Bioline International
Not a member yet
20181 research outputs found
Sort by
MINIMISING FUNGICIDES BY ALTERNATING FORMULATIONS AND INTERVALS TO IMPROVE POTATO BLIGHT MANAGEMENT AND FARM RETURNS
Full text linkLate blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) is one of the most devastating
and economic disease impacting both ware and the seed potato industry.
The disease causes huge crop losses, and its management attracts heavy
expenses. Efficacy successes in chemical management, as opposed to
biofungicides, has resulted in the development of a number of fungicide
formulations to counter emergence of chemically insensitive P.
infestans strains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the
efficacy and cost-benefits of applying different fungicides in
alternate; while varying the spray intervals to manage potato blight
and improve on net farm returns. A survey was conducted in Nyandarua
County in Kenya, using a structured questionnaire, administered to
potato farmers. Milraz\uae (Propineb 700 g kg-1 + Cymoxanil 60 g
kg-1), Ridomil\uae (Metalaxyl 4% + mancozeb 64%) and Mistress
72\uae (Cynamoxil 4% + Mancozeb 64%) were used in vitro and field
experiments. Plated pea agar and detached leaflets were amended with
the fungicides at concentrations of 0, 35, 70 and 100% of the
manufacturers recommended rate before inoculating with P. infestans. In
the field experiment, the fungicides were applied at intervals of 7, 14
and 21 days spray as single, two or three fungicides in alternations.
Results showed that, mycelial and blight lesion growth was curtailed by
concentrations of 70 and 100%; while 35% concentration of the
fungicides reduced mycelial growth and lesion size by 53 and 2%,
respectively. In the field experiment, there were no yield and AUDPC
differences (P<0.05) among the fungicides and their combinations.
However, spraying the fungicides at weekly and bi-weekly intervals gave
the highest yields of 17.65 and 16.4 t ha-1, compared to tri-weekly and
unprotected plots that recorded 7.93 and 0.43 t ha-1 , respectively. In
addition, application of triple fungicides in alternation reduced late
blight severity by 51%; while application of two fungicides in
alternation reduced severity by 39% compared to single fungicide
application (21%) on average. Maximum net benefit ratio was observed on
plots protected using three fungicides (31.58); followed by two
fungicides applications (26.81) applied biweekly in alternate relative
to single fungicide applied weekly.Le mildiou (Phytophthora infestans) est l\u2019une des maladies les
plus d\ue9vastatrices et \ue9conomiques affectant \ue0 la fois
l\u2019industrie des pommes de terre de consommation et de semence. La
maladie cause non seulement d\u2019\ue9normes pertes de
r\ue9coltes, mais aussi, sa gestion attire de lourdes d\ue9penses.
Les succ\ue8s d\u2019efficacit\ue9 dans la gestion chimique, par
opposition aux biofongicides, ont abouti au d\ue9veloppement
d\u2019un certain nombre de formulations de fongicides pour contrer
l\u2019\ue9mergence de souches de P. infestans chimiquement
insensibles. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait
d\u2019\ue9valuer l\u2019efficacit\ue9 et les
co\ufbts-avantages de l\u2019application de diff\ue9rents
fongicides en alternance, tout en faisant varier l\u2019intervalle de
pulv\ue9risation pour g\ue9rer la br\ufblure de la pomme de terre
et am\ue9liorer les revenus nets de la ferme. Une enqu\ueate a
\ue9t\ue9 men\ue9e dans le comt\ue9 de Nyandarua au Kenya,
\ue0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un questionnaire structur\ue9,
administr\ue9 aux producteurs de pommes de terre. Milraz\uae
(Propineb 700 g kg-1 + Cymoxanil 60 g kg-1), Ridomil\uae (Metalaxyl
4% + mancozeb 64%) et Mistress 72\uae (Cynamoxil 4% + Mancozeb 64%)
ont \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9s dans des exp\ue9riences in vitro et
sur le terrain. La g\ue9lose aux pois sur plaque et la notice
d\ue9tach\ue9e ont \ue9t\ue9 modifi\ue9es avec les fongicides
\ue0 des concentrations de 0, 35, 70 et 100\ua0% du taux
recommand\ue9 par les fabricants avant l\u2019inoculation avec P.
infestans. Dans l\u2019exp\ue9rience sur le terrain, les fongicides
ont \ue9t\ue9 appliqu\ue9s \ue0 un intervalle de 7, 14 et 21
jours de pulv\ue9risation en tant que simple, deux ou trois
fongicides en alternance. Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 que la
croissance des l\ue9sions myc\ue9liennes et de br\ufblure
\ue9tait r\ue9duite par des concentrations de 70 et
100\ua0%\ua0; tandis qu\u2019une concentration de 35 % des
fongicides a r\ue9duit la croissance myc\ue9lienne et la taille des
l\ue9sions de 53 et 2 %, respectivement. Dans l\u2019exp\ue9rience
sur le terrain, il n\u2019y avait pas de diff\ue9rences de rendement
et d\u2019AUDPC (P<0,05) entre les fongicides et leurs
combinaisons. Cependant, la pulv\ue9risation des fongicides \ue0
intervalles hebdomadaires et bihebdomadaires a donn\ue9 les
rendements les plus \ue9lev\ue9s de 17,65 et 16,4 t ha-1, par
rapport aux parcelles tri-hebdomadaires et non prot\ue9g\ue9es qui
ont enregistr\ue9 7,93 et 0,43 t ha-1 , respectivement. De plus,
l\u2019application de triples fongicides en alternance a r\ue9duit
la gravit\ue9 du mildiou de 51 %; tandis que l\u2019application de
deux fongicides en alternance a r\ue9duit la s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9
de 39 % par rapport \ue0 l\u2019application d\u2019un seul
fongicide (21 %) en moyenne. Le rapport b\ue9n\ue9fice net maximum
a \ue9t\ue9 observ\ue9 sur les parcelles prot\ue9g\ue9es par
trois fongicides (31,58) ; suivi de deux applications de fongicides
(26.81) appliqu\ue9es toutes les deux semaines en alternance par
rapport au fongicide unique appliqu\ue9 chaque semaine
EVALUATION OF FAO AQUACROP MODEL FOR ABILITY TO SIMULATE ATTAINABLE YIELDS AND WATER USE FOR FIELD TOMATOES GROWN UNDER DEFICIT IRRIGATION IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE
Full text linkCrop simulation models have an important role in evaluating irrigation
management strategies for improving agricultural water use. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the AquaCrop model for ability to simulate
water use and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit yields
under deficit irrigation conditions. A fieldexperiment was conducted at
Thornpark, University of Zimbabwe Research site over four seasons (2014
and 2017). The data collected for yield and water use were used to run
and evaluate the performance of AquaCrop in predicting water use
efficiency and fruit yield. Four treatments defined in relation to 100%
of the crop water requirement (ETc) were simulated: T1 100% ETc; T2 80%
ETc; T3 60% ETc and T4 50% ETc. The model performance was satisfactory,
with a good correlation between the simulated and observed soil water
content (SWC) and fruit yield (FY). All the statistical indicators (The
Normalised Root Mean Square Error (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE),
Nush Sutcliffe Model Efficiency (EF), Pearson Correlation Coefficient
(r), and Willmott\u2019s Index of Agreement (d)) used to compare the
observed and predicted parameters, showed good performance; for example
the EF showed values of 0.91 for SWC, the (r) showed values of 0.95 for
SWC and a FY of 2.79 and 2.39 metric tonnes ha-1 for the simulated
results. The results showed that the values of the simulated FY were
consistent with the measured, with corresponding coefficients of
determination (R2) of 0.93. The results revealed AquaCropisable to
simulate the yield of tomato and the seasonal water requirements to an
appreciable degree. However, it must be pointed out that the
calibration of AquaCrop suffered from lack of measured data on the
progress of crop canopy cover, which is an important parameter used in
developing the model. The results obtained showed that AquaCrop can be
used effectively in simulating tomato production under deficit
irrigation and, therefore, it can be used as a decision-making tool for
irrigation management of tomatoes in Zimbabwe.Les mod\ue8les de simulation de cultures jouent un r\uf4le
important dans l\u2019\ue9valuation des strat\ue9gies de gestion
de l\u2019irrigation pour am\ue9liorer l\u2019utilisation de
l\u2019eau agricole. Le but de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait
d\u2019\ue9valuer la capacit\ue9 du mod\ue8le AquaCrop \ue0
simuler l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau et les rendements en fruits
de la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) dans des conditions
d\u2019irrigation d\ue9ficitaire. Une exp\ue9rience sur le terrain
a \ue9t\ue9 men\ue9e \ue0 Thornpark, site de recherche de
l\u2019Universit\ue9 du Zimbabwe pendant quatre saisons ( 2014 et
2017). Les donn\ue9es collect\ue9es pour le rendement et
l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau ont \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9es
pour ex\ue9cuter et \ue9valuer la performance du mod\ue8le
d\u2019AquaCrop dans la pr\ue9diction de l\u2019efficacit\ue9 de
l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau et du rendement en fruits. Quatre
traitements d\ue9finis par rapport \ue0 100\ua0% des besoins en
eau des cultures (ETc) ont \ue9t\ue9 simul\ue9s. : T1 100\ua0%
ETc\ua0; T2 80\ua0% ETc\ua0; T3 60\ua0% ETc et T4 50\ua0%
ETc. Les performances du mod\ue8le \ue9taient satisfaisantes, avec
une bonne corr\ue9lation entre la teneur en eau du sol (SWC)
simul\ue9e et observ\ue9e et le rendement en fruits (FY). les
indicateurs statistiques (l\u2019erreur quadratique moyenne
normalis\ue9e (R2), l\u2019erreur quadratique moyenne (RMSE),
l\u2019efficacit\ue9 du mod\ue8le de Nush Sutcliffe (EF), le
coefficient de corr\ue9lation de Pearson (r) et l\u2019indice de
concordance de Willmott (d) utilis\ue9s pour comparer les
param\ue8tres observ\ue9s et pr\ue9dits, ont montr\ue9 de
bonnes performances\ua0; par exemple, l\u2019EF a montr\ue9 des
valeurs de 0,91 pour SWC, le (r) a montr\ue9 des valeurs de 0,95 pour
SWC et un AF de 2,79 et 2,39 tonnes m\ue9triques ha-1 pour les
r\ue9sultats simul\ue9s. Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 que les
valeurs du FY simul\ue9 \ue9taient coh\ue9rentes avec les
mesures, avec des coefficients de d\ue9termination (R2)
correspondants de 0,93. Les r\ue9sultats ont r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9
que le modele d\u2019AquaCrop est capable de simuler le rendement de
la tomate et les besoins saisonniers en eau \ue0 un degr\ue9
appr\ue9ciable. Cependant, il faut souligner que le calibrage du
mod\ue8le \u2018AquaCrop a souffert du manque de donn\ue9es
mesur\ue9es sur l\u2019\ue9volution de la couverture
v\ue9g\ue9tale, qui est un param\ue8tre important utilis\ue9
dans l\u2019\ue9laboration du mod\ue8le. Les r\ue9sultats
obtenus ont montr\ue9 que mod\ue8le \u2018AquaCrop peut \ueatre
utilis\ue9 efficacement pour simuler la production de tomates sous
irrigation d\ue9ficitaire et, par cons\ue9quent, il peut \ueatre
utilis\ue9 comme outil d\u2019aide \ue0 la d\ue9cision pour la
gestion de l\u2019irrigation des tomates au Zimbabwe
Control strategies of Urochloa spp. in the formation of forest restoration
No full textA restaura\ue7\ue3o florestal em \ue1reas de pastagens, dominadas
por Urochloa spp. (braqui\ue1rias), apresenta custo relativamente
elevado, principalmente pela dificuldade de controle dessa planta
infestante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a forma de
controle de braqui\ue1rias mais eficiente para a forma\ue7\ue3o
de povoamento para restaura\ue7\ue3o florestal. Foram comparadas
quatro estrat\ue9gias para controle de braqui\ue1ria em \ue1rea
de restaura\ue7\ue3o florestal no munic\uedpio de Bom Jardim -
RJ: T1 - capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio e ro\ue7adas nas
entrelinhas; T2 - capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio e
aplica\ue7\uf5es do herbicida glyphosate (1,44 kg i.a. ha-1) nas
entrelinhas; T3 - capina em \ue1rea total e cons\uf3rcio com
leguminosas herb\ue1ceas fixadoras de nitrog\ueanio; T4 - capina em
faixas nas linhas de plantio, ro\ue7adas e cons\uf3rcio com
eucalipto nas entrelinhas. Avaliou-se o crescimento em altura,
di\ue2metro no n\uedvel do solo e di\ue2metro de copa de dez
esp\ue9cies arb\uf3reas em diferentes idades, bem como todos os
custos envolvidos na aplica\ue7\ue3o e manuten\ue7\ue3o de cada
tratamento, at\ue9 30 meses ap\uf3s o plantio. Em todas as
\ue9pocas de avalia\ue7\ue3o, as plantas florestais apresentaram
m\ue9dia de crescimento significativamente superior em altura e em
di\ue2metro nos tratamentos de cons\uf3rcio com leguminosas e
aplica\ue7\ue3o de glyphosate (T3 e T2). Aos 24 meses ap\uf3s o
plantio, a copa das \ue1rvores implantadas j\ue1 recobria 80% a 90%
da \ue1rea da unidade experimental nesses tratamentos. Entretanto, o
custo de manuten\ue7\ue3o do T3 foi quase o dobro das unidades de
T1 e o custo deste \ufaltimo foi quase tr\ueas vezes superior das
unidades submetidas a T2. O cons\uf3rcio de eucalipto nas entrelinhas
de plantio n\ue3o prejudicou, mas n\ue3o beneficiou o crescimento
das esp\ue9cies nativas. O controle qu\uedmico e o cons\uf3rcio
com leguminosas herb\ue1ceas podem ser apontados como alternativas
eficazes para controle da braqui\ue1ria dessa \ue1rea, antecipando
a forma\ue7\ue3o dos povoamentos e resultando em economia de
recursos.Forest restoration in pastures dominated by Urochloa spp. (brachiaria)
shows relatively high cost, mainly by the difficulty of controlling
this weed. The objective of this work was to determine the most
efficient brachyria control for forest restoration formation. Four
different strategies for brachiaria control in the forest restoration
area were compared in the city of Bom Jardim, Rio de Janeiro state: T1
weeding in strips in the planting lines and mowed between the lines; T2
weeding in strips in the planting lines and applications of glyphosate
(1.44 kg i.a. ha-1) between the lines; T3 - weeding in total area and
consortium with herbaceous legumes nitrogen-fixing; T4 - weeding in
strips in the planting lines, mowing and consortium with eucalyptus
between the lines. The growth in height, the diameter at ground level
and the diameter of the top of ten forest species at different ages
were evaluated, as well as all costs involved in the application and
maintenance of each treatment, up to 30 months after planting. In every
age of valuation, forest plants showed significantly higher average
growth in height and diameter at the ground level in the treatment of
consortium with herbaceous legumes and application of glyphosate. At 24
months after planting, the top of the trees that were introduced had
already covered 80% to 90% of the area of experimental unit that
received the T3 (legumes) and T2 (Glyphosate) treatments, respectively.
However, the maintenance cost of the T3 was almost double the T1 units
and the cost of the latter was almost three times higher than the units
analyzed for T2. As a general rule, eucalyptus consortium between the
lines of planting did not harm, but also did not benefit the growth of
the native species planted up to 30 months after planting. Chemical
control and consortium with herbaceous legumes can be pointed as
effective alternatives to control the brachiaria of this area,
anticipating the formation of stands and resulting in resource savings
Space variability of the seed bank in area of Caatinga in the Northeastern region of Brazil
No full textO banco de sementes no solo \ue9 uma das principais estrat\ue9gias
de sobreviv\ueancia em longo prazo das comunidades vegetais diante da
sazonalidade e da irregularidade do regime pluviom\ue9trico em
\ue1reas \ue1ridas e semi\ue1ridas. Considerando a forte
varia\ue7\ue3o na riqueza e a densidade do banco de sementes nesses
ambientes, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a varia\ue7\ue3o
espacial do banco de sementes em uma \ue1rea de Caatinga, no Nordeste
do Brasil, determinando a sua composi\ue7\ue3o flor\uedstica e
densidade de germina\ue7\ue3o. A \ue1rea selecionada foi uma
lagoa tempor\ue1ria no Cariri paraibano, com vegeta\ue7\ue3o
altamente antropizada, devido a diversos usos ao longo do tempo. Em
cada ponto cardeal, tomando como refer\ueancia o centro da lagoa,
foram retiradas amostras de solo para o banco de sementes. Todo o
material coletado foi distribu\ueddo em bandejas pl\ue1sticas e
irrigado diariamente. A determina\ue7\ue3o da densidade de sementes
no banco do solo foi realizada pelo m\ue9todo de emerg\ueancia de
pl\ue2ntulas e expressa em sementes.m-2. A flora do banco de sementes
do solo da Caatinga foi representada neste estudo por 26 esp\ue9cies
e tr\ueas morfoesp\ue9cies, distribu\ueddas em 11 fam\uedlias e
26 g\ueaneros, dentre elas as fam\uedlias Poaceae e Asteraceae, com
maior n\ufamero de esp\ue9cies. A principal forma de vida do banco
de sementes foi herb\ue1cea e a densidade m\ue9dia da \ue1rea de
estudo foi de 2.942 sementes.m-2 (lagoa) e 3.826 sementes.m-2 (no
entorno) e ap\uf3s o estresse h\ueddrico foi de 732 sementes.m-2 e
1.208 sementes.m-2, nas \ue1reas da lagoa e do seu entorno,
respectivamente. A \ue1rea do entorno da lagoa apresenta a maior
densidade de plantas por m2 e maior diversidade de esp\ue9cies.
Al\ue9m disso, o sentido Norte, em ambas as \ue1reas, apresentou
menor densidade de sementes.m-2.The seed bank in soil is one of the main long-term survival strategies
of plant communities in the view of seasonality and irregularity of
rainfall in arid and semiarid areas. Considering strong variation in
seed bank richness and density in these environments, this study aims
to evaluate the spatial variation of seed bank in an area of Caatinga,
in northeastern Brazil, determining its floristic composition and
germination density. The selected area was a temporary lagoon in the
Cariri region of Para\uedba state, with highly anthropized
vegetation, due to various uses over time. At each cardinal point,
taking the center of the lagoon as a reference, soil samples were taken
from the seed bank. All material collected was distributed in plastic
trays and irrigated daily. The determination of seed density in the
soil bank was performed by the seedling emergence method and expressed
in seeds.m-2. The flora of the Caatinga soil seed bank was represented
in this study by 26 species and three morphospecies, distributed in 11
families and 26 genera, among them the Poaceae and Asteraceae families
with the largest number of species. The main life form of the seed bank
was herbaceous and the average density of the study area was 2,942
seeds.m-2 (lagoon) and 3,826 seeds.m-2 (in the surroundings) and after
water stress was 732 seeds.m-2 and 1,208 seeds.m-2, in and around the
lagoon areas, respectively. The area surrounding the lagoon has the
highest plant density per m2 and the highest diversity of species. In
addition, the northern direction in both areas presented lower seed
density
Occupational safety in native forest management systems: systematic review
No full textO objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revis\ue3o
sistem\ue1tica para identificar, nos sistemas de gest\ue3o das
florestas nativas, quais os indicadores relacionados com a
seguran\ue7a ocupacional. A busca de artigos cient\uedficos com
interesse para a revis\ue3o foi realizada em 16 bases de dados
cient\uedficas de artigos escritos em ingl\ueas e outros recursos
(revistas n\ue3o indexadas \ue0s bases de dados anteriormente
referidas, mas que se sabia estarem relacionadas, quer com o setor
florestal, quer com a seguran\ue7a ocupacional, e os motores de busca
Google e Google Acad\ueamico), de acordo com a metodologia PRISMA.
Com base em 16 conjuntos de palavras-chave escrita sem l\uedngua
inglesa, espanhola e portuguesa e balizando o per\uedodo de
publica\ue7\ue3o entre os anos de 2005 e 2017, foram identificados
apenas 21 artigos que atenderam ao crit\ue9rio de elegibilidade
definido, isto \ue9, que mencionavam no seu texto os seguintes 4
conjuntos de palavras: \u201cfloresta nativa\u201d, \u201csistema de
gest\ue3o de floresta nativa\u201d, \u201cindicadores de
gest\ue3o de seguran\ue7a\u201d e \u201climita\ue7\uf5es de
gest\ue3o de seguran\ue7a\u201d. Observou-se que a incid\ueancia
de les\uf5es graves ou fatais em atividades de manejo de florestas
nativas est\ue3o relacionadas, principalmente, com a
utiliza\ue7\ue3o de motosserras para corte de \ue1rvores, e ao
levantamento de cargas. A implementa\ue7\ue3o de sistemas de
gest\ue3o florestal nas organiza\ue7\uf5es deste setor, ora
atrav\ue9s das certifica\ue7\uf5es internacionais FSC e PEFC, ora
atrav\ue9s de outras normas espec\uedficas de cada pa\ueds,
impulsionou melhorias na seguran\ue7a e na sa\ufade dos
trabalhadores e, consequentemente, no correspondente \uedndice de
acidentes e doen\ue7as ocupacionais. Por\ue9m, a
integra\ue7\ue3o de sistema de gest\ue3o seguran\ue7a
ocupacional nos sistemas de gest\ue3o de florestas nativas apresentam
fragilidades que decorrem, principalmente, da falta de
fiscaliza\ue7\ue3o das organiza\ue7\uf5es subcontratadas
(terceiras) as quais recorrem frequentemente a m\ue3o de obra sem
forma\ue7\ue3o profissional adequada para o exerc\uedcio da
atividade. Atendendo \ue0 crescente tend\ueancia de
explora\ue7\ue3o de florestas nativas e \ue0 reduzida
informa\ue7\ue3o dispon\uedvel, estes resultados sugerem que mais
investiga\ue7\ue3o cient\uedfica que relacione os sistemas de
gest\ue3o de florestas nativas com os sistemas de gest\ue3o de
seguran\ue7a ocupacional em florestas nativas \ue9, al\ue9m de
oportuna, da maior import\ue2ncia.The objective of this work was to carry out a systematic review in
order to identify the indicators related to occupational safety in
native forest management systems. The search for scientific articles
with interest for the review was carried out in 16 scientific databases
of articles written in English. Other resources, such as specific
journals not indexed to the databases previously mentioned but known to
be related both to the forestry sector and to the Occupational safety,
and the search websites Google and Google Scholar were also used. The
PRISMA methodology was used. Based on 16 sets of keywords written in
English, Spanish and Portuguese and marking the period of publication
between 2005 and 2017, only 21 articles that met the defined
eligibility criterion were identified. In this case, the articles
mentioned the following four sets of words: "native forest", "native
forest management system", "security management indicators" and
"security management limitations". It was observed that the incidence
of serious or fatal injuries in native forest management activities are
mainly related to the use of chainsaws to cut trees and loads lifting.
The implementation of forest management systems in the organizations of
this sector, either through FSC and PEFC international certifications
or through other country-specific standards, has led to improvements in
workers' safety and health and, consequently, in the corresponding
index of occupational accidents and diseases. However, the integration
of occupational safety management systems into native forest management
systems presents weaknesses, mainly due to the lack of supervision by
subcontracted organizations (third parties), which often use personnel
that was not adequately trained for the exercise of activity. Given the
increasing trend of exploitation of native forests and the limited
available information, these results suggest that more scientific
research linking native forest management systems with occupational
safety management systems in native forests is opportune and highly
important
Compliance of FSC/CoC certification requirements for Rio de Janeiro wooden mobile industries
No full textO objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a capacidade das ind\ufastrias
moveleiras da regi\ue3o metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, em atender
aos requisitos das certifica\ue7\uf5es de cadeia de cust\uf3dia
do Forest Council Stewardship (FSC). Os dados foram coletados
atrav\ue9s da aplica\ue7\ue3o de question\ue1rios contendo
informa\ue7\uf5es sobre a certifica\ue7\ue3o florestal
(administra\ue7\ue3o participativa, capacita\ue7\ue3o dos
funcion\ue1rios, documenta\ue7\ue3o legal da empresa,
fornecedores certificados, rastreabilidade da mat\ue9ria-prima e
relat\uf3rio de movimenta\ue7\ue3o de certifica\ue7\ue3o). Os
question\ue1rios foram preenchidos durante visitas \ue0s empresas,
respondidos pelo respons\ue1vel do setor de projeto e
produ\ue7\ue3o. Os requisitos \u201cdisposi\ue7\ue3o de
licen\ue7as e outros documentos legais\u201d, \u201cdisponibilidade
de um respons\ue1vel pelo processo de certifica\ue7\ue3o de
cadeia de cust\uf3dia\u201d e \u201ccapacita\ue7\ue3o de
funcion\ue1rios\u201d, que necessitam de custos e que exigem
procedimentos burocr\ue1ticos para cumprimento, foram os que mais
interferiram para que as empresas n\ue3o obtivessem o certificado de
cadeia de cust\uf3dia. O requisito-chave \u201crastreabilidade da
mat\ue9ria-prima\u201d n\ue3o apresentou complexidade de
cumprimento, visto que todas as ind\ufastrias afirmaram ter
capacidade em atend\uea-lo. Em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 norma de
certifica\ue7\ue3o de cadeia de cust\uf3dia, a maioria das
ind\ufastrias moveleiras da regi\ue3o metropolitana do Rio de
Janeiro consegue cumprir os requisitos exigidos.This research aimed to analyze the ability of the Rio de Janeiro
metropolitan furniture industries to meet the requirements of Forest
Council Stewardship chain of custody certifications (FSC). Data were
collected through the application of questionnaires containing
information on forest certification (participatory management, employee
training, company legal documentation, certified suppliers, raw
material traceability and certification movement report). The
questionnaires were completed during visits to the companies, answered
by the head of the design and production sector. The requirements
\u201cprovision of licenses\u201d and \u201cother legal
documents\u201d, \u201cavailability of chain of custody certification
process officer\u201d and \u201cstaff training\u201d, which require
costs and require bureaucratic compliance procedures, were the ones
that influenced the companies not to obtain the chain of custody
certificate. The key requirement \u201craw material
traceability\u201d did not present compliance complexity, as all
industries claimed to be able to meet it. In the chain of custody
certification standard, most furniture industries in the Rio de Janeiro
metropolitan region can meet the required requirements
Soil seed bank in restored areas in southern Mato Grosso do Sul state \u2013 MS
No full textO objetivo foi avaliar o banco de sementes de tr\ueas diferentes
\ue1reas em processo de restaura\ue7\ue3o ap\uf3s 12, 13 e 16
anos de implanta\ue7\ue3o, localizadas no estado de Mato Grosso do
Sul. Foram coletadas 20 amostras (20 x 20 cm) no interior de cada
floresta restaurada em pontos distribu\ueddos ao acaso, a uma
profundidade de 0 a 5 cm, considerando-se a serapilheira. Ap\uf3s
serem dispostas em bandejas pl\ue1sticas, as amostras foram irrigadas
e monitoradas diariamente por um per\uedodo de aproximadamente
tr\ueas meses (90 dias). As esp\ue9cies tamb\ue9m foram avaliadas
conforme sua s\uedndrome de dispers\ue3o, adotando os
crit\ue9rios morfol\uf3gicos dos frutos como anemoc\uf3ricas,
zooc\uf3ricas, e autoc\uf3ricas, al\ue9m de serem classificadas
quanto \ue0 forma de vida e a origem. A diversidade do banco de
sementes foi estimada atrav\ue9s do \uedndice de diversidade de
Shannon (H\u2019) e a Equabilidade de Pielou (J\u2019). Essas
an\ue1lises foram realizadas no programa Fitopac 2.0. Verificou-se,
que a composi\ue7\ue3o da comunidade herb\ue1cea variou com os
locais, sendo a maior densidade de sementes vi\ue1veis para esta
classe observadas em Ivinhema, onde o banco de sementes foi composto
principalmente por ervas espont\ue2neas oriundas de \ue1reas
antropizadas do entorno e grande densidade de pl\ue2ntulas da
fam\uedlia Poaceae, contando com quatro esp\ue9cies distintas.
J\ue1 a \ue1rea de Jate\ued apresentou uma alta densidade de
pl\ue2ntulas de Cecropia pachystachya Tr\ue9cul., al\ue9m de
quatro outras esp\ue9cies arb\uf3reas distintas. A \ue1rea
restaurada de Caarap\uf3 apresentou diferentes classes de
vegeta\ue7\ue3o e a presen\ue7a de componentes importantes para
sucess\ue3o tais como \ue1rvores e lianas. Nos tr\ueas bancos de
sementes avaliados houve a presen\ue7a de esp\ue9cies arb\uf3reas
representando um avan\ue7o no processo sucessional de cada \ue1rea.The objective was to evaluate the seed bank of three different areas
under restoration process after 12, 13 and 16 years of implantation,
located in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Twenty samples (20cm x
20cm) were collected inside each forest restored in randomly
distributed points, at a depth of 0 to 5cm, considering the litter.
After being placed in plastic trays, the samples were irrigated and
monitored daily for a period of approximately three months (90 days).
The species were also evaluated according to their dispersal syndrome,
adopting the morphological criteria of the fruits as anemocoric,
zoochoric, and autocoric, besides being classified according to the way
of life and origin. Seed bank diversity was estimated through Shannon
diversity index (H \u2018) and Pielou Equity (J\u2019). These
analyzes were performed using the Fitopac 2.0 program. It was found
that the composition of the herbaceous community varied with the
localities, being the highest viable seed density for this class
observed in Ivinhema, where the seed bank was composed mainly of
spontaneous herbs from anthropized areas around the area and high
density of seeds. seedlings of the Poaceae family, with four distinct
species. The Jate\ued area presented a high density of Cecropia
pachystachya Tr\ue9cul. Seedlings, as well as four other distinct
tree species. The restored area of Caarap\uf3 presented different
vegetation classes and the presence of important succession components
such as trees and vines. In the three seed banks evaluated, there was
the presence of tree species representing an advance in the
successional process of each area
Mechanical resistance to soil penetration in a silvipastoral system after eleven years of implantation
No full textCom a crescente demanda por alimentos, surge a necessidade de
intensifica\ue7\ue3o no uso do solo, convergindo para sistemas de
produ\ue7\ue3o com caracter\uedsticas de sustentabilidade. Uma
alternativa, aplicada \ue0 agricultura, \ue9 a ado\ue7\ue3o de
sistemas integrados de produ\ue7\ue3o agropecu\ue1ria, como
exemplo est\ue1 o sistema silvipastoril. A integra\ue7\ue3o entre
sistemas de produ\ue7\uf5es visa maximizar o uso dos recursos
naturais e dos insumos, com menos impacto sobre o ambiente e maior
ganho em produtividade da \ue1rea. Nesse sentido, os efeitos em longo
prazo, promovidos por sistemas silvipastoris nos atributos f\uedsicos
do solo, devem ser estudados e relatados na literatura cient\uedfica.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resist\ueancia mec\ue2nica
do solo \ue0 penetra\ue7\ue3o (RMP) em faixas longitudinais
distribu\ueddas entre linhas de \ue1rvores plantadas em duas
disposi\ue7\uf5es, Leste-Oeste e Norte-Sul, de um solo sob um
sistema silvipastoril ap\uf3s 11 anos de sua implanta\ue7\ue3o. A
esp\ue9cie arb\uf3rea implantada em 2006 foi a Grevillea robusta e,
como esp\ue9cie forrageira, a Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) sob pastejo
com lota\ue7\ue3o rotacionada de bovinos de leite. Para
determina\ue7\ue3o da RMP foram avaliadas as camadas de solo de
0,0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40m de profundidade com
aux\uedlio de penetr\uf4metro digital. Utilizou-se o delineamento
experimental de blocos ao acaso. As disposi\ue7\uf5es das
\ue1rvores n\ue3o foram consideradas como fator experimental e as
an\ue1lises feitas isoladamente dentro das disposi\ue7\uf5es
Leste-Oeste e Norte-Sul. Os maiores valores de RMP foram observados na
camada de 0,05-0,10 m do solo e nas \ue1reas avaliadas com maior
proximidade das \ue1rvores, indicando o efeito do animal, que
permanece nesses locais por mais tempo devido ao conforto t\ue9rmico
proporcionado pela sobra das \ue1rvores. A serapilheira depositada no
solo pelas \ue1rvores e sistema radicular da esp\ue9cie forrageira
deve ter auxiliado para que os n\uedveis de RMP fossem menores na
superf\uedcie do solo, considerando o incremento nos teores de
mat\ue9ria org\ue2nica na superf\uedcie do solo. O efeito do
sistema radicular da esp\ue9cie arb\uf3rea pode ter
contribu\ueddo para os maiores valores de RMP na profundidade de 0,20
a 0,40m para disposi\ue7\ue3o Leste-Oeste.Along with the growing demand for food, the need arises for
intensification in the land use, converging to production systems with
sustainability characteristics. An alternative one, applied to
agriculture, is the adoption of integrated systems of agricultural
production like the silvipastoral system. The integration between
production systems aims to maximize the use of natural resources and
inputs, with less impact on the environment and greater productivity
gain in the area. In this sense, the long-term effects promoted by
silvipastoral systems on soil, the physical attributes should be
studied and reported in the scientific literature. The objective of
this work was to evaluate the mechanical resistance of the soil to
penetration (RMP) in longitudinal strips distributed between rows of
trees planted in two arrangements, East-West and North-South, of a soil
under a silvipastoral system, after 11 years of its implementation. The
tree species implanted in 2006 was Grevillea robusta and, as forage
species, Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) under pasture with rotated dairy
cattle. In order to determine the RMP, soil layers of 0.0-0.05;
0.05-0.10; 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40m depth were evaluated using a
digital penetrometer. The experimental design used was that of random
blocks with three repetitions. The arrangement of the trees was not
considered as an experimental factor and the analyses were made in
isolation within the East-West and North-South arrangement. The results
showed that the highest RMP values were observed in the 0.05-0.10 m
layer and in the strips close to the trees, due to the greater
permanence of the animals in these locations. The burlap deposited in
the soil by the trees and the root system of the fodder species should
have helped so that the levels of RMP were lower at the soil surface,
considering the increase in organic matter contents at the soil
surface. The effect of the root system of the tree species may have
contributed to higher RMP values at depths of 0.20 to 0.40m for
east-west disposition
Ecological anatomy of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. leaf in Restinga in Cear\ue1 state
No full textA anatomia foliar ecol\uf3gica do g\ueanero Myrcia DC. ainda \ue9
pouco estudada. A esp\ue9cie Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC.,
popularmente conhecida como mapirunga, ocorre em regi\ue3o de litoral
no estado do Cear\ue1 e possui import\ue2ncia ecol\uf3gica e
potencial medicinal. Objetivou-se caracterizar a anatomia foliar
ecol\uf3gica dessa esp\ue9cie nas esta\ue7\uf5es de chuva e
seca, bem como, ao sol e \ue0 sombra na Restinga cearense. Para isso,
foram realizadas coletas no Jardim Bot\ue2nico de S\ue3o
Gon\ue7alo de folhas totalmente expandidas e fixadas em FAA70, sendo
substitu\ueddo por etanol 70% ap\uf3s 24 horas. Seguiu-se para os
procedimentos anat\uf4micos usuais no Laborat\uf3rio de Ecologia da
Universidade Estadual do Cear\ue1, a fim de analisar qualitativamente
e quantitativamente as estruturas da l\ue2mina foliar, pec\uedolo e
parad\ue9rmico. Como resultados obteve-se a presen\ue7a de
caracter\uedsticas que contribuem para sua sobreviv\ueancia em
ambiente de Restinga com per\uedodos de deficit h\ueddrico e alta
taxa de luminosidade, tais como: presen\ue7a de cut\uedcula
levemente espessa, folha hipoestom\ue1tica, aumento da densidade
estom\ue1tica em folhas de sol, presen\ue7a de fibras abundantes
nos feixes vasculares da nervura central e presen\ue7a de drusas.
Portanto, conclui-se que a planta em estudo possui grande capacidade
aclimatativa \ue0s condi\ue7\uf5es analisadas (intensa
luminosidade e per\uedodos de deficit h\ueddrico).The ecological foliar anatomy of the genus Myrcia DC. is still little
studied. Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. species popularly known as
mapirunga, occurs in a coastal region in the state of Cear\ue1 and
has ecological importance and medicinal potential. The objective was to
characterize the ecological foliar anatomy of this species in rainy and
dry seasons, as well as, in the sun and shade in the Cear\ue1\u2019s
Restinga. To do so, samples were collected in S\ue3o Gon\ue7alo
Botanical Garden, with leaves totally expanded and fixed in FAA70,
being replaced by 70% ethanol after 24 hours. It was followed to the
usual anatomical procedures in the Ecology Laboratory of the Cear\ue1
State University, in order to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze
the structures of the leaf blade, petiole and paradermal sections. The
results showed the presence of characteristics that contribute to its
survival in a Restinga environment with periods of water deficit and
high luminosity, such as: presence of slightly thick cuticle,
hypoestomatic leaf, increased stomatal density in leaves of sun,
presence of abundant fibers in the vascular bundles of the central vein
and presence of drusen. Therefore, it is concluded that the plant under
study has a great acclimative capacity to the analyzed conditions
(intense luminosity and periods of water deficit)
Lignina e flexibilidade caulinar em mudas de eucalipto submetidas a rustifica\ue7\ue3o
No full textThe objective of this work was to verify if hardening by stem bending
and foliar spray of jasmonic acid (JA) induced lignification and if it
altered the post-planting development. The experiment was initially
conducted in a shade house following a completely randomized design
with treatments as (T1) control; (T2) 2.0 \u3bcmol L-1 of JA; (T3) 4.0
\u3bcmol L-1 of JA; (T4) 6.0 \u3bcmol L-1 of JA; (T5) 8.0 \u3bcmol
L-1 of JA; (T6) 20 stem bending; (T7) 40 stem bending and five
replicates. At the end of the imposed treatments, we calculated the
increments in height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root and shoot
dry biomasses, as well as the lignin content of shoots and roots and
the stem stiffness. Afterwards, seedlings were planted following a
randomized block design with three seedlings per replicate. At 90 and
150 days after planting, we quantified increments in height and stem
diameter. Treatments T5 and T6 showed higher bending strength (0.28885
and 0.3005 N cm-1, respectively). Seedlings submitted to doses above
6.0 \u3bcmol L-1 of JA (T5) and imposition of stem bending (T6 and T7)
resulted in a higher stem lignin content. The smaller doses of JA (T2,
T3 and T4) and 20 stem bending (T6) resulted in seedlings with a
relative increase in diameter. The interpretation of path analysis
showed weak multicollinearity, that is, the variables under study are
not highly correlated and there was a greater direct correlation
between the lignin content of the stem with the mean increase in height
and diameter of the seedlings after planting.O trabalho objetivou verificar se a rustifica\ue7\ue3o por
flex\uf5es caulinares e a pulveriza\ue7\ue3o foliar com
\ue1cido jasm\uf4nico (JA) induz lignifica\ue7\ue3o e altera o
desenvolvimento p\uf3s-plantio. O experimento iniciou em ambiente
protegido seguindo um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com sete
tratamentos (T1) testemunha; (T2) 2,0 \u3bcmol L-1 de JA; (T3) 4,0
\u3bcmol L-1 de JA; (T4) 6,0 \u3bcmol L-1 de JA; (T5) 8,0 \u3bcmol
L-1 de JA; (T6) 20 flex\uf5es; (T7) 40 flex\uf5es e cinco
repeti\ue7\uf5es. Ao final da aplica\ue7\ue3o dos tratamentos,
avaliaram-se os incrementos na altura, no di\ue2metro do coleto e
n\ufamero de folhas, assim como o teor de lignina dos tecidos
caulinares, das ra\uedzes e a rigidez flexural. Em seguida, as mudas
rustificadas foram plantadas a campo em delineamento em blocos ao acaso
com tr\ueas mudas por repeti\ue7\ue3o. Aos 90 e 150 dias,
avaliaram-se os incrementos na altura e no di\ue2metro do caule.
Mudas dos tratamentos T5 e T6 apresentaram maior resist\ueancia
\ue0 curvatura (0,2885 e 0,3005 N cm-1, respectivamente). O teor de
lignina no caule aumentou com aplica\ue7\uf5es de JA acima de
6,0\u3bcmol L-1 e imposi\ue7\ue3o de flex\uf5es caulinares. As
menores doses de JA (T2, T3 e T4) e o tratamento com 20 flex\uf5es
caulinares (T6) resultaram em mudas com aumento no incremento no
di\ue2metro do caule. A interpreta\ue7\ue3o da an\ue1lise de
trilha demonstrou que houve aumento na rigidez do caule acompanhado com
o aumento no teor de lignina e que estes possuem um maior efeito direto
inversamente proporcional com o incremento m\ue9dio em altura e com o
di\ue2metro do caule ap\uf3s o plantio