami teralterasi akibat keberadaan struktur aktif Sumatra Fault System