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Uptake and outcomes of early infant male circumcision services in four counties in Western Kenya
Get PDFBackground: Early Infant Male Circumcision (EIMC) is part of
sustainable HIV prevention strategies in Kenya. The goals of the
national EIMC program are to circumcise at least 40% of all newborn
male infants delivered at hospitals offering the service and keep the
rate of moderate and adverse events below 2%. Objectives: To determine
the proportion of early male infants (age less than 60 days) born at
hospitals in four counties of western Kenya who got circumcised and
document the prevalence of adverse events (AEs) among those
circumcised. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study involving all
records for EIMC from 1st March 2014 through 31st March 2018 in four
counties of western Kenya. Data analysis was done using EXEL to
document proportion of facilities offering EIMC and compare EIMC uptake
and outcomes in the four counties against the national goals for the
program. Results: A mean of 4.3% of total health facilities offer EIMC
in the region. Siaya had the highest proportion of facilities offering
EIMC while Migori had the lowest proportion. Uptake of EIMC was low at
17.4% for all male infants born, far less than the anticipated target
of 40%. Average adverse event rates were 0.3%. Conclusion: EIMC uptake
remains low in this region of Kenya due to small number of health
facilities offering the service. The proportion of circumcised early
male infants born at the target health facilities is below the national
target of 40% even though the rate of adverse events among those
circumcised is acceptable
Monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio is associated with Ascending Aorta Dilatation in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Get PDFBackground: The importance of monocyte count-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio
(MHR) in cardio- vascular diseases has been shown in various studies.
Ascending aortic dilatation (AAD) is a common complication in the
patients with bicuspid aortic valve. In this study, we aimed to
investigate the relationship between MHR and the presence of aortic
dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Methods: The
study population included totally 347 patients with bicuspid aortic
valve.169 patients with aortic dilatation (ascending aorta diameter
65 4.0 cm) and 178 patients with no aortic dilatation.
Echocardiographic and laboratory measurement was done and compared
between groups. Results: The mean age of the participants was 44.7
\ub1 15.4 years and average ascending aorta diameter was 3.2 \ub1
0.3 cm in dilatation negative group and 4.4 \ub1 0.4 cm in positive
group. MHR was significantly increased in in patients with aortic
dilatation. MHR and uric acid level was independently associated with
the presence of aortic dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic
valve. Conclusion: We found a significant relationship between MHR and
aortic dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve
A preliminary study of skin bleaching and factors associated with skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe
Get PDFBackground: Skin bleaching was reported to be commonly practiced among
women and Africa was reported to be one of the most affected yet the
subject is not given much attention in public health research in
Zimbabwe despite the adverse effects of skin bleaching on health.
Method: This study was an exploratory cross-sectional survey to explore
skin bleaching, skin bleaching patterns and factors associated with
skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe. An online
self-administered questionnaire was sent out to women on social network
i.e. WhatsApp, Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter. Findings: A total number
of 260 respondents, mean age 31.69 (SD, 8.12) years participated in the
survey. The prevalence of skin bleaching among the participants was
31.15%. The major reason reported for skin bleaching was to have smooth
and healthy skin alongside other factors such as beauty, gaining social
favours for example getting married and good jobs. Occupation,
complexion and marital status were associated with skin bleaching. The
odds of skin bleaching for participants who were employed was 1.45(95%
confidence interval [CI],0.32-1.91);p-value 0.02, dark skinned
participants 2.56(95% CI, 0.76-2.87);p-value 0.01 and unmarried
participants 2.87(95% CI,0.29-3.58);p-value 0.03. Conclusion: Evidence
from the research suggests skin bleaching might be common among women
living in Zimbabwe and possibly poses serious health threats to the
women. Skin bleaching seems to be deep rooted in colourism. The
colourism seems to be taken advantage of by the cosmetic industry which
produce the potentially hazardous products which promise the revered
light skin to women but which comes with a price. However, the study
provides a base for future studies to explore more on skin bleaching
practices among women living in Zimbabwe
Insecticide resistance of Dengue vectors in South East Asia: a systematic review
Get PDFBackground: The insecticides used widely has led to resistance in the
vector and impose a challenge to vector control operation. Objectives:
This review aims to analyse the distribution of insecticide resistance
of dengue vectors in South East Asia and to describe the mechanism of
insecticide resistance. Methods: Literature search for articles
published on 2015 to 2019 from PubMed, Scopus and ProQuest was
performed. Total of 37 studies included in the final review from the
initial 420 studies. Results: Pyrethroid resistance was concentrated
on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Northern Thailand and
scattered at Java Island, Indonesia while organophosphate resistance
was seen across the Java Island (Indonesia), West Sumatera and North
Peninsular Malaysia. Organochlorine resistance was seen in Sabah,
Malaysia and scattered distribution in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
V1016G, S989P, F1269C gene mutation in Aedes Aegypti were associated
with Pyrethroid resistance in Singapore and Indonesia. In Malaysia,
over-expressed with monooxygenase P450 genes (CYP9J27, CYP6CB1, CYP9J26
and CYP9M4) Glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases commonly
associated with pyrethroids resistance in Aedes Aegypti and CYP612
overexpressed in Aedes Albopictus . The genetic mutation in A302S in
Aedes Albopictus was associated with organochlorine resistance in
Malaysia. Conclusions: Rotation of insecticide, integration with
synergist and routine assessment of resistance profile are recommended
strategies in insecticide resistance management
Aerobic versus resistance exercises on systemic inflammation and sleep parameters in obese subjects with chronic insomnia syndrome
No full textBackground: Chronic primary insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder that
is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. Exercise is
often considered a non-pharmacological approach that could have
beneficial effects on sleep. Objective: The aim of the study was to
compare the impact of aerobic and resistance exercise training on
quality of sleep and inflammatory markers among subjects with chronic
primary insomnia. Material and Methods: Sixty previously sedentary
subjects with chronic primary insomnia subjects enrolled in this study,
their age ranged from 31-52 years. All participants were randomly
assigned to aerobic exercise intervention group (group A, n=35) or
resistance exercise intervention group (group B, n=35).
Polysomnographic recordings for sleep quality assessment, IL-6, IL-10
and TNF-\u3b1 were measured before and at the end of the study after
six months. Results: There was a significant increase in the total
sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency and IL-10 in
group(A) and group (B) in addition to significant reduction in awake
time after sleep onset, REM latency, IL-6 and TNF-\u3b1 after 6 months
of aerbic and resistance exercise training. However, there were
significant differences between both groups at the end of the study.
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise training is more appropriately than
resistance exercise training in modulation of inflammatory and sleep
quality among subjects with chronic primary insomnia
Prevalence of pre-diabetes and risk factors among secondary school adolescents in Osogbo Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria
No full textBackground: Pre-diabetes is an emerging public health challenge in
sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives: To estimate prevalence of pre-diabetes
and assess its associated factors among adolescents. The risk factors
were divided into individual, interpersonal and community factors,
adapting socio-ecological model. Methods: This study utilised a
cross-sectional descriptive survey. The target population was secondary
school adolescents of Osogbo Local Government. Questionnaire was used
to interview 405 participants through multi-stage sampling. Prediabetes
was measure through fasting blood glucose. Results: Findings revealed
prevalence rate of 9.4%. Individual factors identified to be
significant include age, religion and family history. Further analysis
showed adolescents with normal BMI and high BP are likely to develop
pre-diabetes when compared to those with underweight and normal BP
respectively. Among interpersonal factors, parents\u2019 dietary habit
was significant. Also, adolescents with employed parents were likely to
develop pre-diabetes compared to those with unemployed parents. Lastly,
availability of healthy food in school was the only statistically
significant community factor. Hence, the more availability of food,
fruits and vegetables in schools, the less likelihood of developing
prediabetes. Conclusion: These findings affirmed that prediabetes is
becoming common problem among Nigerian adolescents. There is therefore
need for stakeholders to face this challenge before it becomes endemic
SRY and NR5A1 gene mutation in Algerian children and adolescents with DSD and testicular dysgenesis
No full textBackground: In humans, sex determination and differentiation is
genetically controlled. Disorders of sex development (DSD) result in
anomalies of the development of the external and internal genitalia.
Variants in transcription factors such as SRY, NR5A1 and SOX9, can
cause changes in gonadal development often associated with ambiguity of
the external genitalia. Objectives: This study has been conducted to
determine the frequency, types and associated genetic alterations in
patients with DSD in the Algerian population. Methods: Thirty patients
were included. Based on their clinical presentation, thirteen patients
presented with ambiguous external genitalia, thirteen patients
presented with hypospadias and four patients presented with bilateral
undescended testes. Karyotype analysis was performed on peripheral
blood lymphocytes using standard R-banding. DNA was isolated from blood
leukocytes for PCR reaction and mutational analysis of SRY and NR5A1
was done by direct sequencing. Results: Most patients with ambiguous
genitalia had a 46,XY karyotype. One patient had a deletion of SRY,
otherwise no point mutations in SRY or NR5A1 genes were identified.
However, a single NR5A1 polymorphism (p.Gly146Ala) in patient with
46,XX DSD has been detected. Conclusions: The absence of mutations in
these genes suggests that there are others genes playing an important
role in sex development and differentiation
Finite Element Analysis of the Effect of Fin Geometry on Thermal Performance of Heat Sinks in Microelectronics
No full textHeat sinks are commonly used for the dissipation of heat in
microelectronics packages. The choice of optimal heat sinks
configuration largely depends on the market demand and thermal
performance. Hence, having the right heat sinks configuration is vital
to the overall thermal durability of the microelectronics package. This
paper investigates the thermal resistance and efficiency of heat sink
fins geometry in microelectronics application. This study investigates
the shapes of six (square, rectangular, triangular, hexagonal,
circular, and elliptical) different heat sink fins on thermal
performance. ANSYS finite element design software was used to create
the 3D models and meshed between 5-20% of the initial mesh size.
Transient thermal conduction analysis was used in analysing the heat
sinks. The results obtained demonstrated that the more number of
elements in the mesh (or the finer the mesh) the better the convergence
of the numerical solution. The results also showed that the rectangular
shaped heat sink fins exhibited better thermal capabilities than the
other shaped fins, by having a maximum temperature of about 42.5oC,
thermal resistance of about 0.244 K/W, and thermal efficiency of about
50%
Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Proximate, Haematological and Leukocyte Compositions of Clarias gariepinus
No full textStudy was conducted to evaluate effects of feeding different dietary
protein levels on haematological profile and leukocyte population of
Clarias gariepinus using net-hapa system. Catfish fingerlings (mean
weight 4.50\ub1 0.01g) were randomly stocked at 20 fish per net-hapa
(1m3). Five experimental diets with crude protein of 40.00%, 42.50%,
45.00%, 47.50% and 50% were formulated and fed to the fish for 24
weeks. Blood samples were collected and examined for white blood cell
(WBC), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HB), haematocrit (HCT) mean
corpuscle volume (MCV) mean corpuscle haemoglobin (MCH) mean corpuscle
haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Platelet (PLT), leukocytes,
lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Results
revealed a reverse relationship between haematological indices of fish
and dietary protein inclusion levels. The best WBC
(207x103count/\u3bcl), RBC (4.9x106count/\u3bcl), Hb (19.0g/dl), HCT
(41.0%), MCV (149.0fL), MCH (49.35pg), MCHC (40.6g/dl) and PLT
(134.0x103count/\u3bcl)) were presented in fish fed 40% protein diets.
Results of leucocyte population did not follow any particular trend. A
high positive correlation (r>0.9000; p<0.05) existed between the
treatments in RBC, WBC, and Hb. The results conclude that 40% dietary
protein inclusion is recommended for C. gariepinus for sound and
healthy condition in floating net-hapa system