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Pharmacognostic and Acute Toxicity Study of Burkea Africana Root
No full textBurkea africana is a plant that belongs to then family Fabaceae; it is
widely spread in tropical Africa including Nigeria. It is of valuable
in ethnomedicine especially in the treatment of antidote for venomous
stings and bites, cutaneous and sub cutaneous parasitic infection,
convulsion and pulmonary troubles. Despite the fact that roots of
Burkea africana have several medicinal properties, no standardization
parameter has been assessed. Due to lack of standard parameters, proper
identification and ascertaining quality and purity in the events of
adulteration has been thwarted. The objective of the study was to
establish some important pharmacognostic profile and safety margin of
Burkea africana root with the hope of assisting in its standardization
for quality, purity and safety. Elemental analysis was carried out
using acid digestion method and phytochemical composition of the plants
was evaluated using standard method. Acute toxicity was achieved using
Lorke method to determine the LD50. Chemomicroscopical evaluation
revealed the presence of cellulose, tannins, starch, lignin, calcium
oxalate, suberin, aleurone grain and mucilage with the exception of
calcium carbonate. The average moisture contents, total ash, acid
insoluble, water soluble ash, alcohol extractive value and water
extractive values in the powdered plant material were 3.8%, 7.5%,
4.43%, 8.07%, 25.0% and 20.33% respectively. In addition, Fe, Mn, Ni,
Pb, Cd and Cu were found to be within the safety limit. Phytochemicals
which include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates
and triterpenes were detected in both aqueous and methanolic extracts.
The LD50 of Burkea africana was found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg
and could be considered safe for consumption
Comparative Studies on the Proximate Composition of the Various Body Part of Clarias gariepinus and Scomber scomrus
No full textStudy on the proximate a composition of flesh and other body parts of
Clarias gariepinus and scomber scombrus was carried out in January,
2020 using standard procedures. For Clarias gariepinus the highest
protein (25.69%) was observed in the head, followed by flesh (21.70%)
and while the lowest protein (18.61%) was discovered in the bone.
Highest fats (3.61%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (2.25)
while (0.80%) recorded in the fins as the lowest fats. In fibre the
highest (1.87%) was observed in head followed by (1.72) in the bone.
The lowest fibre (0.60%) was reported in the flesh. The highest ash
(22.03%) was recorded in fins, followed by bone (19.83%) while the
lowest (1.30%) was discovered in the flesh. The highest moisture
(75.76%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by fins (73.23) while the
lowest (56.48%) was observed in the head. For scomber scombrus the
highest protein (29.44%) was observed in the head, followed by bone
(28.40%) and while the lowest protein (24.30%) was discovered in the
flesh. Highest fats (6.42%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head
(1.48%) while (0.95%) recorded in the bone as the lowest fats. In fibre
the highest (1.11%) was observed in fin followed by (0.69%) in the
flesh. The lowest fibre (0.59%) was reported in the head. The highest
ash (6.37%) was recorded in head, followed by bone (5.07%) while the
lowest (0.33%) was discovered in the flesh .The highest moisture
(68.68%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (66.56%) while the
lowest (37.20%) was observed in the fin. .The highest carbohydrate
(5.58%) was recorded in the bone, followed by fin (5.28%). The study
showed that the best body parts in terms protein content of the two
fish samples were the head. The Head has the highest crude protein
content thus it can be recommended as a possible effective ways to
solve protein malnutritio
Physicochemical and Heavy Metals Characteristics of Soil from Three Major Dumpsites in Ilorin Metrpolis, North Central Nigeria
No full textImpact of waste disposal and management is a worldwide phenomenon
leading to health impact most especially in underdeveloped and
developing world. This study was undertaken to assess the major
contaminants in some municipal waste disposal sites and the prospective
impact to the surrounding domestic water supply source as well as the
impact on the health of the people in the city. This is carried out by
studying various physico-chemical parameters of soil which were
collected from three municipal dump locations namely; Ita-Amodu,
Sawmill garage and Kuntu areas in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State
Nigeria. The geochemistry of the dumpsites were studied with respect to
important parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, temperature,
sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, moisture content, organic matter and
heavy metals having the following constituents present in its
composition- Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Copper
(Cu). The study revealed that the three different soils samples:
\u201c(A) Ita-Amodu\u201d, \u201c(B) Sawmill Garage\u201d, and
\u201c(C) Kuntu\u201d) have pH of 7.1, 7.2 and 6.8, respectively.
Temperature of 24.2, 26.4, and 28.0 oC, Organic matter compositions of
0.95%, 0.73%, and 1.14%. The Moisture contents were 3.93%, 2.89%, and
3.48% respectively. The chloride contents of the samples was found to
be 31.76 mg/L, 48.98 mg/L, and 91.63 mg/L, while nitrates were found to
be 0.10 mg/L, 0.06, mg/L and 0.23 mg/L, with a sulphate values of 1.96
mg/L, 2.35 mg/L, and 2.14 mg/L. The conductivities were 1.79
\u3bcs/cm, 2.23 \u3bcs/cm, and 1.15 \u3bcs/cm respectively. Heavy
metal analysis from the waste soil were found to contained copper (Cu)
- 0.03 mg/L, 0.028 mg/L, and 0.031 mg/L, zinc (Zn) - 0.04, mg/L 0.009
mg/L, and 0.066 mg/L), cadmium (Cd) -0.516 mg/L, 0.62, mg/L and 0.048
mg/L), Lead (Pb) - 0.063 mg/L, 0.07 mg/L, and 0.056 mg/L), and iron
(Fe) -0.518 mg/L, 0.62 mg/L, and 0.190 mg/L
Bioremediation of Lead Contaminated Agricultural Soil using Klebsiella pneumoniae
No full textThis study focused on the use of Klebsiella pneumoniae for
bioremediation of lead (Pb) contaminated agricultural soil used for
sustainable farming. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GBC SensAAS,
Model no. A6358) was used to measure the concentration of Pb in the
soil. Results showed that the organism first reduced the initial
concentration of lead from 181.41 mg/kg to below the maximum allowable
limit of 100 mg/kg in 14 days. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P<
0.05 shows the significance for only single factors in the order of
temperature and stirring frequency with P value of 0.0015, volume of
nutrient and mass of organism with P value of 0.0016 and pH with P
value of 0.0018. The factors were ranked in the order of stirring
frequency, temperature, volume of nutrient, mass of organism and pH
with their respective percentage contributions of 18.20%, 17.97%,
17.57%, 17.52% and 16.88%
Effects of Seasonal Characteristics of Kolo Creek Flooding on Farm-Plot Sizes in Central Niger Delta, Nigeria
No full textPerennial flooding is a known environmental hazard in many parts of the
Niger Delta. Concern about flooding increases when places of importance
to man, such as farmlands and settlements, and food supply systems are
affected. This study assessed the effect of Seasonal Characteristics of
Kolo Creek flooding on farm-plot sizes and crop production during the
flood and non \u2013 flood seasons. A direct contact survey
methodology was employed to measure farm-plot sizes and their extent of
inundation during flood and non \u2013 flood seasons, and 400 randomly
selected farmers along the Kolo Creek, Central Niger Delta were
interviewed with a semi \u2013 structured questionnaire. Results from
the study showed a mean farm-plot size of 0.51\ub10.00 (Ha) during
the non-flood period and 0.10\ub10.00 (Ha) during the flood period.
The results obtained from the study also indicated that only 20.93% of
the farm-plots available during the non \u2013 flood period was
available for farming during the flood period; more than half of the
farmlands of about 88.50% of the farmers was seasonally inundated by
flood and only 1.75% of the farmers had less than half of the farmlands
under the floodwaters. Although farmers adapted by owning many \u2013
but \u2013 small farm-plots, they cultivated only a few varieties of
crops, most of which were not flood tolerant. The study concluded that
Kolo Creek flooding greatly reduced farm-plot sizes and therefore
recommended the planting of more flood-tolerant crops to maximize use
of land and improve crop productivity in the area
Evaluation of Demographic Variables on the Knowledge and Prevention of Cholera: A Case Study of Durumi, Abuja, Nigeria
No full textCholera remains a disease of public health importance globally and
particularly in the developing countries including Nigeria. This study
evaluated demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational level,
religion) in Durumi community in relation to the knowledge and
prevention of cholera so as to adequately report them and proffer
solutions to reduce the disease occurrence by selecting 360
participants. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics
of percentages (%), frequency counts and mean. Inferential statistics
of T-test, ANOVA and regression used to analyze the variables at 0.05
significant levels. Age had significant influence on knowledge (p = v
0.02) and prevention (p < 0.021) of cholera. The younger people
appeared to have more knowledge and prevention of cholera than the
older people. Gender was significant to knowledge (p = 0.020) and
prevention (p = 0.044) of cholera. The educational level was also
significant to knowledge (p = 0.000) and prevention (p = 0.000).
Religion was significant to knowledge (p = 0.03 and prevention (p
=0.004) of cholera. Demographic variables have significant effect on
knowledge and preventive measures of cholera P value < 0.05 in all
variables tested. However, younger age group (< 50 years), females
contributed higher mean score, people with formal education, Christian
and Muslims all appeared more knowledgeable and more in tuned with
preventive measures of cholera. Therefore, there is the need to use
targeted health education for advocacy for people with no formal
education, above 50 years, and others on cholera knowledge and
prevention
Radiological Status of Drinking Water Sources Around a Coal Mining Site in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria
No full textThe radioactivity of drinking water sources around Okaba coal mining
area in Ankpa local government area of Kogi state, North central
Nigeria have been carried out using a low background Gasless Alpha-Beta
Counting System (Protean Instrument Corporation) \u2013 MPC 2000DP.
The gross alpha and gross beta activity of water samples from four (4)
sources (river/stream, borehole, sachet water and rain water) was
measured. The gross-alpha and gross-beta activity concentrations
recorded were below the safe limits of 0.5 Bq/l and 1 Bq/l
respectively, as recommended by the world health organization (WHO,
2017). Also, results of the committed effective dose (for adult and
infant) calculated were all below the reference dose level (RDL) of
0.1mSv/yr (WHO, 2017) except for BW3 whose adult dose was above the
RDL. Therefore, there is no immediate risk of internal radiation
exposure to the populace via intake of water from the four major
sources of drinking water around Okaba coal mining area. However,
caution should be taken especially with regards long-term consumption
of the ground water (BW3)
Classical Evaluation of Zero, Incomplete and Complete Treatment Effects on SEIRS Model Dynamics
No full textIn this research work, we extend the classical SEIR model to
accommodate the effect of zero, incomplete and complete treatment on
the dynamics of the model. The basic reproduction number (R0) of the
model dynamics is obtained by using the next generation matrix
approach. The disease free equilibrium point of the model is found to
be locally asymptotically stable if R0 < 1. A suitable Lyapunov
function is constructed to determine the global stability of the
disease free equilibrium point. Numerical simulation is carried out to
determine the effect on the compliance to the treatment prescription
Livelihoods and Biodiversity Conservation: A Survey of Socioeconomic Activities around Pandam Game Reserve, Plateau State - Nigeria
No full textThis research surveyed some socio-economic activities of communities
around Pandam Game Reserve (PGR) central Nigeria to determine their
implications for biodiversity Conservation in PGR. Data were collected
using structured questionnaires and field observations. Results showed
a 100% response to questionnaires administered. Eighty three percent
(83%) of the respondents were males while 17% were females. Eighty
percent (80%) attended at least primary school level of education while
20% had no form of formal education. Prominent among occupation of
respondents was farming with 40% and the occupation of respondents with
list response was hunting with 1%. Field observations showed the
presence of the following human activities: logging, firewood
collection, fishing, farm encroachment, cattle grazing and poaching.
The implication of these socio-economic activities in PGR if left
uncontrolled could result to biodiversity lost. A multi-stakeholder
approach and participatory management of the reserve which will
consider the socio-economic concerns of locals have been suggested as a
critical component for building cooperation. These if properly
exploited is believed will contribute substantially to biodiversity
sustainability in PGR
Construction of Mass Balances of Cocaine in Batch Studies for the Sewage Treatment Works
Get PDFThe desired approach at safeguarding the environment both in control
and effective monitoring of chemical discharges is the use of mass
balances to account for inflow/outflow of pollutants. Whereas the
previous studies were based on several assumptions, the batch studies
enabled the construction of mass balances for the Sewage Treatment Work
(STWs) using the removal rate data. This study, for the first time
measures the rates of removal of cocaine in an STW, and the calculated
mass balances were obtained from the removal rate data that were
generated. The result of cocaine initial influent of 50 mg L-1 after
after 2 hour hydraulic retention times (HRT) produced the final
effluents of 110 mg L-1. Projected influent concentrations of cocaine
(14, 471 ng L-1) were derived from back-calculation from final effluent
concentrations. A useful tool that accounts for the mass-flow of trace
drugs in the aquatic environment with minimal errors often due to
sampling logistics and desludging process has been provided in this
model of mass balance calculations in STWs