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Characterization of Essential Oils and Fatty Acids Composition of Stored Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
No full textThe essential oils and fatty acids composition of stored Zingiber
officinale Roscoe (Ginger) were characterized using Gas
chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric (GC/MS) method. The ginger rhizomes
sample was procured from spices store at Bwari main market, Abuja,
Nigeria. It was pretreated and the proximate analysis was carried out.
The essential oils and fatty acids were extracted using
Hydro-distillation unit. It was then analyzed using GC/MS. From the
results obtained, the proximate composition showed 8.50% protein
content, 3.80% crude fibre, 5.10% fat, 3.60% ash content, 10.20%
moisture and 68.80% carbohydrate content. 38 essential oil components
were found and the essential oil was dominated by the compound class
Sesquiterpenes (64.83%) followed by Esters (13.29%), aldehydes (9.16%),
Sesquiterpenols (6.46%) and monoterpenes (5.71%). Monoterpenols
constituted 3.35% while ketones and oxides were seen in trace amounts.
The specific dominant constituents were zingiberene (28.57%),
Arcurcumene (14.22%) and Geranyl Acetate (13.28%). There was a decrease
in the number of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes in the stored ginger
compared to the number earlier reported on freshly harvested and dried
samples but the reduction did not affect the overall average percentage
composition. The fatty acid comprised 50% saturated acids and 50%
unsaturated acids and was dominated by Linoleic Acid (23.92%) followed
by palmitic acid (22.18%), oleic acid (20.40%) and Lauric Acid (8.34%).
The composition of the Zingiber officinale essential oil and fatty acid
has shown that the plant contains true essential oils, implying that
the medicinal and flavouring strength of the plants may be attributed
to its essential oil composition
Evaluating the Relationship between Drought and Vegetation Greenness in Chyulu-Amboseli Rangeland, Kenya
No full textRemote sensing techniques have been widely used to monitor
moisture-related vegetation conditions. Vegetation vigour response to
drought however is complex and has not been adequately studied using
satellite sensor data. This paper investigated the time lag response of
vegetation to drought in Kenya\u2019s Chyulu-Amboseli ecosystem based
on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) derived from monthly
precipitation data for the period January 2000-October 2016 downloaded
from the Climate Hazards group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations and
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) computed from Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) pre-processed images
downloaded from the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU) database. Statistical analysis showed that drought severity
increased over the study period while corresponding vegetation
conditions degenerated. Results further revealed that the relationship
between drought and vegetation greenness was significant (R2 = 0.6)
with 2 months optimal lag. This calls for policy makers and programme
managers to integrate the lag effect in measures to cope with drought
in the rangelands
Studies on Chemotaxonomic Properties of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum LINN.)
No full textThis research investigated the chemotaxonomic properties of Solanum
lycopersicum Linn belonging to Solanaceae. The annual herbaceous free
branching cultivated crop grows up to 60 cm or more in height. It has
simple uniseriate trichomes densely dispersed all over the plant with
adaxial and abaxial foliar trichome indices of 27.19% and 19.44%
respectively. The compound leaves measure up to 6\ub13 cm long and 4
\ub1 2cm wide with serrated margin. The inflorescence has a cyme of 3
to 5 flowers or more. The petals are yellowish, up to 2\ub11 cm long
and 1.5\ub10.7 cm wide with greenish sepals up to 1.5\ub10.7 cm
long and 0.7\ub10.3 cm wide. Flowers are axile, hexa-pentamerous up
to 1 cm in diameter with bilocular 2 celled ovary. The berry fruit is
greenish when unripe and reddish when ripe, up to 5 cm in diameter with
seed measuring up to 0.3 cm in diameter. The epidermal studies revealed
anisocytic stomata with adaxial and abaxial stomatal indices of 19.30%
and 19.64% respectively. The anatomy of mid-ribs and petioles showed
bicollateral vasculation. The node is unilacunar. The stem anatomical
section is made of 5 to 6 vascular bundles, with petioles associated
with 2 rib traces at primary growth phase while at secondary growth
phase, the mid-rib and petiole revealed vascular arcs and the stem,
rings of open vascular system. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins,
phlobatannins, flavonoids and combined anthraquinones were present
while free anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides were absent
Total Polyphenol Content of Green, Roasted and Cooked Harar and Yirgacheffee Coffee, Ethiopia
No full textThe effect of solvent composition on the total polyphenols content of
green, roasted coffee and traditional coffee beverage preparation
stages (Abol, Tona and Bereka) were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The
maximum extracted polyphenol of 640.3 mg GAE/100 g and 641.9 mg GAE/100
g were obtained at Harar and Yirgacheffee green coffee extracts with at
85% methanol, respectively. The results showed that total phenolic
contents of extracts were found to be in the order of green> roasted
>cooked (Abol>Tona>Bereka) in both coffee samples. Application
of ANOVA revealed that a significant variation (p <0.05) was noted
between the green, roasted, Abol, Tona and Breka coffee processing
procedures. In general, this study revealed that there was a loss of
substantial amount of total polyphenols through the traditional way of
coffee brewing, probably ascribed to continuous provision of heating
leads to degradation of existing polyphenols and formation of less
stable and volatile products
Assessment of Wound Healing Activity of Green Synthesized Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles using Strychnos spinosa and Blighia sapida
No full textThe biosynthesis of nanoparticles has been proposed as a cost effective
and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical and physical
methods. The present work investigates the synthesis of titanium oxide
nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) by green approach using Strychnos spinosa and
Blighia sapida leave extracts. The detailed characterization of theTiO2
NPs was carried out using UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), X- ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform
Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The green synthesized TiO2 NPs excitation
was confirmed using UV\u2013Vis spectrophotometer at 270 and 290 nm
for Strychnos spinosa and Blighia sapida respectively. SEM revealed
that the synthesized TiO2NPs were spherical and crystalline in nature.
The overall sizes are 40 and 50 nm for Strychnos spinosa and Blighia
sapida respectively. FTIR spectroscopic analysisshowed the presence of
flavonoids, polyphenols and amide groups likely to be responsible for
the green synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles usingS. Spinosa and
B .sapida aqueous leaf extracts. The XRD pattern showed the
characteristic Bragg peaks of (111), (200), (220) and (311) facets of
the anatase titanium oxide nanoparticles and confirmed that these
nanoparticles were crystalline and spherical in nature. Furthermore,
the green synthesized TiO2 NPs wound healing activity was examined in
the excision wound model by measuring wound closure, histopathology and
protein profiling. This revealed significant wound healing activity in
Albino rats. In the present study, topical application ofnanoformulated
extracts of B. sapidaa nd S. spinosa significantly accelerated wound
healing with 20% nanoformulated ointment having the highest percentage
wound contraction ability comparable with gentamicin (a commercially
sold antimicrobial agent used in dressing wounds). In conclusion, this
work proved the capability of using TiO2 NPs to deliver a novel
therapeutic route for wound treatment in clinical practice
Quality Assessment of Drinking Well Water near Dumpsite at Ogidi-Oloje Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
No full textThis study was conducted to determine the quality of drinking well
water near dumpsite at Ogidi-Oloje, Ilorin, Kwara State. Open wells
near dumpsite could be polluted due to percolation of chemicals from
the decomposition of refuse and scraps of electronic boards having
potential of causing diseases to man. Most people at Ogidi-Oloje Ilorin
depend on open wells near dumpsite for drinking water during dry
season. Water samples were collected from seven open wells (W1 - W6)
9.2 - 18.2 m away from dumpsite and the control well W7 was 45.0 m away
from the dumpsite. Physicochemical and bacteriological properties were
determined from the water samples during dry season (March, 2019) and
rainy season (July, 2019). Phosphate, Cadmium, Lead, Feacal coliform
were not detected during dry season but only Feacal coliform was not
detected in the water during rainy season. All the values of
physicochemical properties of the water were within WHO permissible
limits except Iron and Cadmium that above the limits which could cause
diseases to mankind. Values of Iron during dry season for six well
sources were 3.61, 4.02, 4.26, 3.25, 5.14 and 7.24 mg/L while values
for rainy season and control were 0.715, 1.410, 0.650, 0.049, 0.780,
1.110 and 0.775 mg/L(control) but WHO limits is 0.03mg/L.
Concentrations of Cadmium in the water during rainy season were 0.010,
0.015, 0.015, 0.020, 0.015, 0.015 and 0.02mg/L(control) but WHO limit
is 0.003 mg/L. This study revealed that the water is suitable for
consumption during dry season but unsuitable during rainy season
Effects of Solid Waste Disposal on the Receiving Soil Quality in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria
No full textThe present study investigated the impact of solid waste disposal on
the receiving soil quality of four major dump-sites and a control site
in Benin Metropolis, Edo State, Nigeria by collecting samples at three
distances from the dump-sites of 0 \u2013 50 m, 50 \u2013 100 m, >
100 m at 0 \u2013 30 cm depth. The investigation spanned from July
2011 to December 2011. Results obtained during these months were pooled
together to obtain single mean for each sampling station or distance.
Results showed that pH values ranged between 5.23 and 5.83, recording
slight variations from one site to the other, with no significant
differences (P> 0.05) across the study stations and distances.
Electrical conductivity concentrations ranged from 562.00 -
982.33\u3bcS/cm, with the highest concentrations recorded at 0 - 50m,
whereas concentrations were lowest beyond 100 m. Significant increased
concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and V) were
reported when compared with the control. The bacterial count (F= 7.527,
df = 3) and fungal count (F=5.749, df = 3) of soil sample did not show
a significant difference (P > 0.05) between the test stations and
the control station respectively, although the mean ranks were highest
in the control station
Comparative Study of Positional Accuracies Using Three GPS Receivers
No full textThe emergence of the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver over the
years has afforded the avenue to acquire data from various geospatial
locations. This paper analyses and compares the accuracy of point
positions collected using three Global Positioning System (GPS)
receivers\u2014 South H66/H88, Sokkia radian IS, and ProMark 3. A
field study was conducted on 5 control points within the Federal
University of Technology Akure (FUTA) Campus. The One-way ANOVA test
performed for the coordinates obtained from the three GPS receivers at
an alpha level of 0.05 using SPSS version 16 reveals no statistically
significant difference between the coordinates. Analysis of the result
shows that South GPS, Sokkia GPS, and ProMark GPS receivers had
horizontal misclosure values of 0.1337, 0.1625 and 0.2425 respectively,
making South GPS best in obtaining accurate information on horizontal
positions. For the vertical position, misclosure values of 0.0902,
0.2336, and 0.2771 respectively were obtained for the Three GPS
receivers, thereby revealing that Sokkia GPS performed optimally in
obtaining heights above the ellipsoid. However, as a combination of
horizontal and vertical positions (3-Dimension), Sokkia GPS performed
best while ProMark GPS performed averagely and South GPS performed
least. This study shows that any of the three GPS receivers can provide
reasonable accurate geographic data. However, a definite conclusion
remains that the selection of an optimal GPS receiver in this study for
any project will largely depend upon the user\u2019s needs and project
requirements as the significant variation observed in the height
coordinates should be further investigated
Relationship of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria on the growth of olive tree seedlings (<taxon genus="Olea" species="europaea" sub-prefix="" sub-species=""><sp>Olea</sp> <sp>europaea</sp></taxon>)
No full textIn\ufameros fatores influenciam a produtividade da oliveira
(<taxon genus="Olea" species="europaea" sub-prefix=""
sub-species=""><sp>Olea</sp>
<sp>europaea</sp></taxon> L.), desde clim\ue1ticos
at\ue9 o manejo adequado da esp\ue9cie. A efici\ueancia da
utiliza\ue7\ue3o de insumos microbiol\uf3gicos, como fungos
micorr\uedzicos arbusculares e rizobact\ue9rias, tem sido
registrada, principalmente na literatura internacional. No Brasil, os
estudos ainda s\ue3o incipientes. Diante disso, o objetivo deste
trabalho foi analisar o efeito da coinocula\ue7\ue3o de fungos
micorr\uedzicos arbusculares e rizobact\ue9rias no crescimento de
mudas de cultivares de oliveira. Conduziram-se dois experimentos
simultaneamente em DIC, em esquema fatorial (3x3+1) por cultivar de
oliveira (Arbequina e Maria da F\ue9), sendo 3 isolados de
rizobact\ue9rias Pseudomonas sp, Paenibacillus sp1, Paenibacillus
sp2, combinados com 3 esp\ue9cies de FMAs (Acaulospora scrobiculata,
Gigaspora rosea e <taxon genus="Rhizophagus" species="clarus"
sub-prefix="" sub-species=""><sp>Rhizophagus</sp>
<sp>clarus</sp></taxon>) e um controle total (sem
fungo e sem bact\ue9ria), com tr\ueas repeti\ue7\uf5es por
tratamento, totalizando 60 unidades experimentais. Foram avaliados,
ap\uf3s 12 meses, a altura, di\ue2metro, n\ufamero de folhas,
mat\ue9ria fresca de raiz, mat\ue9ria seca da parte a\ue9rea,
teor e ac\ufamulo de N e P, intensidade e porcentagem
coloniza\ue7\ue3o radicular, mic\ue9lio extrarradicular ativo e
total e n\ufamero de esporos. Houve resultados diferenciados dos
tratamentos para cada cultivar, constatando-se que, para alguns
atributos houve efeito isolado do FMA ou da coinocula\ue7\ue3o de
FMA e rizobact\ue9ria, que proporcionaram aumentos significativos no
crescimento e desenvolvimento das mudas de cultivares de oliveira.A number of factors influence olive tree productivity (<taxon
genus="Olea" species="europaea" sub-prefix=""
sub-species=""><sp>Olea</sp>
<sp>europaea</sp></taxon> L.), from climatic factors
to proper management of the species. The efficiency of using
microbiological inputs, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and
rhizobacteria, have been registered, mainly at the international
literature. In Brazil, studies are still incipient. Therefore, the
objective of this work was to analyze the effect of the co-inoculation
of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria on the growth of
olive tree seedlings. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in
DIC, in a factorial scheme (3x3+1) by olive cultivar (Arbequina and
Maria da F\ue9), three rhizobacterial isolates Pseudomonas sp,
Paenibacillus sp1, and Paenibacillus sp2 were combined with three
species of AMF (Acaulospora scrobiculata, Gigaspora rosea and <taxon
genus="Rhizophagus" species="clarus" sub-prefix=""
sub-species=""><sp>Rhizophagus</sp>
<sp>clarus</sp></taxon>) and a total control (without
fungus and bacteria), with three replicates per treatment, totaling 60
experimental units. The height, diameter, number of leaves, fresh root
matter, shoot dry matter, N and P content and accumulation, intensity
and percentage of root colonization, active and total extrarradicular
mycelium and the number of spores were evaluated after 12 months. There
were differentiated results of treatments for each cultivar, showing
that for some attributes, there was an isolated effect of FMA or
co-inoculation of FMA and rhizobacteria, which provided significant
increases on the growth and development of olive tree seedlings
Effects of urban afforestation on the reduction of runoff and on the peak flow delay
No full textA impermeabiliza\ue7\ue3o do solo e aus\ueancia de cobertura
arb\uf3rea produz maior volume de escoamento superficial, amplia o
pico de vaz\ue3o e reduz o tempo de retardo. A busca por alternativas
para diminui\ue7\ue3o do volume de escoamento superficial em
\ue1reas urbanas \ue9 importante para obter respostas
hidrol\uf3gicas aos problemas ocasionados pelo processo de
urbaniza\ue7\ue3o e, com isso, amenizar o risco de
inunda\ue7\ue3o. Este estudo se prop\uf4s a estimar a
redu\ue7\ue3o do escoamento superficial e o atraso no pico de
vaz\ue3o ocasionados pela presen\ue7a das \ue1rvores de tr\ueas
esp\ue9cies ( Mangifera indica , Tabebuia ochracea e Licania
tomentosa ) no meio urbano, o que permitiu a quantifica\ue7\ue3o e
an\ue1lise do desempenho de esp\ue9cies arb\uf3reas na
redu\ue7\ue3o do escoamento urbano; correlacionou os
par\ue2metros arb\uf3reos com a capacidade de redu\ue7\ue3o do
escoamento; bem como averiguou se h\ue1 redu\ue7\ue3o e atraso
nos picos de vaz\ue3o. Os benef\uedcios provenientes da
intercepta\ue7\ue3o das \ue1guas pluviais pelas \ue1rvores
precisam ser ponderados e garantidos nos planos diretores de
arboriza\ue7\ue3o e de drenagem urbana, de modo a alcan\ue7ar a
mitiga\ue7\ue3o dos preju\uedzos provocados pelo descaso com as
\ue1guas urbanas. Para isso, foram utilizados sensores de n\uedvel
(lin\uedgrafos) para a quantifica\ue7\ue3o do escoamento
superficial em \ue1reas com e sem a presen\ue7a da cobertura
arb\uf3rea, e em estruturas experimentais instaladas sobre solo
impermeabilizado, semiperme\ue1vel e perme\ue1vel. Em eventos cujo
valor mediano de precipita\ue7\ue3o bruta foi de 17.1 mm, a
presen\ue7a dos indiv\uedduos arb\uf3reos ocasionou um atraso
mediano no tempo ao pico de vaz\ue3o de 3 minutos, uma
redu\ue7\ue3o do pico de vaz\ue3o de 0.8 mm/min e do escoamento
superficial de 4.7 mm/min.Soil proofing and absence of tree cover produces more volume of surface
runoff, enlarges the peak flow and reduces the delay time. The search
for alternatives to reduce the volume of surface runoff in urban areas
is important to get the hydrological answers to the problems caused by
the urbanization process and, along with that, to reduce the risk of
flooding. This article proposes to estimate the reduction of runoff and
the delay in the peak flow caused by the presence of three species of
trees ( Mangifera indica , Tabebuia ochracea and Licania tomentosa
) in urban areas. This allowed the quantification and the performance
analysis of tree species in reducing urban runoff; the arboreal
parameters correlated with the flow capacity reduction; and examined
whether there is reduction and delay in the peak flows. The benefits
from the interception of storm water for trees need to be pondered and
guaranteed in afforestation master plans and urban drainage in order to
reach the mitigation of damage caused by the neglect of urban water.
For this, level sensors were used (limnigraphs) to quantify the surface
runoff in areas with and without the presence of arboreal coverage, and
in experimental structures set on waterproof, semipermeable and
permeable soil. For events with an average value of gross precipitation
of 17.1 mm, the presence of arboreal individuals caused an average time
delay up to the peak flow of 3 minutes, an average reduction of peak
flow of 0.8 mm/min and it contributed to an average reduction of
surface runoff of 4.7 mm/min