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Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study of Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in 1.5M HCl Medium using Cocoa Leaf Extract as Inhibitor
No full textThis study examined the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1.5M HCl
solution using cocoa leaf extract as an inhibitor. The effect of
inhibitor concentrations, kinetics, and time of immersion were
undertaken at 30oC while the thermodynamic parameters were determined
with temperature range of 35oC \u2013 55oC. FTIR result indicated that
the actual adsorption of the inhibitor is as a result of donation of
single pair of electrons on oxygen to the vacant d \u2013 orbitals of
the metal (mild steel) that leads to the formation of complexes on the
mild steel surface. The corrosion rate decreased from 1.64 g/cm2hr to
0.09gm/cm2hr in the presence of inhibitor used. However, increased in
temperature showed a decreased in inhibition efficiency this resulted
to an increase in rate of corrosion. Half \u2013 life of the corrosion
kinetics ranges from 49.71 \u2013 53. 15hr which is directly
proportional to the inhibitor concentrations. Activation energy Ea,
enthalpy ( 06Ho), and entropy ( 06So) calculated showed good
interactions. The enthalpy of activation ranges from 63.28kJ/mol to
97.55kJ/mol. Rise in activation energy with inhibitor concentration
confirmed the physical (physisorption) adsorption mechanism for the
corrosion of mild steel surface. Endothermic nature of the corrosion
process is ascertained with the positive value of 06Ho obtained
Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella enterica isolated from Cow Milk, Milk Products and Hands of Sellers in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana
No full textSalmonella enterica are among the foodborne pathogens of importance due
to their involvement in a number of foodborne outbreaks, illnesses and
occasionally death. This study was carried out in the Tamale metropolis
of Ghana to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of
Salmonella enterica in cow milk, cow milk products and hands of cow
milk sellers. The conventional method and the disc diffusion method
were used for the isolation and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella
enterica, respectively. The overall prevalence of Salmonella enterica
was 7.3% (22/300). Salmonella enterica were detected in 24.0% (12/50)
of raw \u2018wagashie\u2019, 8.0% (4/50) of fried
\u2018wagashie\u2019, 6.0% (3/50) of cow milk, 4.0% (2/50) of left
hand swab of milk sellers, and 2.0% (1/50) of right hand swab of milk
sellers. Salmonella enterica was not isolated from
\u2018brukina\u2019. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica did not
differ (P = 0.193) among fried \u2018wagashie\u2019, cow milk, hand
swab of milk sellers and \u2018brukina\u2019 samples. However, the
prevalence of Salmonella enterica in raw \u2018wagashie\u2019 was
significantly higher (P = 0.000) than the other samples examined.
Resistant to erythromycin (86.0%) was most frequently detected. The
Salmonella enterica isolates were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin
(100.0%), chloramphenicol (91.0%), ceftriaxone (91.0%),
sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (91.0%), tetracycline (86.0%) and
ampicillin (86.0%). Of the 22 Salmonella enterica isolates, 14 were
resistant to only one antibiotic, 4 were resistant to two antibiotics
and 2 were resistant to three antibiotics. Two Salmonella enterica
isolates were resistant to none of the antibiotics. This study revealed
that some milk products and other samples were contaminated with
Salmonella enterica. The isolated Salmonella enterica were susceptible
to most of the antibiotics examined but were highly resistant to
erythromycin
Phytoplankton Population in Relation to Physicochemical Parameters of Gwaigwaye Reservoir Katsina State, Nigeria
No full textThe study on phytoplankton population in relation to physicochemical
parameters of Gwaigwaye reservoir, Katsina state was carried out from
May 2013 to April 2014to establish physical, chemical, and biological
parameters (Phytoplankton) of Gwaigwaye reservoir. Four sampling
stations were chosen; the physicochemical and biological parameters
were determined using standard methods and procedures. The result
revealed that; Water temperature (25.02 \ub1 0.170C), pH (7.54 \ub1
0.03), Alkalinity (3.69\ub10.09), Conductivity (129.43 \ub1
5.15\u3bcS/cm), Total Dissolved Solids (50.54 \ub1 0.57mg/L)
Nitrate-nitrogen (0.21 \ub1 0.04mg/L), Water hardness (134.44 \ub1
3.06mg/LCaCO3), Dissolved Oxygen (3.98 \ub1 0.10mg/L), Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (2.53 \ub1 0.08mg/L), Phosphate-phosphorus (0.19 \ub1
0.02mg/L), Chloride (5.09 \ub1 0.15mg/L), Sulphor-sulphate
(0.21\ub1 0.01) and Calcium (2.97\ub10.06mg/L) varied with months
and seasons. Analysis of variance indicated significant difference
between seasons (P < 0.05); but no significant difference in
phytoplankton distribution and abundance among the four stations
(P>0.05). The result indicated phytoplankton percentage composition
as; Chlorophyta (57.66%), Bacillariophyta (25.70%), Cyanophyta
(14.73%), and Dinophyta (1.91%). Water quality of the reservoir is
influenced by anthropogenic activities, the reservoir water is suitable
for irrigational and domestic purposes from the results of most of the
physicochemical and biological parameters obtained. Hence, there is
need for an effective anthropogenic inputs control programme in the
reservoir
Bacterial Quality Assessment of Drinking Water for Layer Chicken Managed Under Battery Cage and Deep Litter Systems from Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
No full textThis study assessed the bacterial quality of drinking water for layer
chicken managed under battery cage (BC) and deep litter (DL) systems in
Sokoto Metropolis. A total of 18 samples were collected from the two
systems. Serial dilution, spread plate innoculation, colony count,
subculturing, gram staining and biochemical characterization were
carried out according to standard methods .The mean count
concentrations in BC (1.4
7106, 7.2
7106 and 3.4
7106) were
relatively higher than those recorded in DL
(1.57
7107,4.52
7107, and 1.2
7106) .The mean count
(CFU/ml)for BC was 72.11111 and that of DL was 207.4444.The bacteria
determined in BC were: : Bacillus species, Micrococcus varians ,
Corynebacterium xerosis and Lactobacillus fermenti; whereas, those
determined in DL were Micrococcus varians, Lactobacillus fermenti, E.
coli, and Corynebacterium xerosis; thus E.coli was only recorded in DC,
but the rest were found in both BC and DL. In BC, the most frequent was
Corynebacterium xerosis, then Micrococcus varians, and lastly Bacillus
species and Lactobacillus fermenti ; whereas, in DL Corynebacterium
xerosis was also most frequent, then Micrococcus varians, then the
rests. Thus, C. xerosis was the most overall prevalent, then
Micrococcus varians, then the rests. This work depicted that water used
in the BC and DL systems surveyed contains a higher and diverse
concentration of bacteria .This portend of contamination and unsanitary
outcome is capable of harming the health, production, and ultimately
the public health. More water treatment innovative methods should be
use, regular and proper cleaning of farm and drinkers are needed and
farmers need to be educated
Use and Effects of Contraceptives among Female Secondary School Students in Abraka Community, Delta State, Nigeria
No full textThis study assessed the use and effects of contraceptives among female
secondary school students in Abraka. A total of 250 female students
were involved in this study. Primary data were obtained using a
well-structured questionnaire. Data gotten were analysed using
descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean age of the respondents
in this study was 15.09, majority of the respondents 212 (84.8%)
considered themselves sexually active, while 198 (79.2%) of the
respondents admitted to have had sexual intercourse. A high number of
the respondents 201 (80.4%) had knowledge of contraceptives and a
greater percentage (62%) got this knowledge from class-mates and
friends and only 2.4% got it from course education and family combined.
A total of 147 (58.8%) of the respondents were currently on
contraceptive with most 81 (32.4%) admitting weekly use. One hundred
and thirty-seven (137) (54.8%) of the respondents admitted to have
experienced adverse effect in the course of using contraceptives with
issues relating to menstruation being the most prevalent effect
(26.4%). It is recommended that efforts should be intensified in
creating awareness to promote safe sexual practice, especially
abstinence amongst this age group
Sequence Stratigraphic Interpretation of FX-1 and FX-2 wells, Onshore Western Niger Delta, Nigeria
No full textThe area of study is a portion of the Greater Ughelli Depobelt in Niger
Delta Basin. The main aim of the paper is to interpret the sequence
stratigraphy of FX-1 and FX-2 wells by employing data sets from
biostratigraphic data and well logs. Standard laboratory techniques
were used for data treatment while computer software such as Petrel and
StrataBugs were used for data simulation, processing, integration and
interpretation. Sedimentology, interpreted gamma ray and resistivity
well logs integrated with biostratigraphic data were utilized to define
the candidate maximum flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries. The
wells have the following distributions of sequences: FX-1 well have
five depositional sequences with eight candidate maximum flooding
surfaces at depths 10011 ft., 9509 ft., 9437 ft., 6362 ft., 5752 ft.,
5507 ft., 5161 ft. and 4816 ft. dated 34.0 Ma, 33.0 Ma, 31.3 Ma, 28.1
Ma, 26.2 Ma, 24.3 Ma, 23.2 Ma and 22.0 Ma and seven candidate sequence
boundaries at 9616 ft., 6656 ft., 6116 ft., 5639 ft., 5424 ft., 4859
ft. and 4581 ft. dated 33.3 Ma, 29.3 Ma, 27.3 Ma, 24.9 Ma, 23.7 Ma,
22.2 Ma and 21.8 Ma, respectively. FX-2 well have four depositional
sequences, five candidate MFSs were identified at 7764 ft., 7196 ft.,
6721 ft., 5862 ft. and 5571 ft. dated 34.0 Ma, 33.0 Ma, 31.3 Ma, 28.1
Ma and 24.3 Ma and five candidate SBs at 6941 ft., 6029 ft., 5688 ft.,
5653 ft. and 5542 ft. dated 32.4 Ma, 29.3 Ma, 27.3 Ma, 24.9 Ma and 23.7
Ma respectively. The correlation of the two wells and sequence
stratigraphic interpretation is a supplementary understanding of the
subsurface geology of the Onshore, western Niger Delta area of Nigeria
Environmental Geochemical Assessment of Ogbagha River Sediments in Okpella Area of Edo State, Nigeria
No full textThe main aim of this paper is the environmental geochemical assessment
of Ogbagha river sediments to ascertain the level of their pollution.
The study area lies between latitude 7\ub014\u2019N and
7\ub022\u2019N and longitude 6\ub015\u2019E and 6\ub023\u2019E
in Okpella area of Edo State, Nigeria. Major and trace elements in the
six composite samples collected were analysed using Epsilon-5 x-ray
fluorescence model (pAnalytical). SiO2 values range from 71.4-81.61 wt.
% with mean of 75.71 wt %, while Al2O3 values range from 7.01-12.97 wt.
% with mean values of 11.56 wt. %.The other major oxides are below 7.00
wt. %. SiO2 and Al2O3 wt. % values are indicative of felsic source
rock. The mean concentration values of Zr (1,830.55 ppm), Ba (1,416.00
ppm) and Cu (77.17 ppm) are higher than their crustal baseline values.
Conversely, Sr (295.00 ppm), In (106.00 ppm), As (14.83 ppm), Cr (8.53
ppm), Co (7.00 ppm), Pb (13.33 ppm) have lower average concentrations
than their crustal baseline average concentrations. Chemical index of
alteration values for the samples also pointed to felsic source
rock(s). The index of geoaccumulation values of Sb, In, Zr is
indicative of serious environmental geochemical concern in the study
area. However, potentially toxic elements such as Cu, Cr, Co, Pb, etc.
are below the pollution baseline. It is recommended that standard
environmental remediation measures should be taken to mitigate the
pollution impact of In, Sb and Zr in the study area
Prevalence of Syphilis Infection in a Tertiary Rural Hospital: A Five Year Evaluation
No full textSyphilis is a blood borne and sexually transmitted disease of global
distribution. This study was aimed at determining the trend and
prevalence of syphilis across the years among patients attending the
Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital, Okada, Nigeria. A
retrospective analysis of data of patients attending the Out patients
department as well as those attending the anti natal clinic of
Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital, Okada, Nigeria from January
2015 to December 2019.Sera samples were screened for Treponema
palladium antibody using commercially available immunochromatic rapid
Syphilis based test kits. Out of the 741 screened sera in the 2015
\u2013 2019 study period, 8 (1.1%) were positive for Treponema
pallidium antibodies. The prevalence are 0.4%, 1.3%, 0%, 3.8% and 2.8%
respectively for the year 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.
The gender related distribution for the study periods are not
statistically significant with p- values all greater than 0.05. The
prevalence of syphilis is low within this community which is an
indication of adherence to preventive measures never the less public
awareness remains a medium for eradication of syphilis
Microbiological Properties of Stored Freeze Dried Cow Milk Cheese and Soy Cheese
No full textThe microbiological properties of stored freeze dried cow milk cheese
and soy cheese were investigated. Cow milk cheese and soy milk cheese
were prepared using appropriate standard procedures. The microbial
qualities of the stored freeze dried samples were determined using
standard methods as prescribed by Compendium of Methods for the
Microbiological Examination of Foods and Bacteriological Analytical
Manual. Data obtained were analyzed statistically to determine the
effect of the packaging materials and storage duration on the microbial
qualities of freeze dried cheese samples. Result of the microbial
composition for the fresh cow milk and soy cheese for bacterial and
fungi count are 3.00x103\ub10.01, 2.54x106\ub10.05 and
2.76x103\ub10.02, 2.60x106\ub10.10 while the result for the freeze
dried cow milk and soy cheese before storage are 2.72x103\ub10.02,
2.35x106\ub10.30 and 2.54x103\ub10.03, 2.38x106\ub10.50. This
indicates that all the packaging material types used have the ability
to minimize the microbial growth of stored freeze dried cheese.
Polythene film is recommended to be more suitable in terms of cost,
availability, compactibility and weight
Profitability of Non Timber Forest Products Collected in Arakanga Forest Reserve, Abeokuta Ogun State, Nigeria
No full textThe study investigated evaluation of economic impact of non-timber
forest products collections in Arakanga forest reserve in Ogun State.
Purposive sampling was used to select four villages around the reserve,
representing 10% sampling intensity in the study area. A total of 98
questionnaires were administered. Data were analyzed using descriptive
statistics and budgetary analysis. Majority of respondents were within
the age group of 40-49 years (35.7%) and mostly were female(51%),40.8%
had no formal education while 33.7% had primary education and were
mostly married(57.1%). Identified NTFPs includes fuelwood, mushroom,
charcoal and honey. The result on profitability showed that fuel-wood
had the highest net profit (\u20a610,916.85) among the NTFPs found in
the study area. Constraints faced NTFPs were price fluctuation (58.2%),
low demand (14.3%) and inadequate credit facilities (11.2%) and host of
others. It was recommended that NTFPs should be introduced to youth in
order to reduce the level of unemployment and government should
repaired the road network to the forest for easy accessibility for
NTFPs operation