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Thermal treatment, heat treatment or thermal modification?
No full textAs pesquisas brasileiras sobre o processo que tem sido denominado de
retifica\ue7\ue3o t\ue9rmica, termorretifica\ue7\ue3o,
tratamento t\ue9rmico, tratamento com calor e modifica\ue7\ue3o
t\ue9rmica v\ueam crescendo desde o ano 2000. Como a
padroniza\ue7\ue3o de conceitos \ue9 algo importante para o
desenvolvimento cient\uedfico de uma determinada \ue1rea, o
objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revis\ue3o
bibliogr\ue1fica sobre esse processo com a finalidade de se propor a
nomenclatura t\ue9cnica mais adequada para o mesmo em L\uedngua
Portuguesa, com fins de padroniza\ue7\ue3o. Foram revisados os
artigos publicados no tema em 2015, em dez revistas cient\uedficas
internacionais e em sete brasileiras. Tamb\ue9m foi verificado um
livro did\ue1tico estrangeiro, o maior evento cient\uedfico do tema
e informa\ue7\uf5es de empresas europeias detentoras de patentes de
processo e que comercializam produtos. Com base an\ue1lise de todas
as fontes, para a padroniza\ue7\ue3o do processo e da madeira
processada/produto originado, recomenda-se o uso das nomenclaturas
t\ue9cnicas modifica\ue7\ue3o t\ue9rmica e modificada
termicamente, respectivamente. Tecnicamente, n\ue3o est\ue1 errado
o uso dos termos tratamento t\ue9rmico e tratada termicamente e seus
equivalentes tratamento com calor e tratada com calor (apesar destas
serem formas mais raras). Contudo, para n\ue3o incorrer em erros de
interpreta\ue7\ue3o, essas nomenclaturas devem ser evitadas porque
s\ue3o gen\ue9ricas e tradicionalmente empregadas para o consagrado
processo de secagem artificial da madeira. N\ue3o se estimula o uso
das nomenclaturas retifica\ue7\ue3o t\ue9rmica e
termorretifica\ue7\ue3o, bem como seus derivados retificada
termicamente e termorretificada.Brazilian studies of a process that has been variously called in
Portuguese retifica\ue7\ue3o t\ue9rmica,
termorretifica\ue7\ue3o (both with no English correspondent),
tratamento t\ue9rmico (thermal treatment), tratamento com calor (heat
treatment) or modifica\ue7\ue3o t\ue9rmica (thermal modification)
have been increasing since 2000. Because the standardization of
concepts is important for the scientific development of any subject,
the aim of this article was to provide a literature review about this
process, to propose the most appropriate technical nomenclature for it
in Portuguese, aiming at standardization. We reviewed articles about
this process, published in 2015, in ten international scientific
journals and seven Brazilian journals. We also verified a foreign
textbook, the largest scientific event on the subject and information
on European companies that have process patents and products on the
market were also verified. Based on all the verified sources, it is
recommended the technical nomenclature \u7f5modifica\ue7\ue3o
t\ue9rmica\u92 (thermal modification) for the process and
\u7f5modificada termicamente\u92 (thermally modified) for the
wood/products. Technically, it is not wrong to use the terms
\u7f5tratamento t\ue9rmico\u92 (thermal treatment) and
\u7f5tratada termicamente\u94 (thermally treated) and their
equivalents \u7f5tratamento com calor (heat treatment) and
\u7f5tratada com calor\u92 (heat treated). However, in order to
avoid errors of interpretation, these nomenclatures should be avoided
because they are generic and traditionally used for the
well-established process of artificial drying of wood. It is also
strongly discouraged the use of \u7f5retifica\ue7\ue3o
t\ue9rmica\u92 and \u7f5termorretifica\ue7\ue3o\u92 as well
as their derivatives \u7f5retificada termicamente\u92 and
\u7f5termorretificada\u92
Stability and breeding potential of tomato hybrids
No full textCommercial tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) hybrids can be a good
germplasm for obtaining new tomato inbred lines. The present study was
aimed to investigate the stability of commercial F1 hybrids under
climatic conditions of highlands, to estimate genetic parameters, and
evaluate the breeding potential of F1 hybrids based on the agronomic
performance of its F3 progeny. We employed a breeding scheme based on
pedigree selection for the obtainment of 49 F3 families. Significant
differences were found in most of the traits evaluated in both F1 and
F3 generations, while in the F2 population only one variable showed
significant differences. Heritability ranged from 0.07 to 0.29 for F1,
and from 0.16 to 0.45 for F3. Most of the F1 hybrids exhibited values
of stability across seasons in at least one trait. However,
\u7f5Loreto\u92 and \u7f5Reserva\u92 only exhibited a high
stability for yield. Genetic gains ranged from -8.40 to 72.95. Yield
per plant was the traits with the highest gain. Based on genetic gains
obtained by the F3 progeny, we concluded that \u7f5Cid\u92,
\u7f5Espartaco\u92 and \u7f5Loreto\u92 have a high breeding
potential for yield and other traits, which could be exploited by
public tomato breeding programs
Transcriptome analysis of hot pepper plants identifies waterlogging resistance related genes
No full textHot pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important
vegetable crops in China, but floods bring substantial decreases in
production over the past several decades. In order to investigate the
mechanisms of waterlogging resistance in mutant hot pepper, we measured
the agronomic traits of mutant and wild-type, as well as the activities
of root antioxidant enzymes and the contents of osmotic regulation
substance. At the same time, we did transcriptome sequencing on the
plant roots, and screened for differentially expressed genes between
mutant and wild-type. The results showed that, under waterlogging
stress, the mutants could grow normally, and the activities of their
superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase
were significantly increased, as well as the contents of proline and
soluble sugar. The accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydroxyl radical
in mutants was significantly reduced. Among the 61 differentially
expressed genes from transcriptome analysis, 24 genes were up-regulated
and 37 genes were down-regulated in mutants. After functional analysis,
we found 8 genes related to the metabolism of endogenous hormone and
protective enzymes, among which, auxin-induced protein related gene
cap.ARATH, ethylene response related gene Cap.RAP2, MYB family related
gene Cap.MYB1R1, and the 4 genes related to peroxidase Cap.POD, were
significantly up-regulated in mutants, while the Capana01g001329 gene
was down-regulated. These results suggest that under waterlogging
stress, the mutant could enhance its resistance to waterlogging by
regulating the genes involved in metabolism of endogenous hormones and
protective enzymes. This study provides the scientific basis for
elucidating the gene regulation network of mutant pepper under
waterlogging stress
Seed soaking with Bacillus sp. strain HX-2 alleviates negative effects of drought stress on maize seedlings
No full textDrought, one of the most detrimental environmental factors for
agricultural production all over the world, severely represses plant
survival and productivity of crops. Microbial technology plays a
prominent part in improving drought resistance of crops. Here,
endophytic bacterium Bacillus megaterium strain HX-2 was isolated
from healthy leaves of Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.)
Kuntze; its drought tolerance level and growth promoting
characteristics were carried out in vivo, and the effects of the
bacterium on morphological, physiological and biochemical variables of
maize ( Zea mays L.) seedling under drought stress were investigated
in a pot experiment. As a result, B. megaterium strain HX-2 had 15%
tolerance to polyethylene glycol 6000, produced indoleacetic acid and
dissolved phosphate. After inoculation with strain HX-2, plant height,
root length, plant biomass, root:shoot ratio, root activity, leaf
relative water content, proline content, plant P content, and enzyme
activities including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and
ascorbate peroxidase increased considerably by 7.69%-42.9%, whereas
electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content declined significantly
by 28.17%-42.38% relative to drought stress. These changes suggested
that strain HX-2 was able to alleviate negative effects of drought
stress on plants by producing indoleacetic acid and dissolving
phosphate to improve the antioxidant system of plants. This study will
provide theoretical reference for cultivation of maize under drought
stress
Critical period of weed interference on total polyphenol content in quinoa
No full textThere is limited information about the critical period of weed
interference (CPWI) in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and the
effect produced by the weed-crop interaction in secondary metabolite
accumulation. The objective of the present study was to determine the
CPWI and its effect on total polyphenol content in quinoa. The
experiments were conducted during two consecutive seasons using a
randomized complete block design with 16 treatments consisting of 8
weed growth periods and 8 weed-free growth periods in which weed
population and biomass were evaluated; productive parameters, yield
components, and total polyphenols were determined in the quinoa crop.
Grain number per plant affected yield because of weed interference (P
< 0.05), which decreased from 4312 to 162 grains plant-1 in weed
growth periods and increased from 181 to 5110 grains plant-1 in
weed-free growth periods. Total polyphenol content was affected by
stress from weed interference (P < 0.05), which increased from 2.2
gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 to 3.6 mg GAE g-1 in weed growth
periods and decreased from 3.6 GAE g-1 to 1.9 mg GAE g-1 in weed-free
growth periods, while the population remained constant (P > 0.05).
The CPWI was determined between the phenological stages of two true
leaves to flowering; therefore, the quinoa crop must remain weed-free
between these two phenological stages to rule out production losses
greater than 5%
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression in gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma in patients seen at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
Get PDFBackground: There are scanty data on the occurrence of gastric tumours
overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in
Africa. Objective: To assess HER2 protein overexpression in gastric and
gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GGEAC) samples from a single
centre in Zambia. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of
formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks with GGEAC. Prepared slides
were first stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and then evaluated for
HER2 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry. Results: A total
of 57 gastric tissues were stained and evaluated for HER2
overexpression. Thirteen (23%) showed overexpression, 41/57 (72%) had
negative and 3/57 (5%) had equivocal staining. The equivocal cases were
excluded from the final analysis. Of the remaining 54 tissues, 28 (52%)
were from females, and 26 (48%) were from males. The mean age was 59
years (SD 15 years). HER2 overexpression was highest in moderately
differentiated tumours (p=0.0005). Intestinal type tumours had a higher
occurrenc of HER2 overexpression than diffuse or mixed sub-types
(p=0.0087). HER2 overexpression was not associated with age (p=0.27),
sex (p=1.00) or anatomical location (p=1.00). Conclusion: The
occurrence of GGEAC HER2 overexpression in Zambian patients is similar
to proportions reported elsewhere, and it is associated with moderately
differentiated tumours of the intestinal type
Ectopic pregnancy in the ampulla of the fallopian tube at 16 gestational weeks: lessons from a case report
Get PDFBackground: It is uncommon to find ampullary tubal pregnancy in the
second trimester. Methods: A 35-year-old G4P3 at 16 gestational weeks
presented with a day history of sudden severe lower abdominal pain and
no vaginal bleeding. The patient had a normal pulse of 82/minutes,
haemoglobin concentration of 6.3 g/dl and ultrasonography showed an
empty uterus with an alive fetus in the right adnexa. She was
provisionally diagnosed to have an abdominal pregnancy. Results: The
patient had an emergency laparotomy where 2.2 L of haemoperitoneum and
a slow-leaking right ampullary tubal pregnancy were found. Right total
salpingectomy was performed and she had an uncomplicated post-operative
follow-up. Histology of the lesion confirmed tubal pregnancy.
Conclusion: The growth of a pregnancy in the ampulla beyond the first
trimester is possibly due to increased thickness and or distensibility
of the fallopian tube. A tubal pregnancy may present with a normal
pulse despite significant haemorrhage
Transverse cerebellar diameter: a reliable predictor of gestational age
Get PDFObjectives: To determine accuracy of transverse cerebellar diameter
(TCD) measurement in the prediction of gestational age (GA) in normal
fetuses; to develop reference chart for TCD according to GA in Indian
population. Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Method:
Ultrasonographic measurements in 300 singleton pregnant women included
biparietal diameter (cm), head circumference (cm), abdominal
circumference (cm), femur length (cm) and transverse cerebellar
diameter (cm). Reference chart with mean TCD for corresponding
gestational age (GA) in weeks was developed. Results: Statistically
significant relationship found between TCD and gestational age
(R2=0.92, p=0.0006). Regression formulae based on TCD with other
parameter can be used to predict gestational age of foetus. When TCD is
compared with findings in other studies in different ethnic population,
it is found that there is significant difference exists. Conclusion: In
normally developing fetuses the TCD has linear correlation with
advancing gestational age. A separate reference chart is required for
every different population because ethnicity, nutrition and
environmental factors can have impact on normal TCD values. This will
help to avoid misinterpretation of data to determine gestational age
Infertility and associated factors in three hospitals in Douala, Cameroon: a cross-sectional study
Get PDFAim: We determined the prevalence and factors associated with couple
infertility in three hospitals in Douala, Cameroon. Methods: We
conducted a cross-sectional study from December 18th 2015 to March 18th
2016 in three public hospitals in Douala. Three hundred and sixty
participants were studied prospectively for associated factors using a
multivariate logistic regression model and 4732 files were studied
retrospectively for the prevalence of infertility. Statistical
significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of couple
infertility was 19.2%. In logistic models, the factors which
independently increased the risk of couple infertility were a history
of reproductive tract infection/STI, a history of uterine fibroids, a
history of dysmenorrhea and abortion for the females while for males it
was a history of mumps, erectile dysfunction and exposure to
chemicals/toxic substances/pesticides. Conclusion: One in every five
couples in this study was infertile. Several factors affect the risks
associated with couple infertility. The identification of these factors
could help detect subgroups of couples at high risk of infertility.
Reproductive health education, screening programmes for STI\u2019s
that may lead to infertility should be offered to couples
A multilevel analysis of the determinants of handwashing behavior among households in Eswatini: a secondary analysis of the 2014 multiple indicator cluster survey
Get PDFIntroduction: Handwashing with soap has received considerable attention
due to its importance in the prevention and interruption of the
transmission of diseases. Regardless of the positive effects of
handwashing with soap, developing countries still have a low rate of
handwashing. Objective: The study aimed to determine the individual,
household and community-level factors associated with handwashing
behavior among households in Eswatini Methods: Using the Eswatini
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey conducted in 2014, a secondary
analysis was done of the households surveyed. A total of 1,520
households nested in communities with complete data on handwashing
practices were included in the analysis. Univariate, bivariate analysis
and multivariate multilevel logistic regression were used to establish
the factors that were associated with handwashing behavior. Results:
The prevalence of handwashing among households was 56% in 2014.
Households whose heads were aged 35-54 and 55 years and older were more
likely to practice handwashing (AOR=1.88, 95% CI:1.39, 2.54); and
(AOR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.205, 2.62) compared to those aged 15-34 years.
Households with a pit latrine or no toilet facility at all, were less
likely to practice handwashing (AOR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.35);
(AOR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.71) respectively compared to those with a
flush toilet. Region of residence was a community-level variable
associated with lower odds of handwashing, with those from the Hhohho
(AOR=0.22, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.35) and Manzini region (AOR=0.42, 95% CI:
0.27, 0.67) compared to Lubombo region. Households from communities
where access to mass media was high were more likely to practice
handwashing (AOR =1.47, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.03) compared to those from
communities where access to mass media was low Conclusion: Households
headed by young adults, with pit latrine or no toilet facility at all
and lived in the Hhohho and Manzini regions and with low access to mass
media, should be targeted for interventions aimed at improving
handwashing practices