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Alteration in morpho-physiological attributes of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev by exogenous application of brassinolide under varying levels of drought stress
No full textClimate change and prolong drought adversely affect the grassland
ecosystem, is precarious environmental constraint restricting plant
growth and productivity. An experiment was conducted to alleviate
adverse impacts of drought on physiochemical and morphological
attributes of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev using brassinosteroid
(BR). Treatments comprised well watered control (soil water contents
80%-85%) including Control (T0) and Control+ BR (TB0), moderate drought
stress (soil water contents 50%-55%) including (T1) and T1+ BR (TB1)
and severe drought stress (soil water contents 30%-35%) including (T2)
and T2+ BR (TB2), they were laid out in completely randomized design
with five replicates. Drought stress significantly impaired growth,
osmotic substances, photosynthetic rate, and other physiochemical
process. Moreover, perturbation in recorded attributes was aggravated
by increasing drought severity from moderate to severe. Nevertheless,
BR application (0.1 mg L-1) improved plant weight (38.8%-46.2%),
relative water content (23.4%-29.1%), chlorophyll a (16.6%-56.5%),
chlorophyll b (8.5%-16.9%), carotenoids (29.1%-67.3%), soluble sugars
(1.7%-29.4%), free amino acids (15.4%-19.4%), and proline content
(45.2%-79.4%); while, lowered malondialdehyde (34.8%-45.4%) at each
level of drought. Likewise, BR application enhanced net photosynthetic
rate (69.8%-165.1%), transpiration rate (45.0%-146.9%), water
utilization efficiency (9.3%-16.0%), carboxylation utilization
efficiency (80%-250%), sunlight utilization efficiency (66.6%-158.8%)
and improved chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at each level of
drought, as compared to untreated controls. The adverse implications on
physiochemical and morphological attributes were aggravated with the
enhancing severity of drought from control to severe drought. Yet, 0.1
mg L-1 exogenous BR improved morphological and physiochemical
attributes remarkably over respective controls and hence can be used to
improve growth of drought stressed L. chinensis
Differences in metabolism of three Conyza species to herbicides glyphosate and triclopyr revealed by LC-MS/MS
No full textConyza spp. are among the most common weeds found in perennial crops,
and resistance to several herbicides has already occurred worldwide. In
the present study, pot and laboratory experiments were conducted to
evaluate differences in glyphosate and triclopyr susceptibility between
different biotypes of Conyza spp. Plant material was obtained from
seeds collected in perennial crops in Greece. Seeds of four Conyza spp.
biotypes were sown in separate pots and treated with glyphosate at the
rosette stage, while seeds of six different Conyza spp. biotypes were
sown and treated with triclopyr. Twenty-four hours after the herbicide
treatment, the aboveground part of the weeds was manually collected and
plant samples were prepared to determine the analytes with LC-MS/MS. In
two C. bonariensis biotypes, the glyphosate concentration was 50% to
52% lower than for other biotypes; therefore, they could be considered
as potentially resistant to glyphosate because the resistant biotype
had a stronger and faster metabolism than the sensitive biotype,
transforming glyphosate into non-toxic metabolites. The higher
glyphosate concentration was detected in C. canadensis biotypes, which
proved to be potentially susceptible to glyphosate. Three C.
bonariensis biotypes and one C. albida biotype were less susceptible to
triclopyr because analytes were detected in 63% to 82% higher
concentrations than the two C. canadensis biotypesthat were susceptible
to triclopyr. These results reveal significant differences between the
three species, confirm the problem of herbicide resistance, and suggest
that glyphosate and triclopyr efficacy in Conyza spp. is merely due to
herbicide metabolism to other compounds
Endophytic fungi associated with four endemic wild coffee species (Mascarocoffea) in Madagascar
Full text linkMascarocoffea are wild coffee plants endemic to Madagascar. These
plants produce diverse, often specific biomolecules that are not found
in cultivated coffee plants. Production of these compounds could be due
to interactions between the endophytes and the host plant. Few studies
have been carried out on the richness and diversity of microorganisms
associated with these coffee plants. The objective of this study was to
identify endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of species of
Mascarocoffea by morphological and molecular methods. Fifteen taxa were
morphologically identified among the 30 isolated. These included
Phyllosticta sp., Colletotrichum sp., Daldinia sp., Diaporthe
sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp.01, Fusarium sp. 02, Fusarium
sp. 03, Monilinia sp., Trichoderma sp., Alternaria sp,
Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger , Rhizopus sp. and Nigrospora
sp. The phylum Ascomycota was the most represented, with 14 taxa and 1
taxon (Rhizopus sp.) belonging to the phylum of Zygomycota. Molecular
characterisation confirmed of the identity of these 15 taxa and those
of the morphologically Unidentified (NI) mycotaxa including
Colletotrichum karstii , Colletotrichum siamense , Neofusicoccum
parvum , Colletotrichum siamense, Punctularia strigosozonata ,
Stemphylium solani , Phoma multirostrata , Calophoma complonata,
Daldinia vanderguchtiae , Phoma exigua and Boremia exigua . This
study allowed us to identify the endophytic fungi isolated from
Mascarocoffea leaves from Madagascar.Les Mascarocoffea sont des caf\ue9iers sauvages end\ue9miques de
Madagascar. Ces plantes produisent des biomol\ue9cules
diversifi\ue9es, souvent sp\ue9cifiques et inexistantes chez les
caf\ue9iers cultiv\ue9s. La production de ces compos\ue9s
pourrait \ueatre due aux interactions des microorganismes endophytes
et la plante h\uf4te. Peu d\u2019\ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9
r\ue9alis\ue9e sur la richesse et la diversit\ue9 des
microorganismes associ\ue9s \ue0 ces caf\ue9iers.
L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude est d\u2019identifier les
champignons endophytes isol\ue9s \ue0 partir des feuilles de quatre
esp\ue8ces de Mascarocoffea par la m\ue9thode morphologique et
mol\ue9culaire. Quinze taxons ont pu \ueatre identifi\ue9s
morphologiquement parmi les 30 isol\ue9s. Ce sont\ua0: Phyllosticta
sp., Colletotrichum sp., Daldinia sp., Diaporthe sp.,
Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp.01, Fusarium sp.02, Fusarium sp. 03,
Monilinia sp., Trichoderma sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium
sp., Aspergillus niger , Rhizopus sp. et Nigrospora sp. Le phylum
des Ascomycota est le mieux repr\ue9sent\ue9 avec 14 taxons et 1
taxon (Rhizopus sp.) appartient au phylum de Zygomycota. La
caract\ue9risation mol\ue9culaire a permis de confirmer
l\u2019identit\ue9 de ces 15 taxons et celles des mycotaxons
morphologiquement Non Identifi\ue9es (NI) dont Colletotrichum karstii
, Colletotrichum siamense , Neofusicoccum parvum , Colletotrichum
siamense, Punctularia strigosozonata , Stemphylium solani , Phoma
multirostrata , Calophoma complonata, Daldinia vanderguchtiae , Phoma
exigua et Boremia exigua . Cette \ue9tude nous a permis
d\u2019identifier les champignons endophytes des feuilles de
Mascarocoffea de Madagascar
ANALYSIS OF ADAPTATION DIVERSITY TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE AMONG PASTORAL COMMUNITIES IN NORTH-EASTERN UGANDA
Full text linkAdaptation framing remains one of the major challenges to achieving
greater implementation of adaptation initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA). Using an integrated analytical framework that frames adaptation
indicators into three dimensions; adaptive, absorptive and
transformative capacities, we analysed the adaptation diversity in
Karamoja sub-region, Uganda. We found a strong perception of the
existence of climate variability and change manifested through the
occurrence of droughts, floods, hailstorms, late onset and early
rainfall onset. Absorptive capacity revealed varied status of asset
ownership, custodianships, and access to these assets, presence of
informal social safety nets, and social cohesion. Adaptive capacity
revealed the presence of a diversity of livelihood sources, livelihood
assets and associated income, but its human capital indicator revealed
considerably high illiteracy levels among respondents. Meanwhile,
transformative capacity revealed existence of network structures,
governance and institutions, facilitated access to early warning
information on pests, diseases and rainfall onset. Traditional
institutions and the justice system played a key role in conflict
resolution, mediation and negotiation for kraals establishment,
grazing, and watering rights. We conclude that pastoral communities in
Karamoja have a high inclination to maintenance of stability while
their flexibility and ability to change decreases with the intensity of
change pro-rata.Le cadrage de l\u2019adaptation reste l\u2019un des d\ue9fis
majeurs pour parvenir \ue0 une plus grande mise en \u153uvre des
initiatives d\u2019adaptation en Afrique subsaharienne (ASS). En
utilisant un cadre analytique int\ue9gr\ue9 qui encadre les
indicateurs d\u2019adaptation en trois dimensions; capacit\ue9s
d\u2019adaptation, d\u2019absorption et de transformation, nous avons
analys\ue9 la diversit\ue9 de l\u2019adaptation dans la
sous-r\ue9gion de Karamoja, en Ouganda. Nous avons trouv\ue9 une
forte perception de l\u2019existence de la variabilit\ue9 et des
changements climatiques qui se manifestent par la survenue de
s\ue9cheresses, d\u2019inondations, de temp\ueates de gr\ueale,
d\u2019apparition tardive et pr\ue9coce des pr\ue9cipitations. La
capacit\ue9 d\u2019absorption a r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 des statuts
vari\ue9s d\u2018\ua0actifs\ua0de\ua0propri\ue9t\ue9, de
la protection de ses actifs et d\u2019acc\ue8s \ue0 ces actifs, la
pr\ue9sence des r\ue9seaux de la s\ue9curit\ue9 sociale
informels et la coh\ue9sion sociale. La capacit\ue9
d\u2019adaptation a r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 la pr\ue9sence d\u2019une
diversit\ue9 de sources de subsistance, d\u2019actifs de subsistance
et de revenus associ\ue9s, mais son indicateur de capital humain a
r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 des niveaux d\u2019analphab\ue9tisme
consid\ue9rablement \ue9lev\ue9s parmi les r\ue9pondants.
Pendant ce temps, la capacit\ue9 de la transformation a
r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 l\u2019existence de structures de r\ue9seau,
de gouvernance et d\u2019institutions, a facilit\ue9
l\u2019acc\ue8s aux informations d\u2019alerte pr\ue9coce sur les
ravageurs, les maladies et l\u2019apparition des pluies. Les
institutions traditionnelles et le syst\ue8me judiciaire ont
jou\ue9 un r\uf4le cl\ue9 dans la r\ue9solution des conflits,
la m\ue9diation et la n\ue9gociation pour
l\u2019\ue9tablissement des \ue9tables et les droits de
p\ue2turage et d\u2019abreuvement. Nous concluons que les
communaut\ue9s pastorales du Karamoja ont une forte tendance au
maintien de la stabilit\ue9 tandis que leur flexibilit\ue9 et leur
capacit\ue9 \ue0 changer diminuent avec l\u2019intensit\ue9 du
changement au prorata
Assessment of Antimicrobial Effect of Alcohol and Aqueous Extracts of Garcinia kola on Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus , Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia
Full text linkAs a result of the development of resistance of microorganisms to older
antimicrobial agents there is need for a search for new agents, which
are effective for the treatment of infections. The crude aqueous and
alcoholic extr acts of Garcinia kola fruits were assayed against
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
pneumoniae. The results revealed that the plant extracts possess
inhibitory effect against the microorganisms tested. The minimum
inhibitory concentration of the plant extracts ranged between 20mg/ml
and 45mg/ml. There was a change in the antibacterial activity of the
test extracts on variation of temperature. The results obtained may
suggest that the plant extract is thermal stable and could serve as a
source of industrial drugs useful in chemotherapy of some microbial
infections
Food Waste Bioeconomy: Sustainable Waste Management Options for Hawassa University Campuses, Ethiopia
Full text linkFood waste management is a challenge in University Campuses of
developing countries. This study assessed food waste management
challenges in Hawassa University and the possibility of cascading the
waste through biomass bioeconomy model by using interviews,
observations and published and unpublished documents. The results show
that so far the food leftover is being used by poor people, collected
by animal ranchers or damped in an open-pit. Food leftover use by poor
people was challenged due to poor hygienic quality, health implication
to users, insecurity to campus community and theft of property in the
campuses. The university\u2019s animal enterprise was also forced to
quiet its agreement with the university due people\u2019s competition
for the leftover. Generally food waste management at the University is
reactive and long-term sustainability is needed. This study suggests
the cascading use of biomass, i.e. using food waste as animal feed;
animal waste as feedstock for biogas generation; biogas-slurry as an
organic fertilizer for university farm and plantations. If implemented
the model improves the waste management practices of the University;
improves the resource use efficiency and energy security, and reduces
fuel wood consumption and mitigate greenhouse gas emission. Moreover
the model creates circular economy that serves as a sustainability
showcase in practice for research, training, recreation, experience
sharing and income generation activities
Fibre Characterization of Cassava Peel Leaf Meal and Its Utilization by Broilers
Full text linkOne hundred and twenty ( n = 120) day old broiler chicks with an
average weight (100.00\ub17.00g) were randomly allotted to four
dietary treatments, with cassava peel leaf meal (CPLM) as replacement
for maize at (starter and finisher phases).The trial was in three
phases of adaptation (1-2week),starter (3-5week) and finisher
(6-9week).Thirty broilers chicks were assigned to each of the four
treatments, while was replicated three times at 10 chicks each.
Performance of the chicks such weight gain, feed intake and carcass
yield was evaluated and the proximate and fiber quality of the diets
and CPLM were also determined. Data obtained for performance evaluated
was analyzed using ANOVA, while significant means were separated by SAS
of the same package. The outcome revealed that CPLM had (89.93%) dry
matter, (18.93%) crude protein and (43.28%) NDF, with anon-significant
(p< 0.05) variation in weight gain, enhanced (p< 0.05) feed
intake and depressed (p< 0.05) feed to gain ratio as CPLM inclusion
increased. Dressing percentage values (69.00-73.00%) were obtained on
the treatments. CPLM inclusion (0, 15, 30 and 45%) as replacement for
maize in the diets of broilers produced a favourable performance
Socio-Economic Importance of Honey among Traditional Healers and Orthodox Practitioners in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria
Full text linkThe necessity for people\u2019s adequate and quality as well as good
health and standard of living for overall National development informed
the main reason for the study on Socio-economic importance of honey
among traditional healers and orthodox medical practitioners in Iwo
Local Government Area, Osun State. A total of 105questionnaires were
administered, while 91 were retrieved from the respondents. Various
uses of honey were investigated both for personal consumption and
medicinal purpose. The result shows that 41.8 % of the respondent use
honey for multiple purpose, while 35.2% use honey mainly for medicinal
purpose, 16.5% use it mainly as beverages, while the remaining 6.6% for
use in treatments. The Chi Square Test showed a higher calculated value
of 385.71 than the tabulated value of 21.026. This confirms a strong
relationship between the use of honey and social life of Iwo people.
The major constraints discovered was that Traditional healers do not
exercise strict control on the quantity doses of honey used for
different ailments. It is therefore recommended that both rural and
urban dwellers should be sensitized about the use of honey, in order to
encourage sustainable consumption for improvement of health status
Market Opportunities and Profitability of Tree Crop Planting in Nigeria
Full text linkInvesting in trees offer financial and social returns for years to come
and it is a lucrative long-term investment in Nigeria. Despite the
substantial gain on investment in tree planting, only few people are
still involved in the business. This paper analyzed the profitability
of investment in tree crop planting for income generation. Benefit Cost
Ratio (BCR) and Net Present Value (NPV) were calculated to determine
the financial viability of tree crop planting. The study showed that
tree crop planting is a profitable business as shown by positive NPV of
\u20a62,187,822.0 and \u20a62,782,214.97 for Tectonia grandis and
Moringa oleifera plantations respectively, after 10-years of
maturation and harvesting at 14 % discount rate with a B/C Ratio of
1.97 and 1.6 respectively. Also, NPV of \u20a61, 575,487.10 for a
5-year small scale private nursery establishment with a B/C Ratio of
2.79 at a 14% discount rate also confirm that the investment on nursery
establishment is highly profitable. It is recommended that with
adequate support and incentives, farmers can take advantage of these
opportunities and invest in nursery enterprise and tree crop sub-sector
of the economy
Grain Size and Heavy Minerals Analysis of Maastrichtian Sandstone, Anambra Basin, Nigeria: Implication for Aquifer Properties
Full text linkThe Maastrichtian sediments of Anambra Basin, south western Nigeria was
studied for grain characteristics and maturity of the sediments, so
that by combining sedimentological characteristics, maturity and its
paleoenvironment of deposition of the Ajali sandstone, in order to
ascertain the aquifer properties of the groundwater within the study
area and by extension the availability of drinking water for both the
urban and rural settlers. Grain size analysis (51 samples) and heavy
mineral analysis (15 samples each) were analyzed. The textural
parameters show that the Sandstone are medium sand, poorly to
moderately sorted, coarse to strongly coarse skewed with mesokurtic to
leptokurtic grains. The heavy minerals present in lithologic sand and
sandstone units of Ajali Formation are mainly zircon, rutile,
tourmaline, apatite, staurolite, and opaque minerals (Goethite,
hematite, ilmenite), these heavy minerals found in the sandstone are
associated with igneous and metamorphic source which indicates that
these maastritchian sediments are from basement complex rock The ZTR
index of 67.96% and the values of the kurtosis indicates a sub-mature
sandstone to mature sandstone, which gives an excellent aquifer
properties. Also, the paleoenvironment of deposition of the
Maastrichtian sediments is Fluvial. The sand and sandstone bodies
deposited in a fluvial system have sheet-like geometries and due to the
differences in the extent of aquifer compartmentalization, Sandstone
deposited in fluvial environment normally has better hydraulic
conductivity which again reveals a good aquifer property. The
sedimentological characteristics for the Sandstone exposed at Fugar and
environs, is a coarsening upward sequence (increasing grain sizes) with
a progressive increase in sorting. since hydraulic conductivity
increases with increasing grain sizes and sorting, hence, excellent
aquifer characteristics for the groundwater within the study area. The
foregoing revealed that the aquifer geometry and properties of the
study areas is favourable for the availability of drinking water for
both the Urban and rural dwellers within these communities