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Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Investigation of Plants Roots and its Implication in University of Benin Engineering Field, Ugbowo, Edo State, Nigeria
Full text linkThe geophysical study of the spread of plant roots have become
imperative due to its effect on buildings. Most buildings constructed
close to trees; without taking into consideration the extent of root
spread, have experienced cracks which sometimes lead to the collapse of
such buildings. To investigate the horizontal and vertical spread of
plant roots at the University of Benin Engineering field, Edo State,
Nigeria, a two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging was done
using the Wenner-Schlumberger array configuration. Data were collected
along two profiles; profile 1 was taken along tree paths and profile 2
along grassland area, some distance from profile 1. Profile 1 showed a
very resistive top layer underlain by a low resistive layer. The top
layer which appeared to be highly resistive was due to the presence of
fluid absorbers within that layer. The fluid absorbers are the roots
from the trees which are distributed both vertically and horizontally
within the layer. With the inversion results, the depths of the roots
were estimated to be between 5.00m and 7.50m from the surface; with
resistivity values of between 610.00\u3a9m to 1700 \u3a9m. The
resistivity distribution obtained in profile 2 appears to be more
homogeneous than the results obtained from profile 1 with resistivity
values of between 320 \u3a9m to 3500.00 \u3a9m from the top layer to
the bottom layer. The uniformity in the resistivity distribution with
depth was due to the absence of tree roots within the formation
Investigation of the Perception of Climate Change among Arable Crop Farmers in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria
Full text linkThis study was designed to investigate the perception of climate change
among arable crop farmers in Akinyele local government area of Oyo
state, Nigeria using a well-structured questionnaire for data
acquisition. Descriptive and inferential (chi-square) statistics were
used to analyze the data.. The study revealed that majority of the
respondents (50.8%) were between the ages of 40-49years and majority of
them (85.8%) are married with household size of 7-10 persons. The study
further revealed that (33.3%) of the respondents had no formal
education while, (42.5%) of the respondents had a farming experience of
16years and above. However, it also shows that majority of the
respondents are aware of the effect and causes of climate change.
Significant association exists between marital status (x2=68.426,
P=0.000), family size (X2=25.777, P=0.012) and perceived effect of
climate change. The study therefore recommended that the government and
extension agents should enlighten the women farmers more about climate
change and should also help in making them adapt excellently to climate
change
Well-to-Seismic Tie of a Field Onshore of the Nigerian Delta
Full text linkThis work presents a modern procedure for understanding seismic data
wavelets through well-to-seismic tie on an onshore field in the
Nigerian Delta using the state-of-the-art techniques. The purpose of
this work is the correlation of formation tops and seismic reflectors
in the field. The objectives among others include the calibration of
the seismic data in terms of polarity and phase, as well as to ensure
that the seismic data is descriptive to well markers and discoveries,
extending knowledge from the well location to rest of the field and
reducing uncertainties. Logs from the two wells on the field and also
logs from three wells on neighbouring fields were used to establish
lateral continuity of the reservoirs H1000 and H4000. Their results
show that the top, base and thickness of both reservoirs are quite
variable laterally and this posed some challenges in the correlation
from well to well. The field does not have checkshot data, so checkshot
data from one of the wells on the neighbouring field was borrowed.
Calibrated sonic and density logs of well-01 and well-02 were used to
assess the seismic ties at the well locations. Strong correlations at
the wells are fundamental to the evaluation of the spatial extent of
the horizons around the wells from the seismic data. Seismic-to-well
ties are a very important part of the interpreter\u2019s business as
they provide a means of correctly identifying horizons to pick, and
estimating the wavelet for inverting seismic data to impedance and rock
property indicators
Design and Fabrication of a Manually Operated Vegetable Leaf Slicing Machine
Full text linkThis paper entails the design and fabrication of a manually operated
vegetable leaf slicing machine. The developed machine consists of a
hopper, the cutter housing, the cutting blades, the rotating shaft, and
a wooden handle. The machine was designed to enhance the hygienic
slicing of vegetable leaf materials and for prevention of knife-related
injuries for both domestic and commercial use. The machine was tested
with a slicing efficiency of 95.52 % with a provision of an alternative
quick vegetable cutting process with no injuries, no electric power
supply and with little or no noise to the operating environment
Foraminiferal Biozonation of Late Eocene - Early Oligocene sediments of BC-1 well, Onshore, Western Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
Full text linkForaminiferal analysis was carried out on forty (40) ditch cutting
samples from BC-1 well in the Onshore, Western Niger Delta at depth
intervals of 5590 ft. - 8300 ft. Lithologic description of the samples
together with the gamma ray log analytical data indicated the presence
of four lithostratigraphic units composed of shale, sandstone, sandy
shale and shaly sand corresponding to the continental Benin and paralic
Agbada Formations. A total of twelve (12) species defined into eleven
(11) genera, six (6) subfamilies and eleven (11) families were
recovered. Benthonic and planktonic foraminiferal species constitute
approximately 82 % and 18 % respectively. The calcareous benthics make
up 44.4 % while the arenaceous benthics representing 37.7% of the total
foraminiferal assemblages. Foraminiferal index marker species -
Globorotalia opima nana, Nonion oyae, Cassigerinella chipollensis
and Spiroplectammina wrightii revealed that the age of the studied
well is from Late Eocene - Early Oligocene epoch. This indicated that
both the planktonic and benthonic foraminiferal recovered from the well
contained the transition between the Priabonian and the Rupelian age.
Three (3) informal foraminiferal zone were established - Nonion oyae
zone, Cassigerinella chipollensis zone and undiagnostic zone. The zones
compares with foraminiferal markers species whose stratigraphic ranges
are well established in the Niger Delta and globally
Spatial distribution of multiple herbicide resistance in Echinochloa colona (L.) Link.
No full textEchinochloa colona (L.) Link is one of the most troublesome weed
species in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) crops. Despite numerous cases of
herbicide resistance in E. colona worldwide, in Colombia the reports
are scarce and most of them dating from over two decades ago. To screen
the resistance of E. colona to bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl and
quinclorac, in the Salda\uf1a and Purificaci\uf3n counties, a
survey was carried out in 23 rice fields, through a grid of 26 squares
of 2.56 /km2 each. Seedlings from 23 populations were treated with
commercial formulations from these respective herbicides at their
recommended (1x) dose and twice the dose (2x) under controlled
conditions. Relative fresh weight and percent control were evaluated.
Populations with relative fresh weight greater than 20% and control
below 80%, were categorized as resistant. For statistical analysis, a
mixed model was used with populations as a random effect. The
distribution of resistance was evaluated by a spatial autocorrelation
analysis. It was established that 91% of populations were resistant to
bispyribac-sodium, 48% to cyhalofop-butyl and 43% to quinclorac.
Sixty-five percent had multiple resistance to two herbicides and 22% to
three herbicides. Resistance was randomly distributed, according to the
results obtained from the mixed model that showed a homogeneous
response of populations within fields and heterogeneous among fields.
This indicates that management strategies at field level generate a
local selection pressure that determines the evolution of the
resistance independently in each field
Volatile-organic compound changes in rose twigs consequent to infection with rose powdery mildew
No full textThe chemical mechanisms involved in indirect plant-mediated
interactions between insects and phytopathogenic fungi on the host
plant are poorly understood. Fungus-induced changes in the volatile
organic compound (VOC) contents of plants need to be elucidated to
address this. Here, changes in VOCs in rose ( Rosa chinensis Jacq.)
leaves infected with rose powdery mildew ( Podosphaera pannosa
[Wallr.: Fr.] de Bary) were studied. VOCs were collected from undamaged
live leaves of healthy and infected intact rose plants by dynamic
headspace adsorption and identified by GC-MS. VOCs were extracted using
n-hexane, and 38 chemicals were found to be produced by P. pannosa. A
total of 71 VOCs not produced by P. pannosa were produced to different
degrees by infected and healthy plants, and 18 of these were produced
only by infected plants. Principal component analysis of
chromatographic data gave VOC profiles distinguishing between infected
and healthy plants. Hexadecanol, octadecanol, tetradecanol, n-butyl
hexadecanoate, and n-butyl stearate dominated the VOCs produced by
infected plants. These chemicals can be used as markers for detecting
mildew-infected rose plants even 4-7 d after infection before symptoms
appear. Clear temporal changes in the concentrations of these five
chemicals were found. The results improve our understanding of the
chemical mechanisms involved in interactions between insects and
phytopathogenic fungi
Development and determination of larval stages of fall armyworm on some staple crops
Full text linkFall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae), is a serious emerging pest of maize ( Zea mays L.) and
many other alternative crop hosts in sub-Saharan Africa. Adequate
knowledge on the development of S. frugiperda on maize and other
alternative host crops is important in the development of integrated
pest management programmes. The objective of this study was to
determine the larval developmental stages of FAW using head capsule and
other body morphometrics of FAW on maize and other alternative host
crops in Nigeria. Food hosts (maize, cassava and cowpea) were
replicated five times and arranged in a Completely Randomised Design.
The results showed that mean growth ratio of larval development on
maize, cassava and cowpea were 1.51, 1.54 and 1.50, respectively; and
all conformed to Dyar\u2019s rule. Head capsule width of larval
instars showed six frequency peaks, representing six larval instars.
Mean width of head capsule from the first to sixth larval, in the three
crops, were significantly different. The shortest (14 days) and longest
(17 days) developmental periods were recorded on maize and cassava.
Pupal weight and length were not significantly different among the
crops. There was a linear and significant correlation (maize = 0.98,
cassava = 0.98 and cowpea = 0.99) between the stages of larval
development and head capsule width. The number of larval instars of
FAW, duration of their developments and the weights of larva and pupa
on maize, cassava and cowpea are useful information in determining the
number of generations of FAW on each crop. This information could,
therefore, be applied in decision making on the appropriate time and
duration of application of control actions when these crops are
infested.La chenille l\ue9gionnaire d\u2019automne (FAW), Spodoptera
frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), est un important ravageur
\ue9mergent du ma\uefs ( Zea mays L.) et de nombreuses autres
cultures h\uf4tes alternatives en Afrique subsaharienne. Des
connaissances ad\ue9quates sur le d\ue9veloppement de S. frugiperda
sur le ma\uefs et d\u2019autres cultures h\uf4tes alternatives
sont importantes dans le d\ue9veloppement de programmes de lutte
int\ue9gr\ue9e contre les ravageurs. L\u2019objectif de cette
\ue9tude \ue9tait de d\ue9terminer les stades de
d\ue9veloppement larvaire de la chenille l\ue9gionnaire
d\u2019automne en utilisant la capsule c\ue9phalique et
d\u2019autres morphom\ue9tries corporelles de la chenille
l\ue9gionnaire d\u2019automne sur le ma\uefs et d\u2019autres
cultures h\uf4tes alternatives au Nigeria. Les h\uf4tes
alimentaires (ma\uefs, manioc et ni\ue9b\ue9) ont \ue9t\ue9
r\ue9pliqu\ue9s cinq fois et dispos\ue9s selon un plan
compl\ue8tement al\ue9atoire. Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9
que le taux de croissance moyen du d\ue9veloppement larvaire sur le
ma\uefs, le manioc et le ni\ue9b\ue9 \ue9tait respectivement de
1,51, 1,54 et 1,50 ; et tous se conform\ue8rent \ue0 la r\ue8gle
de Dyar. La largeur de la capsule c\ue9phalique des stades larvaires
a montr\ue9 six pics de fr\ue9quence, repr\ue9sentant six stades
larvaires. La largeur moyenne de la capsule c\ue9phalique de la
premi\ue8re \ue0 la sixi\ue8me larve, dans les trois cultures,
\ue9tait significativement diff\ue9rente. Les p\ue9riodes de
d\ue9veloppement les plus courtes (14 jours) et les plus longues (17
jours) ont \ue9t\ue9 enregistr\ue9es sur le ma\uefs et le
manioc. Le poids et la longueur des pupes n\u2019\ue9taient pas
significativement diff\ue9rents entre les cultures. Il y avait une
corr\ue9lation lin\ue9aire et significative (ma\uefs = 0,98,
manioc = 0,98 et ni\ue9b\ue9 = 0,99) entre les stades de
d\ue9veloppement larvaire et la largeur de la capsule
c\ue9phalique. Le nombre de stades larvaires de la chenille
l\ue9gionnaire d\u2019automne, la dur\ue9e de leur
d\ue9veloppement et les poids des larves et des pupes sur le
ma\uefs, le manioc et le ni\ue9b\ue9 sont des informations utiles
pour d\ue9terminer le nombre de g\ue9n\ue9rations de la chenille
l\ue9gionnaire d\u2019automne sur chaque culture. Cette information
pourrait donc \ueatre appliqu\ue9e dans la prise de d\ue9cision
sur le moment et la dur\ue9e appropri\ue9s d\u2019application des
actions de contr\uf4le lorsque ces cultures sont infest\ue9es
EFFECT OF CEREAL BASED TRADITIONAL MALTING TECHNOLOGY ON NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF IRON-RICH BEAN FLOUR
Full text linkIron deficiency is a major public health challenge affecting the health
of about 18 and 13.8% of children and women globally, respectively.
About 43% children and 29% women in sub-Saharan Africa suffer from Iron
Deficiency Anemia. In Uganda, recent demographic health statistics
indicate that the prevalence of anaemia among children of 6-59 months
stands at 53%; while that for women of child bearing age stands at 32%.
Biofortified iron-rich bean varieties have been developed and adopted
in Uganda to contribute to alleviation of iron deficiency challenges.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of
traditional malting technology on nutritional quality of biofortified
iron-rich beans ( Phaseoulus vulgaris L.). The study examined the
effect of the traditional malting technology on: (i) the contents of
anti-nutritional factors (phytates, oxalates, polyphenols, tannins,
trypsin inhibitor activity); (ii) digestibility of protein and
bioavailability of iron and zinc; and (iii) retention of proximate
constituents and mineral micronutrient contents in bean varieties. We
used three bean varieties, namely NAROBEAN 1, hereafter referred to as
NB1, NAROBEAN 2 (NB2), and NAROBEAN 3 (NB3), all of which are widely
produced and consumed in Acholi sub-region. Application of paired
t-test revealed that the traditional malting technology reduced only
the content of oxalates by 42.3-54.8 % and trypsin inhibitor activity
by 6.2-34.6 %, from the three varieties. The content of total phenols
was reduced by 22.3 % only in NB 1 (P< 0.05). The traditional
malting technology improved protein digestibility for the three
varieties by 38-43.6 % (P< 0.05). Bioavailability of iron improved
from in NB1 by 26.7 % and NB2 by 11.5 %; while that of zinc improved
for only NB2 by 51.5 % (P<0.05). The contents of micronutrients and
proximate constituents were not adversely affected by the traditional
malting technology, except for phosphorus in NB1 and magnesium in NB3.
Overall, traditional malting technology is effective at reducing
trypsin inhibitors and oxalates, and improving protein digestibility
and iron bioavailability.La carence en fer est un d\ue9fi majeur de sant\ue9 publique
affectant la sant\ue9 d\u2019environ 18 et 13,8 % des enfants et des
femmes dans le monde respectivement. Environ 43 % des enfants et 29 %
des femmes en Afrique subsaharienne souffrent d\u2019an\ue9mie
ferriprive. En Ouganda, des statistiques d\ue9mographiques
r\ue9centes sur la sant\ue9 indiquent que la pr\ue9valence de
l\u2019an\ue9mie chez les enfants de 6 \ue0 59 mois est de 53 % ;
tandis que celui des femmes en \ue2ge de procr\ue9er est de 32 %.
Des vari\ue9t\ue9s de haricots biofortifi\ue9es riches en fer ont
\ue9t\ue9 d\ue9velopp\ue9es et adopt\ue9es en Ouganda pour
contribuer \ue0 att\ue9nuer les probl\ue8mes de carence en fer.
L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019\ue9tudier
l\u2019effet de la technologie de maltage traditionnel sur la
qualit\ue9 nutritionnelle des haricots (Phaseoulus vulgaris L.)
biofortifi\ue9es riches en fer. L\u2019\ue9tude a examin\ue9
l\u2019effet de la technologie de maltage traditionnel sur : (i) la
teneur en facteurs anti-nutritionnels (phytates, oxalates,
polyph\ue9nols, tanins, activit\ue9 inhibitrice de la trypsine) ;
(ii) digestibilit\ue9 des prot\ue9ines et biodisponibilit\ue9 du
fer et du zinc ; et (iii) la r\ue9tention des constituants proches et
des teneurs en micronutriments min\ue9raux dans les
vari\ue9t\ue9s de haricots. Nous avons utilis\ue9 trois
vari\ue9t\ue9s de haricots, \ue0 savoir NAROBEAN 1, ci-apr\ue8s
d\ue9nomm\ue9es NB1, NAROBEAN 2 (NB2) et NAROBEAN 3 (NB3), qui sont
toutes largement produites et consomm\ue9es dans la sous-r\ue9gion
Acholi. L\u2019application du test t appari\ue9 a
r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 que la technologie de maltage traditionnelle ne
r\ue9duisait que la teneur en oxalates de 42,3 \ue0 54,8 % et
l\u2019activit\ue9 inhibitrice de la trypsine de 6,2 \ue0 34,6 %,
pour les trois vari\ue9t\ue9s. La teneur en ph\ue9nols totaux a
\ue9t\ue9 r\ue9duite de 22,3 % uniquement dans le NB 1 (P<
0,05). La technologie de maltage traditionnel a am\ue9lior\ue9 la
digestibilit\ue9 des prot\ue9ines pour les trois vari\ue9t\ue9s
de 38 \ue0 43,6 % (P< 0,05). La biodisponibilit\ue9 du fer
s\u2019est am\ue9lior\ue9e de 26,7\ua0% dans NB1 et de
11,5\ua0% dans NB2\ua0; tandis que celle du zinc s\u2019est
am\ue9lior\ue9e pour seulement NB2 de 51,5 % (P<0,05). La teneur
en micronutriments et en constituants proches n\u2019a pas
\ue9t\ue9 affect\ue9e par la technologie de maltage
traditionnelle, \ue0 l\u2019exception du phosphore dans NB1 et du
magn\ue9sium dans NB3. Dans l\u2019ensemble, la technologie de
maltage traditionnelle est efficace pour r\ue9duire les inhibiteurs
de la trypsine et les oxalates et am\ue9liorer la digestibilit\ue9
des prot\ue9ines et la biodisponibilit\ue9 du fer
SOIL CARBON AND NITROGEN STOCKS IN TRADITIONALLY MANAGED RANGELAND BIOMES IN KARAMOJA SUB-REGION, UGANDA
Full text linkRangelands are known for their potential in mitigating rising
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the world. The
objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of soil organic
carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) in rangelands under traditional
management systems in Karamoja sub-region in Uganda, with a view to
facilitating the development of appropriate and strategic management
practices for the rangeland resources. The study was conducted during
the wet season of the sub-region. Four land use/cover types (cropland,
grassland, woodland and thickets/shrubland) were laid out in a
completely randomised design. Soil samples were collected from four
plots each one measuring 50 m x 40 m in each land use/cover type. A
diagonal design was used for sample collection at depths of 0 - 15 and
15 - 30 cm. Results showed that at both soil depths, croplands had the
lowest mean SOC and highest N; while grasslands had the highest SOC.
Also, cropland recorded the highest mean soil bulk density at both
depths. Based on soil analysis only, this study showed that conversion
to cropland over a specified period of time can considerably reduce the
ability of rangelands to sequester carbon. Further studies to include
assessment of carbon stocks in the respective vegetation biomass are
recommended.Les p\ue2turages sont connus pour leur potentiel
d\u2019att\ue9nuation des concentrations croissantes de dioxyde de
carbone (CO2) atmosph\ue9rique dans le monde. L\u2019objectif de
cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019\ue9tudier les mod\ue8les de
carbone organique du sol (COS) et d\u2019azote (N) dans les
p\ue2turages sous les syst\ue8mes de gestion traditionnels dans la
sous-r\ue9gion de Karamoja en Ouganda, en vue de faciliter le
d\ue9veloppement de pratiques de gestion appropri\ue9es et
strat\ue9giques pour les ressources des p\ue2turages.
L\u2019\ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 men\ue9e pendant la saison des
pluies de la sous-r\ue9gion. Quatre types d\u2019utilisation/de
couverture des terres (terres cultiv\ue9es, prairies, terres
bois\ue9es et fourr\ue9s/arbustes) ont \ue9t\ue9 d\ue9finis
dans un plan compl\ue8tement al\ue9atoire. Des \ue9chantillons de
sol ont \ue9t\ue9 pr\ue9lev\ue9s dans quatre parcelles mesurant
chacune 50 m x 40 m dans chaque type d\u2019utilisation/couverture des
terres. Une conception diagonale a \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9e pour la
collecte d\u2019\ue9chantillons \ue0 des profondeurs de 0 - 15 et
15 - 30 cm. Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 qu\u2019aux deux
profondeurs du sol, les terres cultiv\ue9es avaient le COS moyen le
plus bas et le N le plus \ue9lev\ue9 ; tandis que les prairies
avaient le COS le plus \ue9lev\ue9. De plus, les terres
cultiv\ue9es ont enregistr\ue9 la densit\ue9 apparente moyenne du
sol la plus \ue9lev\ue9e aux deux profondeurs. Bas\ue9e
uniquement sur l\u2019analyse des sols, cette \ue9tude a montr\ue9
que la conversion en terres cultiv\ue9es sur une p\ue9riode de
temps sp\ue9cifi\ue9e peut r\ue9duire consid\ue9rablement la
capacit\ue9 des terres des p\ue2turages \ue0 s\ue9questrer le
carbone. D\u2019autres \ue9tudes pour inclure
l\u2019\ue9valuation des stocks de carbone dans la biomasse
v\ue9g\ue9tale respective sont recommand\ue9es