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Effect of Two Blanching Methods on the Nutritional Values of Tomatoes and Pumpkin Leaves
Full text linkVarious blanching methods were applied to tomatoes and pumpkin leaves
(Telfairia occidentalis) to investigate the effect of the different
blanching method on some of its nutritional content. The effects of
steam and water blanching as a pretreatment on raw tomatoes and pumpkin
leaves (control) were investigated in this study using standard
methods. For tomatoes, the %nitrogen, potassium, vitamin A, C and E)
mg/100g for raw were;0.48, 68.82mg/100g, 0.88mg/100g, 38.82mg/100g,
0.78mg/100g respectively. 0.45, 69.68mg/100g, 0.58mg/100g, 32.43mg/100g
and 0.55mg/100g for water blanched respectively and 0.42, 69.14mg/100g,
0.47mg/100g, 29.66mg/100g, 0.42mg/100g respectively for steam
blanching. * For pumpkin leaves, the %nitrogen, potassium, vitamin A, C
and E) mg/100g for raw were; 0.98, 46.82mg/100g, 4.63mg/100g,
60.41mg/100g, 0.89mg/100g respectively. 0.95, 46.73mg/100g,
2.38mg/100g, 41.08mg/100g and 0.59mg/100g for water blanched
respectively and 0.94, 46.10mg/100g, 1.20mg/100g, 32.16mg/100g,
0.52mg/100g respectively for steam blanching. The results indicate that
water and steam blanching significantly reduce the nutritional content.
The values of the nutrient were higher in water blanching compared to
steam blanching
Energy-Based Criterion for Testing the Nonlinear Response Strength of Strong Nonlinear Oscillators
Full text linkThis article proposes a simple energy-based criterion developed to
characterize four commonly identified responses, namely: linear, weakly
nonlinear, moderately nonlinear and strongly nonlinear regimes. The
response of the nonlinear simple pendulum was used for benchmarking the
boundary conditions for each of the four response regimes and the test
criterion was demonstrated using relevant examples. The test presented
in this article is important for clarifying the obscurity surrounding
the accuracy and range of validity of recent approximate analytical
schemes used to investigate strong nonlinear oscillators. Furthermore,
it is meant to create awareness of the need to develop more robust
testing criteria
Microbiological Evaluation of some Oral Antacid Suspensions Sold in Delta State, Nigeria
Full text linkPharmaceutical products (non-sterile) are faced with the challenges of
not exceeding the minimum limit of microbial presence tolerated for the
respective formulations. Antacid suspensions which are multi-dose drug
products that are utilized in the neutralization of gastric acid. This
drug with neutral pH makes them to be liable to microbial
contamination. This study was conducted to evaluate antacid suspensions
marketed in Delta State, Nigeria based on their microbial quality. Six
different brands of antacid suspensions were collected from different
Pharmacies in Delta state and were analysed microbiologically to
isolate and quantify the implicated bacteria and fungi using
conventional cultural and biochemical techniques. The microbiological
evaluation of these samples was determined using the agar-well
diffusion method. Five out of the six brands evaluated were found to be
populated with a huge number of bacteria (2.5 x 102 to > 2.2 x 102
CFU/ml) and fungi (2 x 102 to 8 x 102 CFU/ml). Staphylococcus aureus
was absent in any of the antacids brands studied. However, there were
presence of objectionable microorganisms, Escherichia coli and
Candida albicans in three of the six brands. The results of this
study reveal the microbial contamination level of some of the antacid
(suspensions) marketed in Delta State which may be due to poor
adherence to current good manufacturing practice by the manufacturers
Potential of the use of four bamboo species for the production of charcoal for home use
No full textA utiliza\ue7\ue3o de colmos de bambu pode ser uma importante
alternativa de amplia\ue7\ue3o das fontes renov\ue1veis para a
produ\ue7\ue3o de bioenergia, inclusive para a produ\ue7\ue3o
de carv\ue3o. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o
potencial de quatro esp\ue9cies de bambu para a produ\ue7\ue3o de
carv\ue3o vegetal para uso dom\ue9stico, como forma de
promo\ue7\ue3o do uso m\ufaltiplo desta mat\ue9ria-prima e para
gera\ue7\ue3o de renda adicional para os agricultores familiares de
Santa Catarina. Foram analisados cinco indiv\uedduos das
esp\ue9cies <taxon genus="Bambusa" species="vulgaris"
sub-prefix="" sub-species=""><sp>Bambusa</sp>
<sp>vulgaris</sp></taxon>, coletada em
Florian\uf3polis, e Phyllostachys bambusoides; Phyllostachys edulis e
Phyllostachys nigra coletadas no munic\uedpio de Frei Rog\ue9rio,
Santa Catarina. As an\ue1lises da massa espec\uedfica b\ue1sica
dos colmos in natura, as propriedades f\uedsicas, rendimento da
carboniza\ue7\ue3o e propriedades energ\ue9ticas do carv\ue3o
foram realizadas nas por\ue7\uf5es basal, mediana e topo dos colmos
de bambu de cada esp\ue9cie. A qualidade do carv\ue3o vegetal
variou entre as esp\ue9cies de bambu, tendo como \ufanico ponto
negativo o alto teor de cinzas para uso dom\ue9stico do carv\ue3o
vegetal. Houve alta correla\ue7\ue3o positiva entre a densidade
b\ue1sica dos colmos e a densidade relativa aparente do carv\ue3o
vegetal. A esp\ue9cie Bambusa vulgaris apresentou o maior rendimento
no processo produtivo, por\ue9m gerou carv\ue3o mais leve e com
pior desempenho energ\ue9tico. Entre as esp\ue9cies avaliadas,
Phyllostachys nigra foi a esp\ue9cie que produziu o carv\ue3o
vegetal com a melhor qualidade energ\ue9tica e com boas propriedades
f\uedsicas e rendimento gravim\ue9trico. A qualidade do carv\ue3o
vegetal variou em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 altura do colmo. O topo dos
colmos, que \ue9 o res\uedduo que pode ser destinado para a
produ\ue7\ue3o de carv\ue3o em plantios comerciais de bambu para
m\ufaltiplos usos, apresentou maior rendimento no processo produtivo
e carv\ue3o com maior densidade. Por\ue9m a qualidade
energ\ue9tica do carv\ue3o foi inferior em rela\ue7\ue3o a base
e posi\ue7\ue3o mediana dos colmos.The use of bamboo stems can be an important alternative for expanding
renewable sources for bioenergy production, including for charcoal
production. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the
potential of four bamboo species for the production of charcoal for
home use, as a way to promote the multiple use of this raw material and
to generate additional income for the family farmers of Santa Catarina
state. Five individuals of the species <taxon genus="Bambusa"
species="vulgaris" sub-prefix=""
sub-species=""><sp>Bambusa</sp>
<sp>vulgaris</sp></taxon>, collected in
Florian\uf3polis, and Phyllostachys bambusoides; Phyllostachys
edulis; Phyllostachys nigra were collected in the municipality of Frei
Rog\ue9rio, Santa Catarina. The analyses of the basic density of the
in natura stems, the physical properties, gravimetric yield and
energetic properties of the charcoal were carried out in the basal,
median and top portions of the bamboo stems of each species. The
quality of the charcoal varied among the bamboo species, having as the
only negative point the high ash content for home use charcoal. There
was a high positive correlation between the basic density of the stem
and the apparent relative density of charcoal. The species B. vulgaris
presented the highest yield in the productive process, but it generated
lighter charcoal and with lower energy performance. Among the evaluated
species, Phyllostachys nigra was the species that produced the charcoal
with the best energetic quality and with good physical properties and
gravimetric yield. The quality of the charcoal varies with respect to
the height of the stem. The top of the stems, which is the residue that
can be destined for the production of charcoal in commercial
plantations of bamboo for multiple uses, presented greater yield in the
productive process and charcoal with greater density. However, the
energetic quality of the charcoal was inferior in relation to the base
and median position of the stems
Insumos biol\uf3gicos na promo\ue7\ue3o do crescimento de mudas de Bauhinia forficata Link.
No full textCrops of medicinal plants demand careful attention with agrochemicals
in order to avoid changing the composition of its active principles.
Biological inputs are more recommended for this purpose. We tested the
effects of Trichoderma and vermicompost on Bauhinia forficata Link.
seedlings, one of the most exploited species for medicinal purposes.
Two trials were installed in a completely randomized design with 40
replicates in a greenhouse in southern Brazil. We tested two
Trichoderma asperelloides strains (T1 and T2) and two Trichoderma
harzianum strains (T13 and T33) inoculated on substrate and a control
treatment (substrate without inoculation). The vermicompost assay
tested the proportions 0, 20, 40, 50, 60 and 80 % vermicompost (T1, T2,
T3, T4, T5 and T6 respectively). The variables of height, collar
diameter, chlorophyll content and leaf number were evaluated at 45, 90
and 135 days after seeding. We analyzed seedlings survival, leaf area,
shoot and root total dry biomass, and Dickson Quality Index at 135 days
after seeding. Leaf area was submitted to the Tukey test (\u3b1 =
0.05). Other variables did not present normality and homogeneity of
variances and were compared by Kruskal-Wallis (\u3b1 = 0.05).
Biological inputs positively influenced the initial growth of Bauhinia
forficata. Height, collar diameter, leaf area and try biomass (total,
shoot and root) were higher in relation to control treatments for both
trials. Among Trichoderma strains, T13 presented the best results in
relation to T33. Seedlings produced with larger percentages of
vermicompost (50, 60 and 80%) presented statistically higher
development for height and collar diameter 90 days after seeding when
compared to the control treatment. However, there was no clear pattern
of differences between the other doses of this entry, requiring further
dosing tests. Trichoderma and vermicompost showed to be promising for
the production of Bauhinia forficata for medicinal purposes.O cultivo de plantas medicinais exige cuidado na aplica\ue7\ue3o de
agroqu\uedmicos a fim de evitar a altera\ue7\ue3o da
composi\ue7\ue3o de seus princ\uedpios ativos. Os insumos
biol\uf3gicos s\ue3o mais recomend\ue1veis para esse
prop\uf3sito. Foi testado o efeito de Trichoderma spp. e
vermicomposto em mudas de Bauhinia forficata Link., uma das
esp\ue9cies florestais mais exploradas para fins medicinais, a partir
de dois ensaios instalados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com
40 repeti\ue7\uf5es, em casa de vegeta\ue7\ue3o. Testamos duas
estirpes de Trichoderma asperelloides (T1 e T2) e duas estirpes de
Trichoderma harzianum (T13 e T33) inoculadas em substrato e um
tratamento controle (substrato sem inocula\ue7\ue3o). O ensaio com
vermicomposto testou as propor\ue7\uf5es de 0, 20, 40, 50, 60 e 80
% de vermicomposto (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 e T6 respectivamente). As
vari\ue1veis altura, di\ue2metro do coleto, teor de clorofila e
n\ufamero de folhas foram avaliadas aos 45, 90 e 135 dias ap\uf3s a
semeadura. Analisamos tamb\ue9m a sobreviv\ueancia, \ue1rea
foliar, biomassa seca total, da parte a\ue9rea e ra\uedzes e
\ucdndice de Qualidade de Dickson das mudas aos 135 dias ap\uf3s a
semeadura. A \ue1rea foliar foi submetida ao teste de Tukey (\u3b1 =
0,05). Outras vari\ue1veis n\ue3o apresentaram normalidade e
homogeneidade de vari\ue2ncias e foram comparadas por Kruskal-Wallis
(\u3b1 = 0,05). Os insumos biol\uf3gicos influenciaram positivamente
no crescimento inicial de Bauhinia forficata. A altura, o di\ue2metro
do coleto, a \ue1rea foliar e a biomassa seca (total, a\ue9rea e
radicular) foram superiores em rela\ue7\ue3o aos tratamentos
controle, para ambos os ensaios. Dentre as estirpes de Trichoderma
spp., T13 apresentou melhores resultados para o crescimento das mudas
em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 T33. Mudas produzidas com
propor\ue7\uf5es maiores de vermicomposto (50, 60 e 80 %)
apresentaram desenvolvimento estatisticamente superior em altura e
di\ue2metro do coleto, a partir dos 90 dias ap\uf3s semeadura,
quando comparado ao tratamento controle. No entanto, n\ue3o houve um
padr\ue3o claro de diferen\ue7as entre as outras doses testadas,
exigindo mais testes de dosagem. Trichoderma spp. e vermicomposto
mostraram-se promissores para produ\ue7\ue3o de Bauhinia forficata
para fins medicinais
Composition and structure of natural regeneration in nine years after the extraction of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden in Itaja\ued Valley, SC
No full textA regenera\ue7\ue3o natural \ue9 considerada uma das
t\ue9cnicas mais promissoras de restaura\ue7\ue3o de \ue1reas
degradadas em fun\ue7\ue3o dos aspectos ecol\uf3gicos,
silviculturais e econ\uf4micos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo
avaliar caracter\uedsticas da regenera\ue7\ue3o natural em
diferentes idades de estabelecimento, em \ue1reas de
preserva\ue7\ue3o permanente, ap\uf3s a extra\ue7\ue3o de
povoamentos de Eucalyptus grandis. Foi realizado o levantamento e
an\ue1lise flor\uedstica da vegeta\ue7\ue3o regenerante em
\ue1reas com idades de regenera\ue7\ue3o natural de cinco e meio,
sete e nove anos, ao longo das margens de um curso de \ue1gua. Foram
implantadas 56 parcelas amostrais de 10 m x 20 m para o levantamento do
estrato arb\uf3reo e o mesmo n\ufamero de subunidades para o
levantamento do estrato regenerativo. Foi realizada a an\ue1lise
flor\uedstica, por \ue1rea e estrato da vegeta\ue7\ue3o, e a
compara\ue7\ue3o entre os tr\ueas ambientes quanto \ue0
riqueza, diversidade, distribui\ue7\ue3o de grupos ecol\uf3gicos
e s\uedndromes de dispers\ue3o. A vegeta\ue7\ue3o estudada
mostrou altera\ue7\uf5es na composi\ue7\ue3o flor\uedstica ao
longo de nove anos. O n\ufamero e a densidade de esp\ue9cies
pioneiras sofreram decr\ue9scimos, tanto no estrato arb\uf3reo
quanto no regenerativo, enquanto esp\ue9cies cl\uedmax tolerantes
\ue0 sombra tiveram acr\ue9scimos com o avan\ue7o das idades de
regenera\ue7\ue3o. As esp\ue9cies cl\uedmax exigentes em luz
foram predominantes nos tr\ueas ambientes, assim como a s\uedndrome
de dispers\ue3o zooc\uf3rica. A diversidade para as tr\ueas
\ue1reas analisadas, e para os dois estratos, foi crescente com as
idades de regenera\ue7\ue3o. Os ambientes com sete e nove anos de
regenera\ue7\ue3o apresentaram maior porcentagem de esp\ue9cies
comuns, al\ue9m de densidade e distribui\ue7\ue3o de grupos
ecol\uf3gicos mais semelhantes em rela\ue7\ue3o ao ambiente com
cinco anos e meio de regenera\ue7\ue3o.Natural regeneration is considered one of the most promising techniques
for restoration of degraded areas due to ecological, silvicultural and
economic aspects. The present study aimed to evaluate the
characteristics of natural regeneration at different ages of
establishment, in permanent preservation areas, after Eucalyptus
grandis stands extraction. A survey and floristic analysis of the
regenerating vegetation was performed in areas with natural
regeneration ages of five and a half, seven and nine years, along the
banks of a watercourse. Fifty-six sample plots of 10m x 20m were
implanted for the tree stratum survey and the same number of subunits
for the regenerative stratum survey. Floristic analysis was performed
by area and vegetation stratum, and the comparison between the three
environments for richness, diversity, distribution of ecological groups
and dispersion syndromes. The vegetation studied showed floristic
composition changes along nine years. The number and density of pioneer
species suffered decrease in both the arboreal and regenerative
stratum, while shadow-tolerant cl\uedmax species had increase as the
regeneration ages progress. Light demanding climax species were
prevalent in all three environments, as was zoochoric dispersal
syndrome. The diversity for the three areas analyzed, and for both
strata, was increasing with the regeneration ages. Environments with
seven and nine years of regeneration presented higher percentage of
common species, besides density and distribution of more similar
ecological groups in relation to environment with five and a half years
of regeneration
Visual and mechanical classification of the specie Cryptomeria japonica D. Don for using as glued laminated timber
No full textO objetivo foi avaliar as propriedades mec\ue2nicas da madeira, a
influ\ueancia da classifica\ue7\ue3o visual de l\ue2minas de
Cryptomeria japonica D. Don no desempenho mec\ue2nico para uso em
elementos estruturais em MLC, comparando com os requisitos m\uednimos
exigidos pelas normas brasileira ABNT NBR 7190 (1997) e europeia EN 338
(2016). Os ensaios para caracteriza\ue7\ue3o f\uedsica e
mec\ue2nica da madeira s\uf3lida seguiram as
recomenda\ue7\uf5es das normas COPANT 461 (1972), 464 (1972) e 555
(1973) para densidade b\ue1sica, resist\ueancia \ue0
compress\ue3o paralela \ue0s fibras e resist\ueancia \ue0
flex\ue3o est\ue1tica, respectivamente; e ABNT NBR 7190 (1997) para
resist\ueancia ao cisalhamento. As 80 l\ue2minas de madeira foram
produzidas com dimens\uf5es de 6,0 x 1,5 x 220,0 cm (largura x
espessura x comprimento) e posteriormente classificadas visualmente
conforme a norma americana ASTM D245 (2006) e pelo m\uf3dulo de
elasticidade - EW (ASTM D4761 (2013)). Ao todo, 20 vigas de MLC foram
confeccionadas, sendo estas formadas pela combina\ue7\ue3o das
l\ue2minas classificadas nas classes visuais: Testemunha
(l\ue2minas limpas, ou seja, sem defeitos), T1 (limpas e estrutural
especial - SE), T2 (S1, S2, S3) e T3 (limpas, SE, S1, S2, S3), as vigas
foram avaliadas em testes mec\ue2nicos de resist\ueancia \ue0
flex\ue3o est\ue1tica e resist\ueancias \ue0 tra\ue7\ue3o
normal \ue0s fibras e cisalhamento para linha de cola. Os resultados
indicaram que como madeira s\uf3lida a esp\ue9cie n\ue3o
apresentou resist\ueancia m\uednima para que seja classificada como
C-20 pela ABNT NBR 7190 (1997), entretanto a esp\ue9cie foi
classificada como classe estrutural C-16 pela norma EN 338. As vigas de
MLC apresentaram valores dentro do m\uednimo exigido para a classe
C-20, conforme a ABNT NBR 7190 (1997). A utiliza\ue7\ue3o de
l\ue2minas com n\uf3s classificados visualmente n\ue3o diminuiu a
resist\ueancia das vigas de MLC quando comparado com vigas produzidas
com l\ue2minas sem n\uf3s.The objective was to evaluate the mechanical properties, the visual
classification influence of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don at the
mechanical performance to use it as glulam structural elements,
comparing with the minimum requirements demanded by the Brazilian
Standard ABNT NBR 7190 (1997) and European Standard EN 338 (2006). The
tests for the characterization of the physical and mechanical
properties of solid timber followed the recommendations of COPANT 461
(1972), 464 (1972), 555 (973) for density of timber, parallel
compression to grain and bending, respectively; and ABNT NBR 7190
(1997) for the shear strength. The classification of the 80 laminate of
timber with dimension of 6.0 x 1.5 x 220.0 cm were made by visual
classification according to the American Standard ASTM D245 (2006) and
by the modulus of elasticity - MOE (ASTM D4761 (2013)). Altogether, 20
beams of GLULAM were made, these formed by the combination of the
laminated classified in the visual grades: Control (clear laminate), T1
(clear and special structural - SE), T2 (S1, S2, S3) and T3 (clear, SE,
S1, S2, S3), the beams were evaluated by bending, tension perpendicular
to grain and shear strength in the glued line. The results indicated
the species as solid wood does not have the minimum resistance to be
classified as C-20 by the ABNT NBR 7190 (1997), but the species was
classified as structural grade in the C-16 by the EN 338 Standard. The
GLULAM beams showed the minimum demanded values to the C-20 structural
class according to the ABNT NBR 7190 (1997). The using of laminated
with visually classified knots did not decrease the glulam beams
strength when comparing to the beams made with laminated without knots
Comparison of the quality of buriti ( Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) petiole tissues for combustion and carbonization
No full textApesar da import\ue2ncia social, cultural e econ\uf4mica para a
Regi\ue3o Amaz\uf4nica, o potencial energ\ue9tico da Mauritia
flexuosa, popularmente conhecida como buriti, ainda n\ue3o foi
explorado para ampliar as possibilidades de uso dessa esp\ue9cie
pelas comunidades locais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho \ue9
comparar o potencial dos tecidos que comp\uf5em o pec\uedolo de
Mauritia flexuosa para combust\ue3o e carboniza\ue7\ue3o. O miolo
e casca do pec\uedolo foram separados e caracterizados por
composi\ue7\ue3o qu\uedmica (extrativos remov\uedveis por
\ue1gua e totais, lignina e cinzas), umidade base \ufamida,
composi\ue7\ue3o imediata (teores de materiais vol\ue1teis,
carbono fixo e cinzas), densidade b\ue1sica, poder calor\uedfico
superior e an\ue1lise termogravim\ue9trica em atmosfera inerte de
N2. Os dois tecidos do pec\uedolo de Mauritia flexuosa apresentaram
vantagens para finalidades bioenerg\ue9ticas, como: baixo teor de
cinzas ( 64 2%), al\ue9m de teor de carbono fixo ( 48 18%) e
poder calor\uedfico superior ( 48 18 MJ kg-1) adequados. Para
miolo e casca, os teores de lignina (19 e 28%, respectivamente),
extrativos (8,9 e 5%, respectivamente), e densidade b\ue1sica (0,041
e 0,267 g cm-3, respectivamente) diferiram significativamente. Contudo,
a composi\ue7\ue3o imediata dos tecidos n\ue3o foi influenciada
por essas diferen\ue7as, ao contr\ue1rio do poder calor\uedfico e
densidade energ\ue9tica. O comportamento termogravim\ue9trico
demonstrou taxa de degrada\ue7\ue3o superior e rendimento final em
massa inferior (7%) para o miolo em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 casca. A
casca apresentou melhor qualidade para combust\ue3o e
carboniza\ue7\ue3o em compara\ue7\ue3o ao miolo. Esse resultado
\ue9 vantajoso para as comunidades extrativistas da Amaz\uf4nia,
pois a casca \ue9 um res\uedduo do processamento do pec\uedolo
para obten\ue7\ue3o do miolo, destinado \ue0 produ\ue7\ue3o
de artesanatos. Pela baixa densidade b\ue1sica, o miolo \ue9 mais
indicado para torrefa\ue7\ue3o, densifica\ue7\ue3o,
pir\uf3lise para gera\ue7\ue3o de bio-\uf3leo e
produ\ue7\ue3o de filtros naturais e carv\uf5es ativados do que
para combust\ue3o direta e carboniza\ue7\ue3o.Despite its social, cultural and economic importance for the Amazon
region, the energy potential of Mauritia flexuosa, popularly known as
buriti, has not yet been explored in order to expand the possible uses
of this species by the local communities. Therefore, the aim of this
work was to compare the tissues that comprise the petiole of Mauritia
flexuosa for combustion and carbonization. The petiole core and bark
were separated and characterized by chemical composition (total and
water-soluble extractives, lignin, and ashes), moisture content (based
humid mass), proximate composition (contents of volatile matter, fixed
carbon, and ash), basic density, higher heating value, and
thermogravimetric analysis in N2 inert atmosphere. The two tissues from
the Mauritia flexuosa petiole presented advantages for bioenergetic
purposes, such as low ash content ( 64 2%) and higher heating value
( 48 18 MJ kg-1), in addition to suitable fixed carbon ( 48
18%). For the core and husk, the lignin contents (19 and 28%,
respectively), extractives contents (9 and 5%, respectively), and basic
density (0.041 and 0.267 g cm-3, respectively) significantly differed.
However, the proximate composition of the tissues was not influenced by
such differences, unlike the higher heating value and energy density.
The thermogravimetric behavior showed higher degradation ratio and
lower final mass yield (7%) for the core in comparison to the husk. The
husk showed better quality for combustion and carbonization in
comparison to the core. This is an advantageous result for the
extractive activities of Amazonian communities because the husk is a
waste from the petiole processing in order to obtain the core for
handcraft. Due to the low basic density, the core can be noted for its
use in torrefaction, densification, pyrolysis for the production of
bio-oil and production of natural filters and activated charcoals,
rather than direct combustion and carbonization
Repeatability and genotypic stability of agronomic characteristics in Panicum maximum Jacq.
No full textIn experiments with selection of perennial plants, the initial
performance is expected to be maintained throughout the productive
life. The probability of repeating the agronomic response can be
evaluated by the repeatability coefficient. The objective was to
estimate repeatability coefficients of agronomic characteristics in
Panicum maximum Jacq. using different methods and identify the best
combinations between harvests according to the genotypic stabilization.
Seventeen genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block
design with three replicates. The coefficients of repeatability were
estimated by the methods: ANOVA, structural analysis based on the mean
of the correlation coefficients (SACOR), analysis of principal
components based on the covariance matrix (PCCOV) and correlation
matrix (PCCOR). In the genotypic stabilization, coefficients estimated
by ANOVA and PCCOR were used. For total DM, repeatability coefficients
ranged from 0.3500 to 0.4300 by the ANOVA and PCCOR methods,
respectively. High repeatability coefficients were found for the
characteristic leaf DM, while low coefficients were observed for leaf
and stem percentages and leaf:stem ratio. For the genotypic
stabilization of total DM and leaf:stem ratio, the best coefficients
were observed for the combination of harvests 5 to 8. There are
variations in the estimate of repeatability by different methods and
the highest coefficients were those of the principal components based
on the correlation and covariance matrices. For the genotypic
stabilization, the best coefficients of repeatability and determination
were observed for the harvests performed in the second rainy period
Improving heat stress tolerance in late planted spring maize by using different exogenous elicitors
No full textRecent global warming has increased the risk of heat stress which may
adversely affect crop productivity worldwide. Higher temperature during
reproductive stage is one of major constraint that adversely affects
grain filling and seed setting in spring maize (<taxon genus="Zea"
species="mays" sub-prefix="" sub-species=""><sp>Zea</sp>
<sp>mays</sp></taxon> L.) The purpose of this study
was to evaluate the potential of different elicitors (salicylic acid,
CaCl2, <taxon genus="Moringa" species="oleifera" sub-prefix=""
sub-species=""><sp>Moringa</sp>
<sp>oleifera</sp></taxon> Lam. leaf extract) to
improve yield performance of heat stressed spring maize. Seed priming
techniques (hydropriming, osmopriming, organic priming and hormonal
priming) were used to investigate the impact of exogenous elicitors on
physiological, biochemical and yield-related attributes of late planted
spring maize. Results revealed that higher temperature at maturity
caused membrane leakage, reduced photosynthetic pigments and net
assimilation rate which ultimately led to decreased grain yield.
However, exogenous elicitors improved emergence characteristics and
triggered early seedling development, and exhibited significantly
higher seedling chlorophyll contents than control plants. Among
elicitors, salicylic acid (SA) exhibited significantly higher
photosynthetic pigment (17%), membrane stability index (26%), relative
water content (16%), crop growth rate (13%), net assimilation rate
(29%), grain yield (27%), biological yield (14%), harvest index (9%)
and grain protein (28%) as compared to control in late planted spring
maize. The multivariate analysis also indicate that physio-biochemical
traits were more pronounced in hormonal priming with SA as compared to
other exogenous elicitors. In conclusion, application of exogenous
elicitors like SA is most effective and easy approach that may help to
improve crop performance with increased grain yield and quality in late
planted spring maize that prone to high temperature