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Application of Cowdung and Sawdust as Biostimulants for Enhanced Bioremediation of Diesel Contaminated Soil
No full textThe study was aimed at exploring the use of cow dung (CD) and sawdust
(SD) as bio stimulants for enhanced ex-situ bioremediation of diesel
fuel contaminated soil. Results of the microbial populations in a gram
of soil showed that diesel polluted soil amended with CD had the
highest total culturable heterotrophic bacterial (TCHB) population
range (1.42 x 106 - 1.56 x 107Cfu/g), total fungal (TF) (1.0 x 106
\u2013 1.60x107Cfu/g), hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) (4.5 x 106
\u2013 2.05 x 107Cfu/g) and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF) (3.5 x
106 \u2013 1.3 x 107Cfu/g) respectively during the study. Diesel
polluted soil amended with SD had lower TCHB populations (1.32 x 106
\u2013 2.0 x 107Cfu/g), TF (6.0 x 106 \u2013 3.6 x 107 Cfu/g), HUB
(5.4 x 106 \u2013 1.28 x 107Cfu/g) and HUF (1.2 x 106 \u2013 2.0 x
106Cfu/g) respectively, while the microbial populations in option C
(control) were TCHB (1.14 x 106 \u2013 1.18 x 107Cfu/g), TF (1.7 x 106
\u2013 7.0 x 106Cfu/g), HUB (4.2 x 106 \u2013 7.8 x 106Cfu/g) and HUF
(1.1 x 106 \u2013 5.0 x 107Cfu/g) respectively. Changes in pH values
showed reductions in CD (7.10 \u2013 6.20) and SD (5.78 \u2013 4.88)
amended soils. Percentage losses in TPH from chromatography results
showed diesel polluted soil amended with CD (61.30%), SD (41%) and
control (4.11%) respectively. Characterization and identification tests
of bacterial isolates revealed that a microbial consortium comprising
of the following HUB genera; Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Proteus,
Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium and
Escherichia coli was implicated in the biodegradation process.
Similarly, the HUF encountered were Fusarium, Aspergillus,
Microsporium, Penicilium and Mucor. The results suggest that the
application of cow dung as biostimulant will enhance the bioremediation
of diesel contaminated soil than the application of sawdust
Market Town Household Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Embu, Kenya
No full textHousehold solid waste management directly impacts human health and the
environment. Globally, increasing quantities and complexity of
household solid waste has become a menace in many market towns. The aim
of this study was to establish the status of household solid waste
management in the market town of Embu in Kenya. The objectives were to
identify the methods used by households to manage solid waste and to
establish the factors that influenced the households\u2019 choice of
solid waste management method. A survey design was deployed and
questionnaires were used in data collection. Data analysis was done
using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. 37% of the
households discarded their solid waste in open places, 32% burnt and
24% recycled it. About 8% households reused the solid waste.
Employment, education and access to waste collection services were the
major factors influencing household solid waste management strategy.
Sustainability of household solid waste management depended on
awareness on health and environmental benefits of improved household
solid waste management, reduction in household solid waste generation
and establishment of a household solid waste management policy for Embu
market Town. It was concluded that the current practices for household
solid waste management are inadequate. High level of unemployment and
low education level hinder proper household solid waste management.
Awareness on the health and environmental benefits and policy could
improve household waste management in the market town
Magnetic Pollution of Soil Samples at Some Industrial Sites in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria
No full textMagnetic susceptibility of polluted material can give a general view of
the degree of heavy metal pollution, prior to a more expensive and
time-consuming chemical analyses. In this study, magnetic
susceptibility measurements of 40 soil samples collected from some
industrial sites of Jos Metropolis, were made using MS2G Sensor
connected to Bartington MS 2 susceptibility meter. Volume magnetic
susceptibility values ranged from 0.00026 x 10-5 SI to 0.0650 x 10-5 SI
while low frequency mass specific susceptibility values ranged from
0.1181 x 10-6 m3kg-1 to 20.3 x 10-6 m3kg-1. In both cases least and
highest values are recorded at Zuma Steel and Dilimi respectively.
Comparing low frequency mass specific susceptibility values obtained
from industrial sites to that obtained from non-industrial sites, it
was observed that samples 11 and 12 from JIB and all samples collected
from Dilimi recorded values higher than the background soil samples
thus indicating magnetic enhancement of soil at these locations by
anthropogenic sources. The relationship between the volume magnetic
susceptibility and mass specific susceptibility showed correlation of
0.983 implying that volume magnetic susceptibility results can be
accepted in the absence of low frequency mass specific susceptibility
measurement to assess magnetic pollution. The study also revealed that
the magnetic behaviour of the dried soil samples collected from the
industrial sites are controlled by concentration of ferrimagnetic
minerals
Facies Architecture Analysis for Paleo-environment Evaluation in \u201cTom\u201d Oil Field, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
No full textThe cored section of reservoir C, well 4 of the drilled five wells that
penetrated three reservoirs A, B and C in \u201cTOM\u201d oil field,
Eastern Niger Delta was analysed and described on the basis of
lithofacies, sedimentary structures and trace fossil records by using
core data and wireline log motifs, with the aim of carrying out
thorough geological core analysis to interpret the depositional
environment of the oil field. The lithofacies are sandstones with
interbedded mudstones and siltstones, the dominant sedimentary
structures are parallel to ripple cross laminations, hummocky and
swaley cross stratifications, sandy hetherolitics, planar to low angle
cross bedding with traces of Teichichnus and Ophiomorpha burrows.
The gamma-ray log motifs were noted and used to further constrain the
character of the sedimentary facies and depositional environment of the
field. A tidal incised \u2013 fluvial dominated shallow marine (lower,
middle, upper shoreface) comprises of tidal channel sands and tidal
flat of the coastal shelf depositional setting in the marginal marine
mega depositional environment had been inferred for the
\u201cTOM\u201d field
Heavy Metal Levels in Vegetables and Soil Cultivated with Industrial Wastewater from Different Sites of Chunian and Jamber, District, Kasur
No full textIn human diet, vegetables play important role to maintain the
physiological conditions. Due to anthropogenic activities and
pollution, the food items become contaminated. The present study was
performed to evaluate the level of heavy metals in the vegetables
irrigated with wastewater across Chunian and Jamber, district, Kasur.
Level of heavy metals from the study area like Zinc, Lead and chromium
in the soil, water and vegetables was compared. The four sites of each
city and 10 vegetables e.g. potato, radish, carrot, fenugreek, spinach,
tomato, Onion, Turnip, Cauliflower, Pangalo were selected to conduct
the experiment. The vegetables were irrigated with industrial
wastewater and the concentration of heavy metals was measured by the
atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). We concluded that the level
of heavy metals was beyond the FAO limits in irrigated water due to
industrial waste. In Jamber and Chunian, the level of Zn and Pb was
high and beyond the FAO safe limits in the all water sample, the level
of Cr was much higher only in the water sample of one site from Jamber.
The concentration of zinc was higher in soil samples as compared to
lead and chromium. Zn and Pb in vegetables of study area were labeled
as priority pollutants but this concentration was within the safe
limits set by FAO. However, constant inspection of heavy metals is
recommended to avoid accumulation in the food chain and thus avoid
human health risks
Comparative Study of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network for Modeling and Optimization of Extraction Process Parameters on Tetrapleura Tetraptera
No full textBioactive compounds in the fruits of Tetrapleura tetraptera is widely
used in food as a flavouring agent and for spices. In this study,
bioactive compounds were extracted by solid-liquid extraction process
and the yield was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and
artificial neural network (ANN). The process parameters optimized were
the extraction temperature, particle size and extraction time.
Box-Behnken Design was used to study the effect of the process
parameters on the extract yield. A quadratic model was obtained by RSM
which was used to predict the extract yield. While for ANN, Bayesian
Regularization learning algorithm with hyperbolic function (Tanh) for
both hidden and output layers was the best model for predicting the
extract yield. The performance of both models was established based on
their R2 and RMSE values. (R2 and RMSE values were 0.9391 and 3.10 for
RSM and 0.9637 and 0.8193 for ANN respectively). ANN gave the maximum
extract yield of 29.15 % higher than that of RSM which evaluated a
yield of 27.70 % with optimum conditions at extraction temperature of
90\ub0C, particle size of 3.26 mm and extraction time of 50 mins. It
was therefore concluded that ANN is better than RSM in the modeling and
optimization of the extraction process parameters
Adsorption of Cu (II) and Ni (II) Ions from Solution onto Calcium Alginate Beads
No full textThe objective of this study was to investigate the biosorption of Cu
(II) and Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution by calcium alginate beads.
The effects of solution pH, contact time and initial metal ion
concentration were evaluated. The results showed that maximum Cu (II)
removal (93.10%) occurred at pH of 9.0, contact time of 120 minutes and
initial ion concentration of 10 mg/L while that of Ni (II) was 94.6%,
which was achieved at pH of 8.0, contact time of 120 minutes and
initial ion concentration of 10 mg/L. The equilibrium data fitted well
to the Langmuir Isotherm indicating that the process is a monolayer
adsorption. The coefficients of determination, R2, values for the
Langmuir Isotherm were 0.9799 and 0.9822 respectively for Cu (II) and
Ni (II) ions. The values of the maximum biosorption capacity, Qo, were
10.79 and 6.25 mgg-1 respectively. The kinetic data also revealed that
the sorption process could best be described by the pseudo \u2013
second order kinetic model. The R2 values for the pseudo \u2013 second
order kinetic plots for Cu (II) and Ni (II) were 0.9988 and 0.9969
respectively. These values were higher than those for the pseudo
\u2013 first order plots. The values of the biosorption capacity qe
obtained from the pseudo \u2013 second order plots were very close to
the experimental values of qe indicating that the biosorption process
follows the second order kinetics. This study has therefore shown that
calcium alginate beads can be used for the removal of Cu (II) and Ni
(II) ions from wastewaters
Physicochemical Analysis of Surface and Ground Water in Ugbomro and Iteregbi, Delta State, Nigeria
No full textPhysicochemical analyses of surface and groundwater samples from eleven
different locations in Ugbomro and Iteregbi, Delta State, Nigeria were
sampled and analyzed for physicochemical parameters according to
standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The
following mean and standard deviation were obtained from the
groundwater of the communities: temp (oC) 22.46 \ub1 0.50 and 23.23
\ub1 0.99, pH 6.63 \ub1 0.68 and 6.69 \ub1 0.24, dissolved oxygen
(DO) (mg/L) 5.91 \ub1 0.46 and 5.73 \ub1 0.46, chemical oxygen
demand (COD) (mg/L) 4.24 \ub1 0.01 and 4.43 \ub1 0.10, biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) (mg/L) 3.51 \ub1 0.38 and 3.84 \ub1 0.21,
Turbidity (NTU) 1.22 \ub1 1.07 and 3.56 \ub1 0.77, electrical
conductivity (EC) (\u3bcs/cm) 748.9 \ub1 215.79 and 786.67 \ub1
226.77, color (TCU) 1.22 \ub1 2.12 and 6.11 \ub1 2.11, total
alkalinity (TA) (mg/L) 6.22 \ub1 7.38 and 14.11 \ub1 11.19, HCO3-
(mg/L) 6.22 \ub1 7.38 and 14.11 \ub1 11.19, NO3- (mg/L) 1.13 \ub1
0.62 and 2.89 \ub1 1.25, total solids (TS) (mg/L) 489.09 \ub1
180.17 and 664.95 \ub1 373.37, total suspended solids (TSS) (mg/L)
32.25 \ub1 24.29 and 123.86 \ub1 82.79, total dissolved solids
(TDS) (mg/L) 456.78 \ub1 163.73 and 542.20 \ub1 450.66, Cl- (mg/L)
21.20 \ub1 3.20 and 20.10 \ub1 3.89, total hardness (TH) (mg/L)
26.67 \ub1 22.83 and 46.78 \ub1 36.17, Na (mg/L) 1.26 \ub1 0.06
and 1.16 \ub1 0.04, K (mg/L) 0.04 \ub1 0.01 and 0.06 \ub1 0.03,
Mg (mg/L) 4.32 \ub1 3.23 and 6.96 \ub1 5.49, Ca (mg/L) 8.68 \ub1
9.35 and 18.12 \ub1 13.71 respectively. The results obtained were
subjected to statistical analysis and compared with the standard set by
the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) for water samples. Some of the parameters did not
meet the standards, hence the need for treatment. The present
physio-chemical analyses of surface and groundwater quality of the two
neighboring university areas, Ugbomro and Iteregbi, were done to assess
the environmental status of the environment before socio-economic
impacts
Habitats of antlions larvae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in the Sudano-Guinean and Sudano-Sahelian zones of Cameroon
No full textAntlions (Insecta: Neuroptera) are flying insect associated with sunny
weather at adult stage. During larval stage, xerophilous insects they
are familiar to arid soils with critical temperature, hygrometry and
luminosity. These 3 climatic parameters are used to discriminate among
larval habitats of antlions in the Soudano Guinean and Soudano Sahelian
Savannah of Cameroon. Investigations made during 3 years from 2015 to
2018, consisted in survey of larvae\u2019s funnels. At the level of
each active pit-traps, the 3 parameters were recorded during the whole
dry season. Analysis of data computerised pointed out that larvae of
Cueta bourborni Navas 1935, and those of Cueta sp, are frequent within
sites that are warm (40.57\ub10.64\ub0C to 52.14\ub14.08\ub0C);
dry (10.91\ub10.82-16.81\ub12.74%rh) and lighted (94380.2
\ub116109.4 lux) habitats. On the other hand, larvae of Myrmeleon
quinquemaculatus Hagen 1853 are associated with sites that are: humid
(75.46\ub14.50% RH), cloudy (448.232\ub1300. 491 lux) with tendency
to moist (22.11\ub10.88\ub0C to 28.10 \ub12.14\ub0C). Presence
of C. bourbonni sometimes in the moisty Soudano Guinean zone could only
indicate episode of warming
Evaluation of Different Rainfall-based Drought Indices Detection of Meteorological Drought Events in Imo State, Nigeria
No full textDrought Indices are extensively adopted as a drought detection and
monitoring tool in all climatic regions. This study assesses and
compares the performance of four rainfall based drought indices,
Deciles index (DI), Percent of Normal Index (PNI), Standardized
Precipitation Index (SPI) and Z-score Index (ZSI) in detection and
classification of drought events in Imo state , a humid environment of
Nigeria from (1982 to 2016). The result shows that droughts do occur in
humid climatic region of Nigeria. The various indices differ in their
detection and classification of drought events in the study area.
However, they classified 2007 and 2008 as the year with the most severe
drought event in the state. There is high correlation (r > 0.70)
among the four indices, with ZSI and PNI showing the highest
relationship to SPI (r= 0.97). The differences observed among the
drought indices in detecting drought events in the study area can be
reduced by using multiple drought indices in addition to the use of SPI
in drought assessments especially in Nigeria since technological
advancement in drought monitoring software\u2019s has made it easier.
Also it is worthwhile to research on why drought detection varies with
indices