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Effect of yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) supplementation on oxidative stress in ruminants
No full textNutrition, especially antioxidant-rich herbal supplementation, is one
of the most important factors in the reaction to oxidative stress.
Moreover, it influences animal productivity and reproduction. When
oxidant production exceeds the capacity of antioxidant defense, this
results in oxidative damage to lipids, DNA, and proteins. Oxidative
stress, which is described as an imbalance between oxidant and
antioxidant levels, is a current field of research in ruminant
medicine, and it has been involved in numerous disease processes,
including sepsis, mastitis, acidosis, and ketosis. Interest in plant
extracts has therefore increased due to the high amount of natural
biologically active substances that are potential natural fodder
additives. This paper focused on yerba mate tea, an infusion made from
the leaves of the Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. tree, which is a
widely consumed traditional beverage in South America. There is growing
interest for the properties of yerba mate. Supplementation of I.
paraguariensis for large and small ruminants resulted in lower
oxidative stress and also improved their productive and reproductive
performance
Latex quality and yield parameters of Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Mu\u308ll. Arg. clone PB 260 for different tapping and stimulant application frequencies
No full textTapping and stimulant applications are an attempt to increase latex
yield. A combination of stimulants with low intensity tapping systems
was expected to reduce tapping costs. In addition, it was necessary to
regulate the stimulant application frequency based on type and
potential clone production. The objective was to determine the effect
on physiological parameters and latex yield of Hevea brasiliensis
(Willd. ex A. Juss.) Mu\u308ll. Arg. clone PB 260 for different
tapping and stimulant application frequencies. The study design was
split block in randomized complete block plots with three replicates
and two factors. The main plot was the tapping system consisting of
four levels: quarter-spiral downward tapping (S/4 d3), quarter-spiral
upward tapping (S/4U d3), half-spiral downward tapping (S/2 d3), and
half-spiral upward tapping (S/2U d3). The subplots were four stimulant
application frequencies consisting of ethephon 2.5% applied once every
15 d (ET 15d) and gas stimulant (equal to \ub1 100% ethylene) applied
once every 9 d (ETG 9d), once every 18 d (ETG 18d), and once every 27 d
(ETG 27d). The highest sucrose levels (3.62 mM) were obtained in S/2 d3
and ET/15d combination. The highest inorganic P content (27.68 mM) was
in S/2 d3 and ETG/18d. The highest yield (2418.53 kg ha-1 yr-1) was in
S/4d3 and ETG/18d. The tapping system S/4d3 and ETG/18d combination was
able to increase production by 102.26% compared with the conventional
tapping system (S/2 d3 and ET/15d). After the 1-yr trial, all
treatments showed 0.47 to 0.54 mM thiol content, which indicated that
plants did not experience over-exploitation stress
Community composition of rhizosphere fungi as affected by Funneliformis mosseae in soybean continuous cropping soil during seedling period
No full textArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance plant resistance
particularly against soil-borne pathogenic fungi. However, little is
known about the effects of Funneliformis mosseae on the community
composition of rhizosphere fungi in soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.)
continuous cropping soil. Here, the disease index of soybean root rot
was analyzed, and high throughput sequencing technology was applied to
investigate whether F. mosseae could change the composition of fungal
communities in the rhizosphere of continuous cropping soybean during
seedling period. The results indicated that the disease index of
soybean root rot decreased significantly after inoculation of F.
mosseae. The root rot disease index was also affected by the increasing
of continuous cropping regimes. Furthermore, the relative abundance of
fungal community in soybean rhizosphere soil and root samples was
influenced after inoculation. Ascomycota was the dominant phylum in
most samples. Basidiomycota was the second dominant phylum in all the
soil samples, but Olpidiomycota was the second phylum in most root
samples. At the genus level, both inoculation and continuous cropping
regimes had significant effects on the dominant genus and their
relative abundances in all the samples. The relative abundance of some
plant pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium in the inoculated root
samples was lower than those in the non-inoculated root samples in the
same continuous cropping regime. The results can provide new insights
into the interactive effects of AM fungi and rhizosphere fungi, and
also provide theoretical evidence on biological solutions to alleviate
the obstacles of soybean continuous cropping
Stay green physiological capacity of drought tolerant maize inbred lines
Get PDFStay green is the ability of a plant to maintain photosynthetically
functional green leaf area for longer periods, even under excessive
water stress. This study was done to establish the physiological
capacity of Ugandan drought tolerant maize inbred lines to stay green
under water shortage conditions using various stay green physiological
determinants. Seventy-six maize inbred lines characterised for drought
tolerance by CIMMYT, were planted under a rain out shelter, with a
well-watered control (WW) and excessive water-stress treatments applied
at six weeks after planting (6 WAP) and eight weeks after planting (8
WAP). The most maintained stay green physiological determinants under
excessive water-stress were non-photosynthetic quench (NPQt) and leaf
pigmentation per unit leaf area (RC: LAUG) with inbred lines CELQ15028
and CELQ15022 showing the highest maintenance for the two parameters,
respectively. The highest level of variation for quantum yield of
photosystem II activity (Phi2) and NPQt among inbred lines was at 40
and 60 days after flowering, respectively. Phi2 was negatively
correlated to NPQt but positively correlated to the linear electron
flow (LEF); while NPQt had a significantly negative correlation with
LEF. This study established that these drought tolerant maize inbred
lines have moderate stay green physiological capacity, with inbred line
CEL15027 performing the best.Le retard de s\ue9nescence du feuillage (\u201cstay green\u201d)
est la capacit\ue9 d\u2019une plante \ue0 maintenir une surface
foliaire verte photosynth\ue9tiquement fonctionnelle pendant de plus
longues p\ue9riodes, m\ueame en cas de stress hydrique excessif.
Cette \ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9alis\ue9e pour \ue9tablir
la capacit\ue9 physiologique des lign\ue9es consanguines de
ma\uefs ougandaises tol\ue9rantes \ue0 la s\ue9cheresse \ue0
retard de s\ue9nescence du feuillage (\u201cstay green\u201d) dans
des conditions de p\ue9nurie d\u2019eau en utilisant divers
d\ue9terminants physiologiques de retard de s\ue9nescence du
feuillage (\u201cstay green\u201d). Soixante-seize lign\ue9es
consanguines de ma\uefs caract\ue9ris\ue9es pour la
tol\ue9rance \ue0 la s\ue9cheresse par le CIMMYT ont
\ue9t\ue9 plant\ue9es sous un abri anti-pluie, avec un
contr\uf4le bien arros\ue9 (WW) et des traitements contre le stress
hydrique excessif appliqu\ue9s six semaines apr\ue8s la plantation
(6 WAP) et huit semaines apr\ue8s la plantation. (8 WAP). Les
d\ue9terminants physiologiques verts de s\ue9jour les plus
maintenus sous un stress hydrique excessif \ue9taient la trempe non
photosynth\ue9tique (NPQt) et la pigmentation des feuilles par
unit\ue9 de surface foliaire (RC: LAUG) avec les lign\ue9es
consanguines CELQ15028 et CELQ15022 pr\ue9sentant le maintien le plus
\ue9lev\ue9 pour les deux param\ue8tres respectivement. Le niveau
de variation le plus \ue9lev\ue9 du rendement quantique de
l\u2019activit\ue9 du photosyst\ue8me II (Phi2) et du NPQt parmi
les lign\ue9es consanguines \ue9tait respectivement \ue0 40 et 60
jours apr\ue8s la floraison. Phi2 \ue9tait corr\ue9l\ue9
n\ue9gativement au NPQt mais positivement corr\ue9l\ue9 au flux
d\u2019\ue9lectrons lin\ue9aire (LEF) tandis que NPQt avait une
corr\ue9lation significativement n\ue9gative avec le LEF. Cette
\ue9tude a \ue9tabli que ces lign\ue9es consanguines de ma\uefs
tol\ue9rantes \ue0 la s\ue9cheresse avaient une capacit\ue9
physiologique \ue0 retard de s\ue9nescence du feuillage
(\u201cstay green\u201d) mod\ue9r\ue9e, la lign\ue9e
consanguine CEL15027 a mieux fonctionn\ue9
Biosorption of Zn (II) ions from Aqueous Solution by Immobilized Aspergillus fumigatus
No full textThe objective of this study was to investigate the biosorption of Zn
(II) from aqueous solution by Aspergillus fumigatus immobilized in
calcium alginate. The effects of adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH,
contact time and initial Zn (II) concentrations were investigated.
Results were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. The results showed an
increase in biosorption efficiency with increase in biosorbent dosage.
The optimum pH of adsorption was 5.0 while the maximum adsorption was
achieved within 10 minutes at initial Zn (II) concentration of 1 mg/L.
The experimental results showed a high R2 (0.9070) value for the
Langmuir isotherm. This therefore suggests that it is a monolayer
adsorption. The maximum biosorption capacity was 3.55 mgg-1. These
results indicate that zinc metal removal by biomass of Aspergillus
fumigatus immobilized in alginate is a low cost wastewater treatment
option and can be effectively used in small scale treatment plants
Protective Function of Butylated Hydroxytoluene in Lead-Induced Oxidative Alterations in Tissues of Wistar Rats
No full textThis study was designed to evaluate the protective function of
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in Pb-induced oxidative damage to blood,
hepatic and renal tissues of exposed rats. Four groups (I-IV) with six
male Wistar rats each, were considered in this study, where group I
rats (control) received 1 ml of corn oil, group II receive
intraperitoneally 30 mg PbCl2/kg b. wt of rats only, group III rats
were administered with NOAEL of BHT at 25 mg/kg and group IV rats were
administered intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg PbCl2 plus oral
administration of 25 mg BHT dispersed in corn oil per kg b. wt of the
rats for 28 days with the evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers in
the tissues. Pb significantly increased tissue MDA levels in group II
rats, but BHT reduced MDA levels in tissues for groups III and IV rats
at p<0.05 relative to control. In serum, biomarkers (GSH: 1.46
\ub1 0.08 \u3bcg/mg protein; CAT: 63.74 \ub1 0.20 nits/mg protein;
SOD: 16.49 \ub1 0.39 units/mg protein and GPx: 12.84 \ub1 0.17
units/mg protein) exhibited significant reduction (p<0.05) in group
II rats, but were significantly stimulated in groups III and IV rats
relative to group I rats. Similar trends were observed in hepatic and
renal tissues. Therefore, the present study successfully established
the functional role of BHT in the amelioration of Pb-induced oxidative
stress in exposed rats
Occurrence of Acetaminophen, Amoxicillin, Diclofenac and Methylparaben in Lagos and Ologe Lagoons, Lagos, Nigeria
No full textThe occurrence of acetaminophen, amoxicillin, diclofenac and
methylparaben in Lagos and Ologe Lagoons was investigated by random
sampling of the water bodies during rainy and dry seasons. Samples
analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography.
For the two seasons, the mean environmental concentrations of
acetaminophen in Lagos and Ologe Lagoons were 0.075 \u3bcg/L and 1.233
\u3bcg/L respectively. The mean environmental concentration of
amoxicillin in Lagos Lagoon was 0.008 \u3bcg/L while 0.003 \u3bcg/L
was the mean value in Ologe Lagoon. Diclofenac occurrence in Lagos
Lagoon had a mean value of 0.136 \u3bcg/L while 0.519 \u3bcg/L was
recorded in Ologe Lagoon. The environmental concentration of
methylparaben in Lagos Lagoon was 0.453 \u3bcg/L while its means
concentration in Ologe Lagoon was 0.089 \u3bcg/L. From the results,
the environmental concentrations of acetaminophen and diclofenac in
Ologe Lagoon were higher than their level of occurrence in Lagos
Lagoon. However, the levels of occurrence of amoxicillin and
methylparaben in Lagos Lagoon were higher than their environmental
concentrations in Ologe Lagoon. Methylparaben was the most frequently
detected in the water bodies with 87.5% detection frequency. This was
followed by diclofenac with 75%. Also, 50% of the water samples
analysed contained acetaminophen while amoxicillin had the least
(37.5%) frequency of occurrence. The study established that there are
active pharmaceuticals compounds and excipients present in the Nigerian
aquatic environment which are micropollutants of emerging environmental
concerns and of significant ecological risk. Therefore, there is need
for environmental regulators to make concerted efforts towards
environmental monitoring of this group of pollutants
Assessment of Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metals in Borehole Water Used For Drinking In Okada Town, Edo State, Nigeria
No full textThe consumption of unsafe water is detrimental to human health. It is
therefore important to ascertain the quality and purity of water set
out for drinking. This paper investigates the physiochemical properties
of drinking water obtained from boreholes located at various sites in
Okada town, Nigeria. The assessment of physicochemical properties and
heavy metal contents of groundwater (borehole) quality were evaluated.
Ten water samples labeled A-J were collected from boreholes at
different locations in Okada community and subjected to laboratory test
to determine the pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen
demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), hardness, turbidity, total organic
carbon, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and
concentration of phosphates, nitrates, lead, sodium, calcium and
chloride. The pH in the water samples is an indication of acidity and
the WHO standard for pH value is specified within the range of 6.5-8.5.
However the pH values obtained for the samples are A(4.37), B(4.44),
C(5.06), D(4.86), E(6.40), F(4.25), G(5.95), H(4.53 ), I(6.61) and
J(5.70). This implies that only the sample I of pH value 6.61 falls
within the WHO standard and safe for drinking. Thus, the water from the
community can only be considered safe to drink except a neutralizing
filter is incorporated into the water system in other to avert the
implications of consuming acidic water
Vertical Electric Sounding of Leachate Contaminant Plumes at a Dumpsite in Obigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria
No full textThe quality of underground water at a dumpsite in Obigbo, Rivers State,
Nigeria, was investigated by collecting 7 vertical electrical soundings
(VES) using Wenner electrode configuration with current electrode
spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1.0 m to 300 m. Field data were acquired
using the SAS 300C resistivity meter and accessories, coordinates and
elevation were measured using the Global Positioning System (GPS) at
each sounding station. The VES data showed that the area is composed of
clay, sandy clay and sand. The contaminated zones have low resistivity
and corresponding high conductivity. Two zones were identified, zones
of low resistivity and high resistivity with values of 11.3 \u3a9m to
21.4 \u3a9m, and 357.0 \u3a9m to795.0 \u3a9m respectively. There is
thus, both lateral and downward movement of the contaminant leachate
plumes. The results also revealed that the surrounding soil and
groundwater around the landfill has not been contaminated to depths
exceeding 15.6 m, which is shallower than the productive aquifer depth
greater than 37.0 m. Judging from the age of the dumpsite, this site
has a good protecting capacity, probably as a result of the presence of
sufficient confined layers of clay that have impeded or slowed down the
percolation of leachate into the aquifer. The aquifer is the underlying
rocks of sand and gravel that are porous which constitute the water
body
Assessment of Radionuclide Concentration in Surface Soil and Human Health Risk Associated with Exposure in Two Higher Institutions of Esan land, Edo State, Nigeria
No full textThe aim of this study is to assess the activity concentration of
radionuclides and the possible health risk associated with exposure to
radiation from the soil samples collected from two higher institutions
in Esan land of Edo State, Nigeria. The gamma spectrometry system was
used to determine the activity concentrations of radionuclides 238U,
232Th and 40K in the surface soil samples. The activity concentration
of radionuclides ranged from 7.16 \ub1 0.63 to 102.37 \ub1 2.37
BqKg\u20141 for 40K, from 0.75 \ub1 0.05 to 3.13 \ub1 0.11
BqKg\u20141 for 238U and from 2.25 \ub1 0.20 to 9.02 \ub1 0.40
BqKg\u20141 for 232Th. The measured mean activity concentration of
radionuclides for 40K, 238U and 232Th from the examined topsoil of
Samuel Adegboyega University were 57.80 \ub1 1.7 BqKg\u20141; 2.07
\ub1 0.09 BqKg\u20141 and 6.89 \ub1 0.34 BqKg\u20141
respectively. At the neighbouring higher institution; College of
Education, Igueben, the mean activity concentration of 40K, 238U and
232Th in its surface soil were 30.19 \ub1 1.22 BqKg\u20141, 1.41
\ub1 0.07 BqKg\u20141 and 4.85 \ub1 0.28 BqKg\u20141
respectively. The total mean values for radiation dose estimation for
Radium Equivalent Activity, Absorbed Dose, Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk,
Outdoor and Indoor Annual Effective Dose Equivalent are 13.20
BqKg\u20141, 6.03 nGy/\u210e, 0.026, 7.40 \u3bcSv/y, and 29.60
\u3bcSv/y respectively. These values were found to be lower than the
global average values. Hence, there is no radiation induced health
threat to the students and members of staff in the study area