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Haematological Parameters and Histomorphological Effect of Varied Parts of Citrullus Lanatus Juice Fed to Adult Female Mice
Full text linkPlants basically will continue to be the starting materials in making
modern drugs. As a result of this, many believe in using herbal
products than convectional drugs because of their easy accessibility,
low side effects and affordability. Citrulluslanatus (popularly known
as watermelon) is a citrus fruit known to contain among others,
citrulline and lycopene with hepatoprotective actions on organs such as
liver and kidney because of it bioactive and antioxidant properties.
This study investigates the haemathological parameters and
histopathological effects of crude C. lanatus juice on the liver and
kidney of mice. Twenty five female mice weighing between 72 - 99g were
randomly divided into five groups(A - E) of five mice each. Group A,
were given water (control); group B, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh
juice; group C, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh and seed juice,
group D, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh and rind juice; and group E
were given 2ml ofwatermelon flesh, seed and rind juice once daily for
four weeks. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and
dissected. Blood sample were taken through cardiac puncture, liver and
kidney tissue were excised also to determine the haematological and
histopathological effects using routine diagnostic techniques. Highest
blood and differential counts except WBC were obtained in groups
exposed to crude C. lanatus juice when compared with the control.The
liver of animals in all groups appears normal with no remarkable
differences from the control. Also, no remarkable differences were
recorded in the kidney of animals in all groups except group E which
showed interstitial edema with some renal tubules within the cortex
undergoing degeneration. From this study and at the dose and duration
of study, every part of C. lanatushad no negative impact on the
histopathology of the liver and kidney and also had the potential to
boost the immune system
Modeling of the Toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus Labill Essential Oil against Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst
Full text linkAlthough the application of synthetic chemicals is the main method in
the management of insect pests, their overuse has led to public
concerns about environmental pollution, threats to human health, and
acute and chronic toxicity on non-target organisms. Plant essential
oils have introduced as healthy, available, and effective alternatives
to detrimental chemicals in recent years. Further, it is necessary to
predict the exact amount of required pesticide to save costs and
determine the optimal conditions for achievement to the best outcomes.
Accordingly, the toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus Labill essential oil
against the adults of a cosmopolitan pest Tribolium castaneum Herbst
(red flour beetle) along with its modeling and optimization was
assessed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The coefficients of
the essential oil concentration and time as independent variables are
positive, showing their increase results in the augmentation of insect
pest mortality. E. globulus essential oil showed prospective
concentration-time dependent fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum. A
quadratic polynomial equation was achieved for the toxicity of E.
globulus essential oil using multiple regression analysis: 7.33413 +
0.20191A + 0.47313B + 4.64054E-003AB + 0.016349B2, in which A and B are
the exposure time and essential oil concentration. The accuracy of the
introduced model was approved through the analysis of variance. Results
of the optimization indicated that 45.50 \u3bcl/l of essential oil and
72.00 h-exposure time would be adequate to achieve 92.45% mortality of
T. castaneum. According to the results of current study, E. globulus
essential oil has high potential in the management of T. castaneum and
the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a suitable method to the
optimization and modelling of this bio-effect
Residential Indoor Radon Assessment in the Vicinity of some Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria
Full text linkDumpsites in Nigeria are generally open and significantly elevate the
pollution and contamination level of the total environment. Indoor
radon was measured with CR-39 detectors in some buildings in the
vicinity of dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria. Eight (8) dumpsites (4 dormant
and 4 active dumpsites) were chosen for this study. Detectors were
exposed in 50 houses randomly selected within 0 and 100m away from the
dumpsites. The detectors were exposed for 3 months. They were then
retrieved and etched in a 6M NaOH solution in a water-bath at a
temperature of 90oC for 3 hours. Tracks were counted using a
semi-automatic system with a DCE camera mounted on a microscope and
connected to a PC. Radon concentration ranged from 24.00\ub14.86 to
656.00\ub1131.20 Bqm-3 in the active dumpsites. Mean concentrations
were 120.3\ub124.0, 257\ub151.4, 179.8\ub133.6, and
131.5\ub119.4, respectively in Oke-Odo, MRF, Olusosun, and Solus-3.
In the dormant sites, concentration ranged from 16\ub13.2 to
931\ub1186.3 Bqm-3 having means of 194.17\ub138.80,
206.75\ub141.33, 223.25\ub144.69, and 334\ub166.85Bqm-3,
respectively in Oke-Afa, Solus-1, Solus-2, and Solus-4. The annual
effective dose and cancer risk in the active and dormant dumpsites were
(3.60 mSv, 8.97 per million person-yearly) and (4.53 mSv, 12.47 per
million person-yearly), respectively. This study revealed some high
value of radon concentrations in some houses close to the dormant
dumpsites than in the active dumpsites. This is unsafe and can cause
severe health issues in the long term
Factors Influencing Soil Erosion Management Practices in Ejersa Lafo District, West Showa Zone, Oromia, Regional State, Ethiopia
Full text linkSoil erosion by water is the major Agricultural problem, which results
in reduction of agricultural productivity. This study focused on farmer
perception of soil erosion and factors influence soil erosion
management practices. A cross sectional data was used to assess
information about soil erosion perception and factors influence soil
erosion management practices. The Ejersa Lafo district was purposively
selected from the districts of West Shoa Zones. A total of 142 sample
respondents were randomly selected. Interview questionnaire, focus
group discussion and survey of field observation were used as data
collection tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and
econometric model. Result from descriptive statistics show that
majority of the respondents perceived soil erosion problem and its
consequence on farmland. Both biological and physical soil erosion
management practices in the area. Binary logit model estimation result
shows that education level, landholding size, slopes of the land and
land ownership type were most significant to soil erosion management
practices in the area. Therefore, taking these factors into account in
setting appropriate soil erosion management measures may help policy
makers and farmers to couple with erosion problem. The study
recommended a need for the government to enforce effective policies to
control and prevent soil erosion problem
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding amongst Mothers of Infants in Gwagwalada Area Council, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
Full text linkExclusive breastfeeding provides nutritional, and developmental
psychological advantages with regard to general wellbeing of an infant
and has dramatically reduced infant deaths in developing countries.
This study assessed the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Exclusive
Breastfeeding among women attending antenatal clinic in four
communities within Gwagwalada Area Council of FCT, Abuja. The
questionnaire sought socio-demographic information, Religion and
cultural influence as well as knowledge and awareness level of EBF
practice. The data collected was analyzed using Odd ratio, frequencies
and simple percentages. The result of the study showed that 70.0% had
the knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding, 54.4% exclusively breastfed
their newborns for the first six months of life. There was positive
attitude among the participants towards exclusive breastfeeding as
70.0% of them agreed that breast milk alone is sufficient for the baby
during the first six months of life. There was high level of knowledge
on exclusive breastfeeding among the respondents, almost half of the
participants practiced exclusive breastfeeding and relatively all the
respondents had positive attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding.
However, Illiteracy (60.0%; OR = 1.5) and Culture (66.7%; OR = 2.0)
negatively influenced exclusive breastfeeding in the area council.
Although, majority of the women in this study had good knowledge and
attitude towards Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF), the practice is not
high. There is still need for improvement. More awareness on the
benefits of exclusive breastfeeding must be emphasized in order to
increase the knowledge and compliance of the women as only 54.4%
actually practiced it. Promotion of EBF should involve programmes that
will capture not only nursing mothers and health workers, but other
members in the communities, most especially husbands and older women
who are involved in child care
Effect of different grazing intensities on bacterial community composition and diversity in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils in desert steppe of China
No full textDegradation and desertification are extremely significant environmental
problems in arid and semi-arid grassland ecosystems. Long-term
overgrazing is the most fundamental cause of grassland degradation. We
investigated relationships between grazing intensity and bacterial
communities in non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils in desert
steppe, including 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depth soils, as well as
Stipa breviflora Griseb., Cleistogenes songorica (Roshev.) Ohwi,
Artemisia frigida Willd. and plant community rhizospheric soils. This
involved simulating grazing intensities in a long-term localization
experiment, using a randomized block design. The effects of grazing on
non-rhizospheric soil bacterial abundance were reflected in the 0-10 cm
layer, increasing under light grazing and decreasing rapidly under
moderate and heavy grazing, mainly related to Bacillus. Bacterial
abundance in dominant plant rhizosphere responded differently. In A.
frigida Willd. Rhizosphere, it decreased with increasing grazing
intensity (a trend repeated in mixed rhizosphere). Bacterial abundance
in S. breviflora and C. songorica rhizosphere increased under light and
decreased under moderate and heavy grazing. Thus, changes in the
dominant plant rhizospheric bacterial community did not significantly
affect bacterial abundance in mixed rhizosphere. Changes in the
rhizospheric bacterial abundance mainly resulted from levels of the
dominant species, Streptomyces and Arthrobacter. There were
significantly different results for bacterial community structure.
Specifically, grazing had a nonsignificant and significant impact on
bacterial community structures in non-rhizospheric (FPERMANOVA = 1.38,
p = 0.199) and rhizospheric (FPERMANOVA = 2.03, p = 0.012) soil,
respectively, varying significantly among plants (FPERMANOVA = 1.9, p =
0.022). In conclusion, bacterial communities in rhizosphere were mainly
affected by plant species and were more sensitive to changing grazing
intensity than in non-rhizospheric soil
Sesame production and composition compared with conventional forages
No full textSesamum indicum L. has the potential to be cultivated as a forage
plant in hot and dry climate regions, and it can be used to increase
the food security of a herd. The objective of this study was to
evaluate growth, production, and chemical composition of S. indicum
compared with conventional forages used for silage production. The
experiment used a randomized complete block design with split-plots
related to time and four replicates per treatment. The plots consisted
of four treatments ( Zea mays L., Helianthus annuus L., Pennisetum
glaucum [L.] R. Br., and S. indicum), and the subplots were two
evaluation periods (2014 and 2016 harvests). Dry forage biomass
production differed among the species in the 2014 harvest with values
of 25 530, 12 190, 9408, and 9250 kg ha-1 for Z. mays, S. indicum, ?H.
annuus, and ;P. glaucum, respectively. Maize had a greater variation in
forage production between the 2 yr, followed by S. indicum. There were
higher dry matter (DM) contents (P < 0.0001) for Z. mays and S.
indicum (404.5 and 251.7 g kg-1, respectively). Regarding crude
protein, H. annuus and S. indicum had levels of 167.2 and 117.7 g kg-1,
respectively. According to the results, it can be inferred that sesame,
like millet, provides greater feeding security for ruminant herds in
regions with irregular rainfall
Genetic parameters and initial selection of Tachigali vulgaris provenances and progenies in Roraima
No full textEste trabalho teve como objetivos estimar par\ue2metros
gen\ue9ticos de proced\ueancias e prog\ueanies de
poliniza\ue7\ue3o livre de taxi-branco e selecionar gen\uf3tipos
superiores quanto ao crescimento inicial em campo. O experimento foi
instalado em 2015, no Campo experimental Serra da Prata, pertencente
\ue0 Embrapa Roraima e localizado no Munic\uedpio de Mucaja\ued -
RR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com
28 prog\ueanies provenientes de tr\ueas proced\ueancias e 20
repeti\ue7\uf5es, sendo cada parcela experimental constitu\uedda
por uma planta. Foram avaliados aos 6, 12 e 18 meses ap\uf3s o
plantio, a porcentagem de sobreviv\ueancia, a altura da planta (ALT)
e o di\ue2metro do caule a 10 cm do solo (DC) ou o di\ue2metro
\ue0 altura do peito (DAP). As an\ue1lises
gen\ue9tico-estat\uedsticas foram realizadas por meio do
procedimento REML/BLUP, com an\ue1lise de deviance,
obten\ue7\ue3o das estimativas dos par\ue2metros gen\ue9ticos e
predi\ue7\ue3o dos valores gen\ue9ticos nas diferentes idades. A
sobreviv\ueancia geral variou de 50,68% a 62,10% aos 18 e aos 6
meses, respectivamente. As \ufanicas diferen\ue7as significativas
observadas foram entre prog\ueanies, para ALT e DC, aos seis meses.
Com exce\ue7\ue3o do DAP avaliado aos 18 meses, as demais
estimativas de herdabilidade em n\uedvel individual no sentido
restrito foram moderadas, sendo estas inferiores \ue0s estimativas da
herdabilidade da m\ue9dia de prog\ueanies. Os ganhos com a
sele\ue7\ue3o de prog\ueanies e indiv\uedduos foram de baixos a
moderados e variaram entre as idades avaliadas, sendo decrescentes com
o aumento da idade das plantas.This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of open-pollinated
Tachigali vulgaris provenances and progenies and select superior
genotypes for initial growth in the field. The experiment was conducted
in Campo experimental Serra da Prata which belongs to Embrapa Roraima
and is located in the municipality of Mucaja\ued - RR. The
experimental design used was randomized blocks with 28 progenies from
three provenances and 20 repetitions. Each experimental plot consisted
of a single plant. At 6, 12 and 18 months after planting, the survival
rate (%), the height of the plant (ALT; m), the diameter of the stem 10
cm above ground (DC; mm) or the diameter at breast height (DAP: m) were
evaluated. The genetic-statistical analyses were performed using the
REML/BLUP procedure, with analysis of deviance, estimation of genetic
parameters and prediction of genetic values at the different stages.
The overall survival rate varied from 50.68% to 62.10% at 18 months and
6 months, respectively. The only significant differences were between
progenies, for ALT and DC, at six months after planting. Except for the
evaluated DAP at 18 months after planting, the other estimations of
individual narrow sense heritability were moderated, being lower than
the estimates of progenies average heritability. The gains with the
selection of progenies and plants were from low to moderate and varied
between each evaluated stage, decreasing with the increasing plant age
Arthropodfauna associated with cagaiteira ( Eugenia dysenterica DC., Myrtaceae) in the collection of ex situ germoplasm in Goi\ue1s state, Brazil
No full textEugenia dysenterica \ue9 uma esp\ue9cie nativa do Cerrado com
potencial para explora\ue7\ue3o econ\uf4mica em fun\ue7\ue3o
do seu uso na alimenta\ue7\ue3o. No entanto, estudos s\ue3o
necess\ue1rios para possibilitar a domestica\ue7\ue3o da
esp\ue9cie em plantio comercial. Atualmente, os frutos s\ue3o
obtidos a partir do extrativismo em \ue1reas do Bioma Cerrado. A
artropodofauna associada \ue0 Eugenia dysenterica \ue9 praticamente
desconhecida. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a
artropodofauna associada \ue0s folhas de Eugenia dysenterica.
Avaliamos quinzenalmente a artropodofauna em plantas de Eugenia
dysenterica na cole\ue7\ue3o de germoplasma ex situ da Escola de
Agronomia, UFG. Para tanto, tr\ueas ramos do ter\ue7o m\ue9dio
foram amostrados em 16 plantas. Posteriormente, sete folhas/ramo foram
selecionadas e analisadas sob microsc\uf3pio estereosc\uf3pio. As
cochonilhas foram os artr\uf3podes mais abundantes em Eugenia
dysenterica. A presen\ue7a de folhas novas no m\ueas de outubro
coincidiu com a eclos\ue3o das ninfas da cochonilha Ceroplastes
acutus e com o aparecimento de galhas foliares causadas por
d\uedpteros. A superfam\uedlia Coccoidea e a fam\uedlia
Aleyrodidae foram classificadas como superabundantes e superfrequentes.
Duas fam\uedlias de Thysanoptera foram encontradas: Thripidae e
Phlaeothripidae. Com rela\ue7\ue3o aos \ue1caros, as
esp\ue9cies fit\uf3fagas foram as mais abundantes, seguidas pelos
\ue1caros predadores. As fam\uedlias Phytoseiidae e Tenuipalpidae
foram as mais representativas nas amostras. Aleirod\ueddeos,
d\uedpteros e a cochonilha Ceroplastes acutus est\ue3o associados
\ue0 emiss\ue3o de novas folhas da cagaiteira. Este \ue9 o
primeiro relato de ocorr\ueancia de esp\ue9cies de \ue1caros,
tripes e da cochonilha Ceroplastes acutus em Eugenia dysenterica.Eugenia dysenterica is a native species of the Cerrado biome which has
potential for economic exploitation due to its economic importance in
food. However, further studies are crucial to enable the domestication
of this species in commercial plantation. Actually, the fruits are
obtained by extractivism in area of the Cerrado vegetation. The
arthropodfauna associated to Eugenia dysenterica is practically
unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the arthropodofauna
associated with leaves of Eugenia dysenterica. We evaluated the
arthropodfauna biweekly in Eugenia dysenterica plants in the collection
of ex situ germoplasm of \u2018Escola de Agronomia\u2019, UFG. Three
branches of the middle third were sampled in 16 plants. Seven
leaves/branch were selected and analyzed under stereomicroscope.
Cochineals were the most abundant arthropods in Eugenia dysenterica.
The presence of new leaves on the plants, October, coincided with the
hatching of the nymphs of the cochineal Ceroplastes acutus and the
appearance of leaf galls caused by Diptera. The superfamily Coccoidea
and the family Aleyrodidae were classified as superabundant and
superfrequent. Two families of Thysanoptera were reported: Thripidae
and Phlaeothripidae. In relation to plant mites, phytophagous species
were the most abundant ones, followed by predatory mites. Families
Phytoseiidae and Tenuipalpidae were the most representative in the
samples. Aleyrodidae, Diptera and cochineal Ceroplastes acutus are
associated with the emission of new leaves of Cagateira. This is the
first report of the occurrence of mite species, thrips and Ceroplastes
acutus in Eugenia dysenterica
INCIDENCE, SEVERITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF YELLOW LEAF CURL DISEASE OF TOMATO IN KENYA
Full text linkTomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important fruiting vegetable
grown in Kenya because of its commercial and high nutritional value.
Viruses are a major constraint to tomato production in tropics and sub
tropics, eliciting symptoms like stunting, leaf mosaic, distortion,
chlorosis, mottling, and vein clearing similar to those caused by
abiotic factors. Although begomoviruses are known to cause tomato
yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) in Kenya, there is limited knowledge
on the disease status in tomato fields. The objective of this study was
to determine the incidence and distribution of TYLCD in Kenya using the
double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA)
technique. A survey was carried out in eight major tomato growing
regions (259 fields) in Kenya during September to December, 2018.
Presence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus was further confirmed using
DAS\u2013ELISA. The disease was present across all the counties
surveyed and its prevalence, incidences and severity varied across the
counties and among the fields. The mean TYLCD prevalence ranged from
19.5% in Bungoma County, to 64% in Kwale County. There was significant
difference (P<0.05) in disease incidences among the varieties
sampled and the incidence was lower in plants grown from hybrids seed
compared to conventional varieties. Mean disease severity was
significant (P<0.05) and ranged from 0.18 to 2.20. Most farmers
planted non-hybrid seeds. There is need for further determination of
the diversity of begomoviruses infecting tomato using other techniques
to provide more information towards breeding TYLCD-resistant tomato
varieties.La tomate ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) est un important
l\ue9gume-fruit cultiv\ue9 au Kenya en raison de sa valeur
commercial et nutritionnelle \ue9lev\ue9e. Les virus sont une
contrainte majeure \ue0 la production de tomates dans les
r\ue9gions tropicales et subtropicales, provoquant des sympt\uf4mes
tels que le rabougrissement, la mosa\uefque foliaire, la distorsion,
la chlorose, la marbrure, le d\ue9gagement des veines similaires
\ue0 ceux caus\ue9s par des facteurs abiotiques. Bien que les
Begomovirus soient connus pour causer la maladie de l\u2019enroulement
des feuilles jaunes de la tomate (TYLCD) au Kenya, les connaissances
sur l\u2019\ue9tat de la maladie dans les champs de tomates sont
limit\ue9es. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait de
d\ue9terminer l\u2019incidence et la distribution de TYLCD au Kenya
en utilisant la technique de dosage immuno-enzymatique en sandwich
\ue0 double anticorps (DAS-ELISA). Une enqu\ueate a \ue9t\ue9
men\ue9e dans huit grandes r\ue9gions productrices de tomates (259
champs) au Kenya de Septembre \ue0 D\ue9cembre 2018. La
pr\ue9sence du virus de l\u2019enroulement des feuilles jaunes de la
tomate a \ue9t\ue9 confirm\ue9e par DAS-ELISA. La maladie
\ue9tait pr\ue9sente dans tous les comt\ue9s \ue9tudi\ue9s et
sa pr\ue9valence, son incidence et sa gravit\ue9 variaient
d\u2019un comt\ue9 \ue0 l\u2019autre et d\u2019une parcelle
\ue0 l\u2019autre. La pr\ue9valence moyenne du TYLCD variait de
19,5 % dans le comt\ue9 de Bungoma \ue0 64 % dans le comt\ue9 de
Kwale. Il y avait une diff\ue9rence significative (P<0,05) dans
l\u2019incidence des maladies parmi les vari\ue9t\ue9s
\ue9chantillonn\ue9es et l\u2019incidence \ue9tait plus faible
chez les plantes cultiv\ue9es \ue0 partir de semences hybrides par
rapport aux vari\ue9t\ue9s conventionnelles. La gravit\ue9
moyenne de la maladie \ue9tait statistiquement significative
(P<0,05) et variait de 0,18 \ue0 2,20. La plupart des agriculteurs
ont plant\ue9 des semences non hybrides. Il est n\ue9cessaire de
d\ue9terminer davantage la diversit\ue9 des Begomovirus infectant
la tomate en utilisant d\u2019autres techniques pour fournir plus
d\u2019informations sur la s\ue9lection de vari\ue9t\ue9s de
tomates r\ue9sistantes au TYLCD