Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
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Sorption Kinetics for the Removal of Cadmium and Zinc onto Palm Kernel Shell Based Activated Carbon
Get PDFThe kinetics and mechanism of cadmium and zinc adsorption on palm kernel shell based activated carbons (PKSAC) have been studied. A series of batch laboratory studies were conducted in order to investigate the suitability of palm kernel shell based activated carbon (PKSAC) for the removal of cadmium (cadmium ions) and zinc (zinc ions) from their aqueous solutions. All batch experiments were carried out at pH 7.0 and a constant temperature of 30+-1C using an incubator shaker that operated at 150 rpm. The kinetics investigated includes the pseudo first order, the pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion models. The pseudo-second order model correlate excellently the experimental data, suggesting that chemisorption processes could be the rate-limiting step.Keywords: adsorption, cadmium, kinetics, palm kernel shell, zin
Pembuatan Katalis Padat ZrO2/Al2O3 untuk Produksi Biodiesel dari Minyak Jarak
Get PDFBiodiesel is one of the alternative energy to replace petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of vegetable oil into alkyl ester and glycerol as by-product. The vegetable oil based put biodiesel as a renewable and environmentally friend energy source. Research on making of solid catalyst ZrO2/Al2O3 for biodiesel production from jatropha oil has been done. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation method with different amount of Zr (2, 5, 15, and 20%) and the components were characterized by using XRD. Transesterification reaction was done by reacting jatropha oil with methanol and catalyst with the ratio of oil to methanol of 1:6, reaction temperature of 60oC, and reaction time of 3 hours. Biodiesel produced were analyzed for their yield and composition using GC-MS. The biodiesel products were also characterized for their viscosity, density, acidic and saponification value. Characterization of catalysts showed that components of synthesized ZrO2/Al2O3 were ZrO, ZrO2, and Al2O3. The highest yield of biodiesel produced was resulted from transesterification reaction using catalyst with 2% Zr. GC-MS results showed that methyl esters of biodiesel produced confirmed with fatty acids in jatropha oil with methyl oleic is the highest. Characteristic of the biodiesel has met the quality standard of ASTM, prEN and SNI.Keywords: biodiesel, katalis, minyak jarak, ZrO2/Al2O
Pembuatan Film Selulosa dari Nata de Pina
Get PDFPreparation of cellulose film from nata de pina, a product of pinapple fermentation, using acetobacter xylinum was done at room temperature for 15 days. The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of sugar concentration and pH on film quality. The fermentation run at sugar concentration of 0, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5% and at pH of 3, 5 and 7. Results show that the best nata de pina was obtained at sugar concentration of 10% and pH 5. At these conditions, maximum nata precipitates rendemen was 26,80%, with a moisture content of 80,55%, and the thickness of 3,30 cm. The product nata then can be used to produce cellulose film. The characteristic of the produced film were 8,20 Kgf/mm2 and 11,71% for maximum tensile strength and elongation, respectively.Keywords: acetobacter xylinum, film, nata de pina, selulos
A Comparison of Energy Profile between Castilla Leon, Spain and Aceh, Indonesia
Get PDFA comparative study on energy production and consumption between Aceh, Indonesia and Castilla Len, Spain has been conducted. Analysis was carried out on the statistical data such as population, GDP, energy production and energy consumption. Some interesting results were obtained. An average energy production during 2001 2004 in Aceh is up to 28 times of the average energy production in Castilla Len; however, the average energy consumption during those four years is only 16.74% of the average energy consumption of Castilla Len. Aceh's average GDP from 2001 to 2004 is 3,357.16 million Euros, stands at only 8.15% of Castilla Len's average GDP about 41,175.75 million Euros.Keywords: economic growth, final energy consumption, GDP, primary energy productio
Economic Analysis in Series-Distillation Desalination
Get PDFThe ability to produce potable water economically is the primary purpose of seawater desalination research. Reverse osmosis (RO) and multi-stage flash (MSF) cost more than potable water produced from fresh water resources. Therefore, this research investigates a high-efficiency mechanical vapor-compression distillation system that employs an improved water flow arrangement. The incoming salt concentration was 0.15% salt for brackish water and 3.5% salt for seawater, whereas the outgoing salt concentration was 1.5% and 7%, respectively. Distillation was performed at 439 K and 722 kPa for both brackish water feed and seawater feed. Water costs of the various conditions were calculated for brackish water and seawater feeds using optimum conditions considered as 25 and 20 stages, respectively. For brackish water at a temperature difference of 0.96 K, the energy requirement is 2.0 kWh/m3. At this condition, the estimated water cost is 0.05/kWh electricity. For seawater at a temperature difference of 0.44 K, the energy requirement is 3.97 kWh/m3 and the estimated water cost is $0.61/m3. Greater efficiency of the vapor compression system is achieved by connecting multiple evaporators in series, rather than the traditional parallel arrangement. The efficiency results from the gradual increase of salinity in each stage of the series arrangement in comparison to parallel. Calculations using various temperature differences between boiling brine and condensing steam show the series arrangement has the greatest improvement at lower temperature differences.Keywords: desalination, dropwise condensation, mechanical-vapor compressio
Pengaruh Penambahan Jamur Pelapuk Putih (White Rot Fungi) pada Proses Pengomposan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit
Get PDFComposting is nowadays a general treatment method for agriculture waste such as empty fruit bunch. This research article reported the composting process of the empty fruit bunches. The effect of addition of white rot fungi (Phanerochaete Chrysosporium) as an activator on composting product was studied. Experiment results indicated that white rot fungi is a good activator to improve degradation process of the empty fruit bunch become an organic fertilizer. White rot fungi has capable to increase composting period become shorter in compare with original composting without addition of white rot fungi. The organic fertilizer product as regulation issued by the Standar Nasional Indonesia (NSI) can be achieved in duration of 3 months, while for original process without addition of white rot fungi longer degradation time is necessary.Keyword: Composting, empty fruit bunch, white rot fung
Adsorption of Anion Dye from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Coated Monolith in a Batch System
Get PDFThe adsorption of an anion dye, methyl orange, from aqueous solutions on polymer based carbon coated monolith was studied in a batch system. The kinetics of adsorption with respect to the initial dye concentration was investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied to describe the experimental data. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich model for concentration range (0 160 mg/L). The maximum adsorption capacity of the carbon with BET surface area of 431 m2/g obtained from the Freundlich model was 36.72 (mg/g) (L/mg)1/n. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were employed to describe the kinetic data. The experimental data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with constant rates 5.42x10-4 and 2.22x10-4 g/(min-mg) for initial concentrations 50 and 100 mg/L, respectively. Keywords: adsorption, anion dye, carbon coated monolit
Gold Loading on Ion Exchange Resins in Non-Ammoniacal Resin-Solution Systems
Get PDFThe loading of gold using strong base anion exchange resin in non-ammoniac resin-solution (NARS) systems has been studied. The loading of gold onto ion exchange resins is affected by polythionate concentration, and trithionate can be used as the baseline in the system. The results also show that resin capacity on gold loading increases due to the increase in the equilibrium thiosulfate concentration in the NARS system. Gold loading performances show the need of optimization the equilibrium concentrations of thiosulfate in the NARS system.Keywords: equilibrium, gold loading, resin capacity, thiosulfate, trithionat
Preliminary Investigation on the Useful Chemicals obtained from High-Temperature and High-Pressure Water Treatment of Hinoki (Chamaecyparis Obutus) Bark
Get PDFThe possibility of utilizing residual forest biomass to produce valuable chemicals was investigated. An outer layer of a bark of Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obutusa) tree, a Japanese cypress, was used as a sample material. Experiments were carried out in a semibatch reactor apparatus that allows the study of the effect of reaction temperatures in a single run. Analysis of the products by GC-MS reveals formation of useful compounds such as furfural, some aromatic compounds (1,3-di-tert-butyl benzene and 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol), and fatty acids (myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid).Keywords: fatty acids, furfural, high temperature water treatment, hinoki, residual biomas
Green Gasification Technology for Wet Biomass
Get PDFThe world now is facing two energy related threats which are lack of sustainable, secure and affordable energy supplies and the environmental damage acquired in producing and consuming ever-increasing amount of energy. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, increasing energy prices reminds us that an affordable energy plays an important role in economic growth and human development. To overcome the abovementioned problem, we cannot continue much longer to consume finite reserves of fossil fuels, the use of which contributes to global warming. Preferably, the world should move towards more sustainable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy and biomass. However, the abovementioned challenges may not be met solely by introduction of sustainable energy forms. We also need to use energy more efficiently. Developing and introducing more efficient energy conversion technologies is therefore important, for fossil fuels as well as renewable fuels. This assignment addresses the question how biomass may be used more efficiently and economically than it is being used today. Wider use of biomass, a clean and renewable feedstock may extend the lifetime of our fossil fuels resources and alleviate global warming problems. Another advantage of using of biomass as a source of energy is to make developed countries less interdependent on oil-exporting countries, and thereby reduce political tension. Furthermore, the economies of agricultural regions growing energy crops benefit as new jobs are created.Keywords: energy, gasification, sustainable, wet biomas