Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
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Kaji Eksperimental Pengaruh Pembebanan terhadap Emisi Debu Partikulat pada Motor Bensin
Get PDFThe effect of engine loading on emission of particulate matter was studied by using an Otto engine (Honda astrea grand 110 cc). In the experiment, the characteristics of loading engine, fuel consumption and composition of particulate matter were investigated. The engine loading was determinated in term of engine transmittion, the fuel consumption was measured by using plastic tube scale, and composition of deposit particulate matter was analyzed by using spectrophotometer. The experimental results show that the quantity and fuel consumption was increased by the increasing engine loading. The deposite of particulate matter was generally characterized by organic carbon content.Keyword: motor bensin, emisi debu, transmis
Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Synthesized Silicate-1 Nanocrystal
Get PDFParticle size reduction of zeolite to the nanometer scale leads to substantial changes in the properties of zeolite which make them promising materials for many applications including adsorption. Zeolite silicate-1 Nanocrystal was synthesized at temperatures of 800C, 1200C and 1500C by adding tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) into silica sources. The synthesis mixtures are 2TPAOH: 0.15Na2O: 4.5Si: 382H2O: 51EtOH (TEOS as silica source) and 2TPAOH: 0.15Na2O: 6SiO2: 532H2O: 51EtOH (Ludox LS as silica source). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesised products. The nanosilicate-1 particle size were obtained in range of 119 nm 1678 nm. This research also confirmed that TEOS can make smaller particle size up to 36.43 % than Ludox LS due to an average hydrodynamic diameter of 4 nm of TEOS smaller than Ludox LS of 15-19 nm. In the heavy metal adsorption study, it was found that the adsorption capacity indicated by Qmax (Langmuir) and KF (Freundlic) shows higher Pb2+ adsorption than Cr3+. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb and Cr at 300C are 131.58 mg/g and 129.87 mg/g, respectively. Further, it can also be seen that the KL values in the Langmuir isotherm indicate the higher selectivity of Pb on silicate-1 zeolite than Cr.Keywords :Adsorption capacity, Heavy metal, Isotherm, Silicate-1 nanocrysta
Recovery of Organic and Amino Acids from Sludge and Fish Waste in Sub Critical Water Conditions
Get PDFThe possibility of organic and amino acid production from the treatment of sludge and fish waste using water at sub critical conditions was investigated. The results indicated that at sub-critical conditions, where the ion product of water went through a maximum, the formation of organic acids was favorable. The presence of oxidant favored formation of acetic and formic acid. Other organic acids of significant amount were propionic, succinic and lactic acids. Depending on the type of wastes, formation of other organic acids was also possible. Knowing the organic acids obtained by hydrolysis and oxidation in sub-critical water of various wastes are useful in designing of applicable waste treatment process, complete degradation of organic wastes into volatile carbon and water, and also on the viewpoint of resource recovery. The production of lactic acid was discussed as well. The results indicated that temperature of 573 K, with the absence of oxidant, yield of lactic acid from fish waste was higher than sewage sludge. The maximum yield of total amino acids (137 mg/g-dry fish) from waste fish entrails was obtained at subcritical condition (T = 523 K, P = 4 MPa) at reaction time of 60 min by using the batch reactor. The amino acids obtained in this study were mainly alanine and glycine.Keywords: organic acids, amino acids, sub-critical water, hydrothermal, resources recover
Preparasi dan karakterisasi fotokatalis NaTaO3 didoping ion lantanum (La/NaTaO3) dengan metode sol-gel
Get PDFCrystalline sodium tantalate doped with La3+ ions (La/NaTaO3) has been successfully synthesized by sol-gel technique. The photocatalysts have been prepared by mixing of TaCl5, NaOH, and La(NO3)3.2H2O in the aqueous solution of H2O2. The resulting materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to provide useful information about crystallinity and morphology. All samples are exactly indexed as the pure NaTaO3 orthorhombic structure with the space group Pcmn. The XRD spectra displayed a single-phase NaTaO3 structure without any impurity phase, suggesting that lanthanum is uniformly incorporated into the NaTaO3 lattice. TEM images indicates that the particle sizes of the La-doped NaTaO3 powders are approximately 30-80 nm, while the particle sizes of the non-doped NaTaO3 are around 80-250 nm. Doping lanthanum in the NaTaO3 is able to prevent agglomeration, result in particle size, and better crystallinity. The La/NaTaO3 crystal structures reveal that a certain amount of lattice distortion due to the La3+ ions occupying the Na+ sites results in the increase of crystallite size. Powder formation mechanisms for both non-doped NaTaO3 and La-doped NaTaO3 are proposed based on the experimental results.Keywords: La-doped sodium tantalum oxide, photocatalyst, sol-gel, perovskite, orthorhombi
Efek Adsorpsi Dye ke dalam Lapisan TiO2 dengan Metode Elektroforesis : DSSC Berbasis Lapisan TiO2 Terbuat dengan Metode Slip Casting dan Metode Elektroforesis
Get PDFThis research aims to investigate the effect of dye adsorption into TiO2 layer in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC), which the TiO2 layer is formed by slip casting and electrophoresis methods. Adsorption process of the dye into the cavities of the TiO2 layer was conducted by electrophoresis technique. As results, two DSSCs prepared by the slip casting and electrophoresis methods were successfully realized and tested. In case of DSSC based on electrophoresis method, XRD results show the appearance of MgO on TiO2 layer, which is probably caused by the addition of salt Mg(NO3)2 in the electrophoresis solution. Therefore, electrophoresis condition without the addition of salt needs to be investigated in the next research. It is found that the electrophoresis method can be used in the process of dye adsorption into the TiO2 layer. The electrophoresis with larger voltage results in the larger DSSC output. It is also seen that open circuit voltage for the slip casting-based DSSC is found to be greater than that for the electrophoresis-based one. This may be due to the larger size of the pores in TiO2 layer for the slip casting process compared to that for the electrophoresis process. For larger size of the pores, the dye can easily fit into the pores with the help of electrophoresis.Keywords: Dye-sensitized solar cell, Dye adsorption, Electrophoresis, Slip castin
Penggunaan Katalis NaOH dalam Proses Transesterifikasi Minyak Kemiri menjadi Biodiesel
Get PDFResearch on biodiesel production from hazelnut oil by transesterification process using NaOH catalyst was one of the efforts for renewable energy research. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of NaOH catalyst and the ratio of hazelnut oil to methanol on the production of biodiesel via transesterification process. The transesterification process was carried out in a stirred reactor equipped by a condenser with speed of 200 rpm, temperature of 60C and the operating time of 90 minutes. The results indicated that biodiesel could be produced from hazelnut oil through transesterification process with the highest yield of 81.7% that was obtained on the use of 2% wt. of NaOH catalyst and the mole ratio of oil to methanol of 1:9. Viscosity, density, and acid number of biodiesel obtained in this study met the Indonesia National Standard for biodiesel as SNI 04-7182-2006, therefore hazelnut oil produced biodiesel could potentially be an alternative diesel fuel.Keywords: hazelnut oil, biodiesel, transesterification, NaOH catalys
Comparative Study between ADMS and CFD in Modeling Dust Dispersion from a Blasting Events in Quarry
Get PDFTwo frequently used methods in atmospheric dispersion modeling (ADMS and CFD) were compared in this study to predict pit retention within an open quarry. Conventional Gaussian plume models developed by CERC, ADMS 3 and ADMS 4, were used to predict the pit retention. This study mimicked Fluent CFD modeling of dust dispersion of a blasting event in Old Moor Quarry. A single blast event that liberated a typical 25,000 tons of rock released 1,900 kg of Total Suspended Particle (TSP). The emission source geometry was defined as a three dimensional block volume source of 70 m normal to the face, 80 m in width and 20 m in height. It was also assumed the TSP liberated over one hour had an emission rate of 4.71x10-3 g/m3/s. The four particle sizes were defined as 2.5, 10, 30 and 75 m at mass fractions of 0.05, 0.45, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively and the particles were assumed have uniform limestone density of 2600 kg/m3. The results indicated that ADMS and model based on CFD indicates similar trend, that is, pit retention is proportional to distance from source to pit edge along wind direction and proportional to inverse quarry gradient.Keywords: dust dispersion, blasting, ADMS, CFD, pit retentio
Optimization of Initial pH and Total Sugar Concentration Variables on Citric Acid Production from Pineapple Waste with Aspergillus niger Yeast by Using Response Surface Methodology
Get PDFCitric acid can be produced from pineapple waste by using fermentation process. This process is done in bubble column reactor with Aspergillus niger yeast. The objective of this research is to find the optimum conditions of initial pH and total sugar concentration. The optimization method used was response surface methodology. This research was carried out at a temperature of 30 oC, spore concentration of 1.23 x 109 spore/ml, total volume 2.0 liter, flow rate of air 58.07 cc/sec and a 5% antifoam concentration. The fermentation process lasted 7 days and the citric acid concentration was analyzed by High Pressure Liquid Cromatography (HPLC) method. Statistica 6 software was used for the data treatment. The mathematical model for the optimization citric acid fermentation in bubble column reactor is Y = 54.507 + 2.9851X - 8.987X12 - 2.581X2 - 15.446X22 - 7.989X1X2 The parameter of Y is citric acid yield, X1 is a coding initial pH and X2 is a coding total sugar concentration. The results has given an initial pH optimum 3.61 and total sugar concentration 19,285% w/v with optimum an yield of 55.03 % .Keywords: Bubble column bioreactor, Citric acid fermentation, Initial pH, Total sugar concentration, Response surface methodolog
Produksi Aluminium Sulfat dari Kaolin dan Asam Sulfat Dalam Reaktor Berpengaduk Menggunakan Proses Kering
Get PDFAluminium sulphate is form by reacting alumina which contains in kaolin with sulphuric acid solution in a stirred reactor. Reaction occurs in variance of different time and temperature. The result of reaction is paste aluminium which will be extracted about 3 times using hot aquadest and consentration of aluminum analized by titrimetric methode. Time, temperature and ratio of sulphuric acid and kaolin in reaction have a lot effect to conversion value result, while sulphuric acid concentration and speed of agitation are not too effected. Process condition which is about to be good is temperature 180 oC, reaction time 90 minutes, ratio of sulphuric acid and kaolin is 3:1, sulphuric acid concentration 65% and speed of agitation 350 rpm. Converted aluminum can reach 82%.Keywords: Aluminum sulphate, Dry process, Kaolin, Sulphuric acid, Stirred reacto
Air Pollution Modelling to Predict Maximum Ground Level Concentration for Dust from a Palm Oil Mill Stack
Get PDFThe study is to model emission from a stack to estimate ground level concentration from a palm oil mill. The case study is a mill located in Kuala Langat, Selangor. Emission source is from boilers stacks. The exercise determines the estimate the ground level concentrations for dust to the surrounding areas through the utilization of modelling software. The surround area is relatively flat, an industrial area surrounded by factories and with palm oil plantations in the outskirts. The model utilized in the study was to gauge the worst-case scenario. Ambient air concentrations were garnered calculate the increase to localized conditions.Keywords: emission, modelling, palm oil mill, particulate, POM