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Analisis Konsentrasi PM2,5, CO dan CO2 di Dalam Ruangan Akibat Penggunaan Kompor Biomassa Berbahan Bakar Briket Tempurung Kelapa dan Briket Kayu Bakar
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to analyze the concentration of PM2.5, CO and CO2 indoor due to the use of biomass stoves and to calculate the value of combustion efficiency and fuel use efficiency in biomass stoves. The test was conducted by the water boiling test method to simulate the cooking process that was divided into 3 phases. The fuel used was coconut shell briquettes and firewood briquettes. Based on the test results the obtained concentration of PM2.5 from the the use of coconut shell briquette was 21.03 µg/Nm3 during the cold start phase, 23.66 µg/Nm3 in the hot start phase, and 15.57 µg/Nm3 in the simmering phase. As for Firewood briquette, it had lower PM2.5 concentrations, i.e., 17.17 µg/Nm3 in the cold start phase, 20.63 µg/Nm3 in the hot start phase, and 12.17 µg/Nm3 in the simmering phase. The results of CO concentration measurement in coconut shell briquette for the cold start, hot start, and simmering phases were 4.57; 4.32 and 5.27 ppm, respectively, and for firewood briquette were 3.92; 3.69 and 4.61 ppm, correspondingly. While for CO2 concentration measurements, for coconut shell briquette at cold start, hot start, and simmering phases were 376.83; 364.56 and 443.11 ppm, respectively, and for firewood briquette were 397.4; 383.61 and 486.45 ppm, accordingly. The concentration of PM2.5, CO and CO2 did not exceed the indoor air quality standard regulated by the Minister of Health Regulation No. 1077 of 2011 which is 35 µg/Nm3 for PM2.5, 9 ppm for CO and 1,000 ppm for CO2. The ratio of the biomass stove CO / CO2 briquette fuel was below the value of 0.02 which means that the combustion process occurred perfectly. The efficiency value of coconut shell briquette combustion was lower than that of firewood briquette combustion which is influenced by heating value, water temperature, the amount of fuel used and the length of the testing process, while the efficient use of fuel from using briquettes was better than biomass stoves made from unprocessed/raw biomass fuels
Evaluasi Penerapan Kampus Berkelanjutan dengan UI GreenMetric di Universitas Andalas
Get PDFUniversity can generate a significant impact to environment due to the high usage of materials, high usage of water, high consumption of energy, massive waste, extensive transportation, and extensive development of buildings and facilities. Thus, sustainable campus is become an important issue to university. This paper evaluates the implementation of sustainable campus in Andalas University using UI GreenMetric. The metric consists of six criteria divided into 39 indicators. A questionnaire is then designed and a total of 30 experts are consulted to determine the implementation level of sustainable campus. The results indicated setting and infrastructure as the most widely implemented criterion of sustainable campus in Andalas University. Otherwise, transportation is suggested as the least implemented criterion. The suggestions are then proposed to improve the transportation criterion consisting of improving the facilities and infrastructure of campus transportation, improving the schedule of campus bus, developing the car polling program, limiting the parking area, restricting the motor vehicle, promoting the cycling and walking campaign, and developing the environmentally sound transportation. It hoped the proposed suggestions can assist the university to continously improve the sustainable campus performance.Keywords: Sustainable Campus, Transportation, UI GreenMetric, UniversityABSTRAKUniversitas dapat menghasilkan dampak yang signifikan terhadap lingkungan karena tingginya penggunaan bahan, penggunaan air yang tinggi, konsumsi energi yang tinggi, limbah yang masif, transportasi yang ekstensif, dan pengembangan bangunan dan fasilitas yang ekstensif. Sehingga kampus berkelanjutan menjadi isu penting bagi universitas. Makalah ini mengevaluasi implementasi kampus berkelanjutan di Universitas Andalas menggunakan UI GreenMetric. Ukuran yang digunakan terdiri atas enam kriteria yang terbagi menjadi 39 indikator. Kuesioner kemudian dirancang dan konsultasi terhadap 30 pakar dilakukan untuk menentukan tingkat implementasi kampus berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penataan dan infrastruktur sebagai kriteria kampus berkelanjutan yang paling banyak diterapkan di Universitas Andalas. Sebaliknya, transportasi diperoleh sebagai kriteria yang paling rendah diterapkan. Usulan perbaikan kemudian dirancang untuk meningkatkan kriteria transportasi yang terdiri atas meningkatkan fasilitas dan infrastruktur transportasi kampus, meningkatkan jadwal bus kampus, mengembangkan program polling car, membatasi area parkir, membatasi kendaraan bermotor, mempromosikan kampanye bersepeda dan berjalan kaki, dan mengembangkan transportasi yang ramah lingkungan. Usulan tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu universitas untuk terus meningkatkan kinerja kampus yang berkelanjutan.Kata kunci: Kampus berkelanjutan, transportasi, UI GreenMetric, universitas Â
Elektrokoagulasi untuk Penurunan Kadar Kromium (Cr), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dan Total Suspended Solid (TSS) pada Limbah Industri Penyamakan Kulit di Singosari Kabupaten Malang
Get PDFThe chromium compounds in the leather tannery wastewater come from the leather tanning process, which is uses 60-70% chromium sulphate compound. Electrocoagulation process generally uses aluminum or iron electrode which can act as sacrificial electrode (electrode acting as anode and cathode). The purposes of this research were to investigate the the removal of Chromium (total Cr), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS), to find the optimum voltage and contact time in Total Chromium, COD and TSS in tannery wastewater. Method used was the laboratorical method with descriptive data analysis. Mathematical model used was experimental model. Aluminium the plate with 15 cm length and 7 cm width electrodes with voltage variation that are 6, 12 , and 24 Volt. The contact time variation were 20, 40, and 60 second. The observation parameter were Total Chromium, COD and TSS in triplicate. The results showed the quality standards parameter Total Chromium, COD and TSS reached at contact time 70 second by extrapolation. The most optimal electrocoagulation process of tannery wastewater in reducing total Total Chromium, COD and TSS concentrations occurred at 24 Volt with contact time 70 second. The removal efficiency of Total Chromium, COD and TSS were 99,99%; 97,33%; and 84,89%. The energy requirement at the time of 24 Volt voltage and contact time of 70 second, was 0.056 KWH. Determination test value (R2) for each parameter by to the voltage has a value range from 0.961314 to 1. Keywords : COD, Electrocoagulation Method, Tannery Wastewater, Total Chromium, TSS  ABSTRAK Industri penyamakan kulit yang proses produksinya menggunakan kromium sulfat 60-70% berpotensi mencemari lingkungan sekitar pabrik melalui pembuangan limbah cairnya. Salah satu metode yang efektif untuk pengolahan limbah cair penyamakan kulit adalah dengan metode elektrokoagulasi. Proses elektrokoagulasi umumnya menggunakan elektroda aluminium ataupun besi yang dapat berperan sebagai sacrificial electrode (elektroda yang berperan sebagai anoda dan katoda).  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui penurunan kadar Kromium (Cr total), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Total Suspended Solid (TSS) pada limbah cair penyamakan kulit dengan menggunakan metode elektrokoagulasi, serta mengetahui tegangan dan waktu kontak yang optimum dalam menurunkan kadar logam Kromium (Cr total), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Total Suspended Solid (TSS). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode laboratorik dengan menggunakan analisis data grafik nomograf. Metode elektrokoagulasi menggunakan aluminium sebagai plat elektroda dengan variasi tegangan 6 Volt, 12 Volt, dan 24 Volt, serta variasi waktu kontak 20 menit, 40 menit, dan 60 menit. Parameter yang diamati, yaitu logam krom total (Cr total), TSS, dan COD dengan 3 kali pengulangan. Proses elektrokoagulasi limbah cair penyamakan kulit paling optimal dalam menurunkankonsentrasi logam krom total (Cr total), TSS, dan COD terjadi pada tegangan 24 Volt dengan waktu kontak 70 menit. Persentase efisiensi removal pada logam krom total (Cr total) sebesar 99,99%. Persentase efisiensi removal pada TSS sebesar 84,89%; sedangkan % (persen) efisiensi removal pada COD sebesar 97,33%. Kebutuhan energi yang dibutuhkan pada saat tegangan 24 Volt dengan waktu kontak 70, yaitu 0,056 KWH.Nilai uji determinasi (R2) untuk masing-masing parameter yang di uji dengan variasi besarnya tegangan memiliki nilai range 0.961314 hingga 1. Kata Kunci : Elektrokoagulasi, Limbah Cair Penyamakan Kulit, Logam Krom, COD, TSS  Â
Dampak Lingkungan Akibat Kegiatan Pariwisata di Kota Bukittinggi
Get PDF Environmental pressure caused by tourism activities is increasing in line with the number of visitors and the development of infrastructure-related tourism to meet the needs of tourists who visit the tourist attractions. This leads to the increasing of the amount of solid and liquid waste, pollution, sanitation and aesthetic problems. Bukittinggi has a leading tourist attractions that are almost all located within the city making it easier for tourists to travel to various locations. A thorough concern on environmental sustainability has not been undertaken by the tourism sector of Bukittinggi City. Bukittinggi is currently overshadowed by the concerns of the carrying capacity of the city to accommodate several functions simultaneously within a limited area. The purpose of this research is to analyze the environmental problems caused by tourism activities in Bukittinggi City. This research was conducted by qualitative approach using in-depth interview to sector related with tourism, observation and literature study. Research activities conducted in June to October 2017. The results showed that tourism activities that tend to be centralized in the city center resulted in congestion and lack of parking space. The increase in tourists is followed by increased waste generation, energy use, CO2 emissions and water consumption. It is suggested to the government to synergize the policy of tourism development with the concept of sustainable development. Keywords: Sustainable Tourism , Tourism Environmental Impact, Ecotourism, Sustainable Development  ABSTRAK  Tekanan lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh kegiatan pariwisata semakin meningkat seiring dengan jumlah pengunjung dan pengembangan infrastruktur untuk memenuhi kebutuhan wisatawan. Hal ini menyebabkan meningkatnya jumlah limbah padat dan cair, polusi, sanitasi dan masalah estetika. Kota Bukittinggi memiliki tempat-tempat wisata yang terkenal dan hampir semuanya terletak di dalam kota sehingga memudahkan wisatawan untuk melakukan perjalanan ke berbagai lokasi. Akan tetapi, perhatian menyeluruh terhadap kelestarian lingkungan belum dilakukan oleh sektor pariwisata. Sedangkan Kota Bukittinggi saat ini dibayangi oleh kekhawatiran daya dukung kota untuk mengakomodasi beberapa fungsi secara bersamaan dalam area terbatas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis masalah lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh kegiatan pariwisata di Kota Bukittinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif menggunakan wawancara mendalam pada sektor yang terkait dengan pariwisata, observasi dan studi literatur. Kegiatan penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni hingga Oktober 2017. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan pariwisata yang cenderung terpusat di pusat kota mengakibatkan kemacetan dan kurangnya tempat parkir. Peningkatan wisatawan diikuti oleh peningkatan timbulan sampah, penggunaan energi, emisi CO2 dan konsumsi air. Disarankan kepada pemerintah untuk mensinergikan kebijakan pengembangan pariwisata dengan konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan.Kata kunci: Pariwisata berkelanjutan, Dampak lingkungan pariwisata, Pembangunan berkelanjutan     Â
Analisis Kebijakan Pembentukan UPTD Laboratorium di Kab. Pesisir Selatan sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Kecelakaan Konstruksi
Get PDFPesisir Selatan Regency is a large regency at the south part of West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Pesisir Selatan is prone to earthquake disaster because its location is above a fault lines. Therefore, a good quality and standardize building is a must in the region. However, Pesisir Selatan has no certified laboratory to test material for construction job as part of the quality assurance. Furthermore, the limited access to big cities such as Padang, made it difficult to bring and test the material to Padang. As the access is limited, testing for construction material and samples was conducted in a non-certified laboratory provided by local government. The result of the laboratory test could not be accounted for because the laboratory has not been certified. Anticipating the potential disaster in the future, the local government decided to develop a proper laboratory unit called Unit Pelaksana Tugas Daerah Laboratorium (Laboratory Regency Task Force Unit). The main task of the unit is to develop a standardize laboratory and make a preparation for administering the laboratory certification. However, the development of the unit should be carefully studied because it will need a significant cost for development and maintain the equipment. This paper presents the feasibility study for the development of the unit based on their current condition and the prospective of income in the future. First, an audit of existing equipment, staffs, and building was conducted and then prospective of income was estimated. The audit of existing laboratory equipment and staffs was based on secondary data from the existing laboratory. Prospective income was estimated from spatial plans and long-term development plan of the regency. Furthermore, in order to know the opinion of government and the user of the laboratory, a questionnaire was distributed. Data shows that the development of the unit is feasible but some improvements should be conducted.Keywords: Composition, Generation, Hazardous Solid Waste (HSW), Municipal service facilitiesABSTRAKKabupaten Pesisir Selatan adalah kabupaten besar di bagian selatan Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Pesisir Selatan rentan terhadap bencana gempa bumi karena lokasinya berada di atas garis patahan. Oleh karena itu, kualitas dan standardisasi bangunan yang baik adalah suatu keharusan di wilayah ini. Namun, Pesisir Selatan tidak memiliki laboratorium bersertifikat untuk menguji bahan untuk pekerjaan konstruksi sebagai bagian dari jaminan kualitas. Selain itu, terbatasnya akses ke kota-kota besar seperti Padang, membuatnya sulit untuk membawa dan menguji materi ke Padang. Karena aksesnya terbatas, pengujian untuk bahan bangunan dan sampel dilakukan di laboratorium non-sertifikasi yang disediakan oleh pemerintah daerah. Hasil uji laboratorium tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan karena laboratorium belum disertifikasi. Mengantisipasi potensi bencana di masa depan, pemerintah daerah memutuskan untuk mengembangkan unit laboratorium yang tepat yang disebut Unit Pelaksana Tugas Daerah Laboratorium. Tugas utama unit ini adalah mengembangkan laboratorium ter standardisasi dan membuat persiapan untuk administrasi sertifikasi laboratorium. Namun, pengembangan unit harus dipelajari dengan hati-hati karena akan membutuhkan biaya yang signifikan untuk pengembangan dan pemeliharaan peralatan. Makalah ini menyajikan studi kelayakan untuk pengembangan unit berdasarkan kondisi mereka saat ini dan prospek pendapatan di masa depan. Langkah pertama yang dilakukan adalah audit terhadap peralatan, staf, dan bangunan yang ada dan berikutnya dilakukan estimasi pendapatan ketika laboratorium beroperasi. Audit peralatan dan staf laboratorium yang ada didasarkan pada data sekunder dari laboratorium yang ada. Pendapatan prospektif diperkirakan dari rencana tata ruang dan rencana pembangunan jangka panjang kabupaten. Selanjutnya, dilakukan pembagian kuesioner untuk mengetahui pendapat pemerintah dan pengguna laboratorium. Data menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan unit ini layak tetapi beberapa perbaikan harus dilakukan. Kata kunci: Komposisi, Pembangkitan, Limbah Padat Berbahaya (HSW), fasilitas layanan kota Â
Analisis Sistem Distribusi Air Bersih di Komplek Perumahan Cemara Hijau Medan
Get PDFCemara Hijau Housing Complex is an elite housing complex located on the outskirts of Medan which each year has an increasing number of consumers not followed by increased network capacity and clean water supply. This study aims to analyze the pattern of water consumption of customers in the Green Pine complex, analyzing the availability of PDAM Tirtanadi water of Cemara branches with water needs of Cemara Hijau customers and analyzing the clean water distribution system in Cemara Hijau housing using Hardy Cross method with Hazen William and Epanet 2.0 equations. The research method used is to first conduct literature studies related to clean water distribution system and Epanet 2.0 application. Then collect the required data that is primary data and secondary data. Then the data data is analyzed by manual calculation of Hardy Cross with Hazen William equation and using computer software that is Epanet 2.0. The result of research is the pattern of clean water consumption in the green pine complex with the highest factor is 1.69 while the lowest is 0.21, then the water loss at the Cemara Hijau Housing Complex is 52.93%, then the clean water distribution network system in the Cemara Hijau Housing Complex does not meet in terms of flow and pressure, so that the solution given is the addition of 50 mm diameter made in parallel, the last of the total difference obtained from Epanet 2.0 with a large enough field for the hourly of 0.0766 m3/sec and for 24 hours of 4.3878 m3/sec, and the total difference between Epanet 2.0 with Hardy Cross method with Hazen William equation is not too large with a total difference of 0.00048 m3/sec or 0.48 liter/sec
Pengaruh Laju Pembebanan Organik terhadap Reduksi Padatan pada Proses Anaerobic Co-Digestion Sampah Sayuran dengan Lumpur SBR
Get PDFAnaerobic digestion is to treat organic waste such as vegetable solid waste (VSW). Anaerobic co-digestion is the mixture of two or more different waste types with the aim to enhance the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process. In this study, anaerobic digestion of vegetable solid waste (VSW) is compared to the anaerobic co-digestion of VSW and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) sludge. This investigation is focussed  on the varying the organic loading rate (OLR) which is the mixing ratio of VSW to SBR sludge; and pH (6, 7 and 8) of the mixture. The mixtures were kept in serum bottles and placed in a shaker for 7 days at 150 rpm. Experiments with OLR 2:1, VSW composition of 1:2:1:1 and pH 6 produced the highest total biogas in anaerobic co-digestion. Thus, for anaerobic co-digestion, the optimum composition of VSW, OLR and pH are 1:2:1:1, 2:1 and 6 respectively. The range of % reduction in total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolve solids (TDS) in anaerobic co-digestion is 4-46, 0-43 and 0-64 respectively. In a comparison with single digestion, only 1 in 5 samples of co-digestion exceed that amount of biogas produced by single digestion and this shows that single anaerobic digestion resulted in higher biogas yield. The range of % reduction in TS, TSS and TDS in anaerobic digestion is 13-54, 15-66 and 9-58 respectively. Comparatively, single digestion performs better in solids removal than anaerobic co-digestion and thus, co-digestion method may not be suitable for all types of organic waste
Analisis Sebaran Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Dengan Model Gaussian Point Source Di Pembangkit Listrik Berbahan Bakar Biomassa
Get PDFThe study aims to analyze the concentration of TSP generated from the smokestacks of biomass fuelled power plant with 2 x 15 MW capacity along with the pattern of distribution in the ambient air around the plant. The field observation conducted in Jl. K. L. Yos Sudarso KM 10.5 by making five (5) ambient air sample point, the point I is located around 130 m south, the point II within 220 m south, point III around 110 m east, point IV around 325 m north and point V around 100 m west from sources emissions. The sample is taken for 3 (three) days, i.e in the morning, afternoon and evening. Maximum TSP concentration was measured at point III at 50,93 μg/m3. Meanwhile, according to Gaussian Point Source model, the maximum TSP concentration at point I is around 1,79 μg/m3. The concentration of TSP is still below the ambient air quality standard. Furthermore, the measured TSP concentration and TSP modeling were mapped with the Surfer program version 11.0. Based on the results, the measured TSP concentration mapping indicates that the highest affected area is located at the eastern region of the emission source. Moreover, Mapping of TSP concentration models show that the highest affected area is located at the southern part of the emission source
Studi Daur Ulang Sampah Kertas dari Sumber Institusi di Kota Padang
Get PDFBased on Onesta (2004) research, paper waste is the second largest waste component of Padang City's institutional waste, which is 23% after 52% of food waste. Paper comes from wood fiber which is a material that can be recycled, maximizing the potential for recycling will be able to increase efforts to preserve the environment and reduce environmental impacts. To assess the potential utilization of paper waste as recycled material, a study of the potential of paper waste recycling from institutions in the city of Padang is carried out through determining generation and composition. This research was conducted in August by taking a sample of 21 institutions (10 offices, 10 schools and 1 hospital) in accordance with SNI 19-3964-1994. From the research, it was obtained that the average waste generation of paper from institutional sources in Padang City was 0.048 l / m2 / hr where the waste generation of paper from office sources was 0.047 l / m2 / hr, school 0.059 l / m2 / h and hospitals 0.037 l / m2 / hr. For the composition of paper waste includes archival paper 44.73%, mixed paper 8.83%, cardboard and carton boxes 14.65%, 5.26% cardboard, 5.39% newspaper paper, 2.22% art paper, tissue 5.08%, carbon paper 0.15%, food wrappers 9.15% and others 4.55%. The potential of paper waste recycling is 78.88%, while that of not paper is 21.16%. To optimize the potential for paper recycling, it is recommended to separate paper waste from the source
Evaluasi Tingkat Kebisingan Kawasan Selatan Universitas Negeri Padang
Get PDFThis study aims to determine and evaluate the level of noise in the southern area of Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP) Kampus Air Tawar conducted at 23 points of measurement with 16 outside outdoor points and 7 indoor measurement points. Method of measurement under regulation of Indonesian government, KepMenLH Regulation no. 48 thn 1996 which regulate the noise level standard by using SLM (Sound Level Meter). The highest outdoor noise level occurs in front of GOR UNP (S16) at the time of L3 which is 80,91 dBA, while the highest indoor noise level when there was activity as well as no activity in the room was happened in lecture hall FBSS UNP (S7-interior) with value equal to 83, 99 dBA and 64.65 dBA. All points of a total of 16 outdoor and 7 indoor measurement points exceed the standard noise level threshold which is 55 dBA (+3 dB tolerance). However, from the questionnaire results most respondents just feel slightly disturbed by outdoor noise in the study area. The noise control that can be done such as cultivate number of natural vegetation such as heliconia sp, tea, acacia tree and pringgodani bamboo, also the installation of continuous wall from type of clear fiber that serves as building noise absorbers