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Isolation and Characterization of Lupeol from the Stem of Tapinanthus globiferus (A Rich.) and its Antimicrobial Assay
No full textLupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, was isolated from hexane and ethyl
acetate solvent system. In antiquity, the stem and leaf infusion of
Tapinanthus globiferus has been used ethno-medicinally as a remedy for
stomach ache, diarrhea, dysentery, and wounds. Lupeol isolation from
this species was carried out by column chromatography after
concentrating the crude extract using a rotary evaporator, and the
structure was determined by analysis of the isolate by IR, 13CNMR,
1HNMR, HSQC, and HMBC spectral analysis as well as comparison with
reported data. This is the first isolation of lupeol from the stem of
this species
Evaluation of Revenue Channels and Challenges in Sustainable Management of Oyo State Forest Reserves, Nigeria
Get PDFForest revenue system is an instrument used by government to achieve
various goals and objectives in forest management. This paper evaluates
the various challenges of revenue collection and remittance in Oyo
forestry service in Nigeria. A total of 94 forest officials were
identified and reached (100%) in all the forestry administrative zones
in Oyo State, including the headquarters through a set of structured
questionnaire and data obtained were analyzed using descriptive
statistics and logit regression at \u3b10.05. Theaverage age of the
respondents was 39.7\ub16.5 years, mostly male (71%), married (75.6%)
and had secondary education (63%). Challenges confronting adequate
revenue collection included lack of proper law enforcement, payment of
cash by revenue collectors and inability of field officers to withstand
armed illegal fellers with odds-ratio of 55694.85, 668.78 and 20.79
respectively. Problems facing adequate revenue remittance were
remittance by field staff, inaccessibility of bank on time, lack of
provision of incentives for running cost by the government and
possibilities of field officers indulging in printing of fake receipts
with odds-ratio of 140.18, 116.80, 3.65 and 3.44 respectively. The
study exposed the various challenges facing adequate revenue collection
and remittance in Oyo State forestry service, it is therefore necessary
for the forest managers in the State to utilize this information wisely
for the betterment of revenue generation
Assessment of Biodiesel Fuel Potentials of Seed Crude Oil Extracts of Balanites aegyptiaaca (L.) Del
Get PDFStudy on assessmentof biodiesel fuel potentials of seed crude oil
extracts of Balanites aegyptiaaca (L.) Del was carriedout. Standard
methods of the Association of Official and Analytical Chemist (AOAC)
were adopted to evaluate the proximate, physico-chemical properties and
fatty acid compositions of crude seed oil extracts of the test plant.
The proximate constituents of the crude seed oil extract gave crude
protein (22.09%), crude fat (56.75%), moisturecontent (1.35%), ash
(4.70%), crudefiber (12.75%) and carbohydrate (2.36%). The crude oil
physicochemical properties included saponification
value(216.439mgKOH/g), peroxide value(4.84meq/kg), acid
value(2.18mgKOH/g), iodine value(77.08g/100g), viscosity
value(150.3@30\ub0C) and cetane number(54.08), refractive index(1.487
@30\ub0C), relative density (0.949g/cm3) while calorific value was
39.03(MJ/kg). The fatty acids composition of crude kernel oil extract
of B. aegyptiaca indicated the presence of four (4) fatty acids, with
relative percentage abundance (RPA) in the order of 67.17%
(9,12-Octadecanoic acid (C19H3402)) > 16.22% (Pentadecanoic acid
(C17H3402)) > 11.8kg% (Heptacosanoic acid (C28H5602)) > 4.72%
(Oleic acid(C18H3402)). These properties conferred relative prospects
on the crude oil of the test plant as a suitable potential biodiesel
substrate and consequently, large scale aforestation efforts be
renewed, to guarantee ready availability of the raw materials
A Critique on Sustainable Cities Waste Management Predicaments; Case of Nairobi City, Kenya
Get PDFWaste management predicaments in attaining sustainable city status
globally is challenged by increased solid waste generation as a result
of rapid urban population and migration. Through a critique lens, solid
waste management predicaments in developing countries characterized by
inefficiencies; weak institutional capacities and lack of financial
prudence. Nairobi City illustrates vividly predicaments through
sporadic growth of open dumpsites, blocked drainers and sewers,
indiscriminate behavior of littering. This is aided by weak enforcement
of solid waste policies and regulations, duplicity of mandates by
institutions and limited human resources. This paper undertakes to
explicate predicaments in Nairobi City County and is supported by
institutional, capacity and planned behavior theories. The study
adopted mixed research design with data collection from a sample size
of 385 household. Primary and secondary data was collected using
questionnaires, key informant interview and focus group discussion;
transect walk and desk top analysis. The results support the critique
as documented by this paper. The study recommends institutional
empowerment to reverse negative predicaments for sustainable global
cities
Assessment of Background Ionizing Radiation Dose Levels in Quarry Sites Located in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Get PDFThe study presents a radiometric survey of Background Ionizing
Radiation (BIR) dose levels in ten quarry sites located in Ebonyi
State, Nigeria. In-situ BIR dose rate measurements, by means of nuclear
radiation survey meter, at 1 m above ground level were carried out at
the excavation section (ES) and quarrying section (QS) of the
investigated quarry sites. The obtained results indicated dose rates
ranging from from 0.14 to 0.18 \u3bcSv/h with mean of 0.15\ub10.01
\u3bcSv/h at the ES and 0.16 to 0.19 \u3bcSv/h with mean value of
0.18\ub10.01 \u3bcSv/h at the QS. While the values obtained at the
QS are respectively higher than those measured at the ES, they are all
higher than the worldwide average value of 84 nSv/h signifying BIR
elevated environments. The estimated mean annual effective dose (AED)
and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) are 0.27\ub10.03 mSv/y and
0.94
710\u20133 respectively at the ES and 0.31\ub10.02 mSv/y
and 1.07
710\u20133 at the QS. The obtained AED values for all the
sites are well above the outdoor worldwide average value of 0.07 mSv/y
but lower than the International Commission on Radiological Protection
recommended permissible limits of 1.0 mSv/y for the general public.
Generally, the BIR levels of the quarry sites are within acceptable
limits and no immediate radiological health threat may be derived from
the current levels. However, long-term health effects due to continuous
exposure to low-level radiation doses may manifested in future over a
lifetime exposure of 70 years as indicated by the ELCR values
Efficacy of spraying intervals of Ridomil Plus 66 WP for control of taro leaf blight disease
Get PDFTaro leaf blight causes up to 100% yield loss in susceptible taro (
Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott)) cultivars. The use of fungicides in
disease management is fast and effective; however efficacy of
fungicides could be affected by frequency of application. The objective
of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of spraying intervals and
economic benefits of Ridomil Plus 66 WP (12% Metalaxyl-M and 60% Copper
(1) oxide) on taro leaf blight disease. The study consisted of four
fungicide spraying intervals, viz at one, two and at four weekly
intervals, all at the concentration of 3.3 g l-1 and no fungicide
application as the control. Results showed no significant differences
(P > 00.5) between one and two weekly spraying intervals in terms of
taro leaf blight disease incidence and severity. These were, however,
significantly different (P < 0.05) from four weekly and no fungicide
applications. Taro corm yield was higher in weekly spraying interval,
but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from biweekly application
intervals. Yields in weekly intervals were 2.9, 33.0 and 44.0% higher
than biweekly, four weekly and no application intervals. Applying
fungicide at a biweekly interval was found to be economically efficient
as it recorded higher total revenue and net present values. Applying 66
WP (12% Metalaxyl-M and 60% Copper (1) oxide) at 2 weekly interval was
the optimum period and most efficient to reduce the incidence and
severity of Phytophthora leaf blight disease and increase yield of
taro.La br\ufblure des feuilles de taro peut causer une perte de rendement
allant jusqu\u2019\ue0 100% chez les cultivars sensibles de taro (
Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott)). L\u2019utilisation de fongicides
dans la gestion des maladies est rapide et efficace; cependant,
l\u2019efficacit\ue9 des fongicides pourrait \ueatre affect\ue9e
par la fr\ue9quence d\u2019application. L\u2019objectif de cette
\ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019\ue9valuer l\u2019efficacit\ue9 des
intervalles de pulv\ue9risation et les avantages \ue9conomiques de
Ridomil Plus 66 WP (12% de m\ue9talaxyl-M et 60% d\u2019oxyde de
cuivre (1)) sur la maladie du taro. L\u2019\ue9tude consistait en
quatre intervalles de pulv\ue9risation de fongicide,
c\u2019est-\ue0-dire \ue0 une, deux, quatre intervalles
hebdomadaires, le tout \ue0 la concentration de 3,3 g l-1 et sans
application de fongicide. Les r\ue9sultats n\u2019ont montr\ue9
aucune diff\ue9rence significative (P> 00,5) entre un et deux
intervalles de pulv\ue9risation hebdomadaires en termes
d\u2019incidence et de gravit\ue9 de la br\ufblure du taro.
Celles-ci \ue9taient cependant significativement diff\ue9rentes (P
<0,05) de quatre applications hebdomadaires et sans fongicide. Le
rendement en corme de taro \ue9tait plus \ue9lev\ue9 dans
l\u2019intervalle de pulv\ue9risation hebdomadaire, mais pas
significativement diff\ue9rent (P> 0,05) des intervalles
d\u2019application bihebdomadaires. Les rendements \ue0 intervalles
hebdomadaires \ue9taient de 2,9, 33,0 et 44,0% sup\ue9rieurs \ue0
ceux des deux semaines, quatre semaines et aucun intervalle
d\u2019application. L\u2019application d\u2019un fongicide toutes
les deux semaines s\u2019est av\ue9r\ue9e \ueatre
\ue9conomiquement efficace car elle a enregistr\ue9 des revenus
totaux et des valeurs actuelles nettes plus \ue9lev\ue9s. En
conclusion, l\u2019application de 66 WP (oxyde de m\ue9talaxyl-M
\ue0 12% et oxyde de cuivre (1) \ue0 60%) \ue0 intervalles de 2
semaines s\u2019est av\ue9r\ue9e \ueatre la p\ue9riode
optimale et la plus efficace pour r\ue9duire l\u2019incidence et la
gravit\ue9 de la maladie phytophthora et augmenter le rendement du
taro
New sources and stability of resistance to aphids in cowpea germplasm across locations in Uganda
Get PDFThe cowpea aphid ( Aphis craccivora Koch) is an economically
important pest, whose feeding effects cause stunting, delayed flower
initiation and yield reduction in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.
Walp). Host plant resistance offers an alternative for controlling
aphids; while simultaneously reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
The objective of this study was to evaluate a multi-parent advanced
generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population of cowpea against aphids,
across cowpea growing regions in Uganda. The study was arranged in
alpha lattice design, with two replicates in three locations over two
seasons (2018B and 2019A). Results revealed significant effects
(P<0.001) for the main treatment effects, genotype x location and
location x season interaction for both infestation and damage. The
genotype x season interaction was significant (P<0.01) for both
aphid infestation and damage; while the three-way interaction was only
significant (P<0.001) for aphid infestation, but not for damage. The
study identified five new resistant and stable genotypes from the MAGIC
panel, including MAGIC131, MAGIC-132, MAGIC149, MAGIC170 and MAGIC280;
and one resistant parent, SUVITA-2. The study further revealed
MAGIC-125, MAGIC-171, MAGIC153, MAGIC-333, MAGIC177, MAGIC-292,
MAGIC282, MAGIC249, MAGIC162, SEC 4W * SEC 5T, NAROCOWPEA 4, MAGIC-204,
MAGIC-039, MAGIC060, MAGIC-097, NAROCOWPEA 3, MAGIC-233, MAGIC090 and
MU 9 to be moderately resistant and high yielding genotypes. The above
genotypes are recommended for use in the cowpea breeding programme, to
develop improved resistant lines against aphids in Uganda.Le puceron du ni\ue9b\ue9 ( Aphis craccivora Koch) est un
ravageur \ue9conomiquement important, dont les effets alimentaires
provoquent un retard de croissance, un retard de floraison et une
r\ue9duction du rendement du ni\ue9b\ue9 ( Vigna unguiculata L.
Walp). La r\ue9sistance des plantes h\uf4tes offre une alternative
pour lutter contre les ravageurs destructeurs, y compris les pucerons;
tout en r\ue9duisant simultan\ue9ment la d\ue9pendance aux
pesticides chimiques. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait
d\u2019\ue9valuer une population multi-parentale inter-crois\ue9e
de g\ue9n\ue9ration avanc\ue9e (MAGIC) de ni\ue9b\ue9 contre
les pucerons, dans les r\ue9gions de culture du ni\ue9b\ue9 en
Ouganda afin d\u2019identifier de nouvelles sources de r\ue9sistance
contre le ravageur. L\u2019\ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 organis\ue9e
en conception de r\ue9seau alpha, avec deux r\ue9pliques \ue0
trois endroits sur deux saisons (2018B et 2019A). Les r\ue9sultats
ont r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 des effets significatifs (P <0,001) pour
les principaux effets du traitement, le g\ue9notype x emplacement et
l\u2019interaction emplacement x saison pour l\u2019infestation et
les dommages. L\u2019interaction g\ue9notype x saison \ue9tait
significative (P <0,01) \ue0 la fois pour l\u2019infestation et
les dommages caus\ue9s par les pucerons; tandis que
l\u2019interaction \ue0 trois facteurs n\u2019\ue9tait
significative (P <0,001) que pour l\u2019infestation de pucerons,
mais pas pour les dommages. L\u2019\ue9tude a identifi\ue9 cinq
nouveaux g\ue9notypes r\ue9sistants et stables du panel MAGIC,
notamment MAGIC131, MAGIC-132, MAGIC149, MAGIC170 et MAGIC280; et un
parent r\ue9sistant, SUVITA-2. L\u2019\ue9tude a en outre
r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 MAGIC-125, MAGIC-171, MAGIC153, MAGIC-333,
MAGIC177, MAGIC-292, MAGIC282, MAGIC249, MAGIC162, SEC 4W * SEC 5T,
NAROCOWPEA 4, MAGIC-204, MAGIC-039, MAGIC060, MAGIC -097, NAROCOWPEA 3,
MAGIC-233, MAGIC090 et MU 9 pour \ueatre des g\ue9notypes
mod\ue9r\ue9ment r\ue9sistants et \ue0 haut rendement. Les
g\ue9notypes ci-dessus sont recommand\ue9s pour une utilisation
dans le programme de s\ue9lection du ni\ue9b\ue9 pour
d\ue9velopper des lign\ue9es am\ue9lior\ue9es r\ue9sistantes
aux pucerons en Ouganda
EXPLORING CHALLENGES FACED BY PHYSICALLY DISABLED WOMEN IN UTILIZING ANTENAL SERVICES IN KABALE MUNICIPLAITY
No full textIntroduction: The right to utilize ANC services is included in
Sustainable Development goals to improve maternal and neonatal health
outcomes. According to Uganda MOH, every pregnant woman has got to
attend four ANC visits in order to utilize the whole ANC package.
Irrespective of the policy framework and laws that have been put in
place for every pregnant woman to utilize antenatal care services from
health care facilities, physically disabled pregnant women globally,
and Uganda in particular, still underutilize ANC services from health
care facilities. This is brought by challenges faced by Physically
Disabled Pregnant Women (PDPW) when utilizing ANC services in health
care facilities. Most studies on ANC services utilization are general
rather than being specific to physically disabled pregnant women.
Objectives: To investigate the extent of utilization of ANC services
among physically disabled pregnant women (PDPWs) in health care
facilities in Kabale Municipality between February, 2019 and February
2020. Methods: A purely qualitative method employing a descriptive
phenomenological design was used. A sample 15respondents, both
Physically Disabled Pregnant Women (PDPWs) and health workers were
purposively selected and interviewed. Data was collected from 7PDPWs
and 8 health workers using individual interviews, focus group
discussion and observation. Data was transcribed and analyzed
thematically. Results: The extent of utilization of ANC services by
PDPWs is very low. This low ANC services utilization was due to
challenges faced by PDPWs in attempt utilize ANC services from health
care facilities. The revealed challenges were unmodified health care
facilities, inadequate income, low levels of education among others. It
was discovered that negative intra-personal attitudes of PDPW make them
not to utilize ANC services from health care facilities. Inter-personal
attitudes of health workers were quite positive and supportive towards
ANC services by PDPW. Conclusion: There is low level of ANC services
utilization among Physically Disabled Pregnant Women (PDPWs). This is
mainly due to challenges they faced, in attempt to utilize ANC
services, in health care facilities
Bilateral paediatric cataract surgery - outcomes of 298 children from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Get PDFIntroduction: The leading cause of childhood blindness globally is
paediatric cataract. Bilateral cataract surgery can help to improve
visual performance and to diminish the burden of childhood blindness.
Objective: To report in a retrospective observational cohort study the
long-term outcomes of 298 children who had bilateral cataract surgery
with IOL implantation from 2001-2016 in Kinshasa. Methods: A
standardized surgical treatment of paediatric cataract was practiced on
298 children. Patient\u2019s follow-up, complications, and visual
outcomes were recorded and analysed. Results: The mean age was 5.7
\ub1 4.3 years and males were predominant (64.9%). Most of children
were living mainly in urban poorest areas (96.3%). Strabismus,
nystagmus and microcornea were encountered in 20.1%, 25.1% and 8.7% of
children, respectively. Using WHO criteria most of patients were
classified as blind preoperatively and 81.9% of them had improved
visual outcomes after surgery. Main reasons for reduced vision during
follow-up were secondary cataract (5.7%), IOL decentration (1.2%),
retinal detachment (1.2%), and secondary glaucoma (1.5%). Conclusion:
In spite of the post conflict challenges, elimination of cataract
blindness in children remains a priority. Children present at a late
age for surgery and long term follow-up is poor. There is need for
program strengthening in these areas
Antiretroviral therapy outcomes among adolescents and young adults in a Tertiary hospital in Kenya
Get PDFBackground: Limited data is available on the treatment outcomes of HIV
infected adolescents and young adults (AYA) in sub-Saharan Africa.
HIV-infected adolescents and young adults (AYA) are at high risk of
developing antiretroviral treatment failure. Objective: To determine
the clinical, immunological and virologic outcomes of AYA at a tertiary
hospital in Kenya. Methodology: A longitudinal study was conducted
among AYA age 10-24 years attending Kenyatta National Hospital
comprehensive care center. Clinical data was abstracted from electronic
medical records for study participants with at least 6 months of
follow-up using a structured data abstraction sheet. Results: A total
of 250 AYA age 10 to 24 years were included. The median age was 16
years. The median CD4 cell count was 650.6 cells/mm3 (IQR 350.7-884.0).
More than half (60.6%) of AYA had a CD4 cell count higher than 500
cells/mm3. Overall, 76.9% of AYA had achieved viral suppression (viral
load <1000 copies/ml). There was a significant increase in virologic
failure with higher age and late adolescents and young adults were more
likely to have a viral load > 1000 copies/ ml p<0.012.
Conclusion: The overall virologic suppression in this cohort of AYA was
sub-optimal. Both immunological and virologic outcomes were worse among
late adolescents (18-19 years) and young adults (20-24 years)