Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia
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Synthesis of PMCA (P-Methoxy Cinnamic Acid) using Perkin Reaction and Its Activity as Photo Protective and Antifungal Agent
Get PDFThis study aimed to synthesize p-methoxy cinnamic acid through the Perkin reaction and to determine its activity as a photoprotective and antifungal agent against Candida albicans. The PMCA compound was synthesized by reacting p-methoxy benzaldehyde with acetic anhydride using a sodium acetate catalyst in a sonicator at 50oC for 60 minutes. The synthesized was a white precipitate with a % yield of 2.09% and a melting point of 172-175oC. ATR-FTIR identified this compound with several functional groups, C=O, OH carboxylic acid, para-substituted benzene, and C=C. Analysis by GC-MS showed a single peak at a retention time of 11.710 minutes with m/z 178. Characterization of this compound by 1H-NMR spectrometry showed several chemical shifts showing the presence of OH groups of carboxylic acids, C=C groups, aromatic benzene groups, and methoxy. The results of this characterization indicated that the synthesis product was PMCA. The antioxidant activity of PMCA using the DPPH radical gave IC50 at a concentration of 352.6138 ppm. In vitro sunscreen activity against PMCA compounds provided high protection at a concentration of 30 ppm with SPF 32,505. The antifungal activity against Candida albicans showed inhibition zones of 0.257cm± 0.044, 1.397cm± 0.093, and 1.533cm± 0.111, respectively at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The PMCA compounds can be synthesized through the Perkin reaction assisted by ultrasonic waves and can potentially be photoprotective and antifungal agents
Antipyretic Activity of Ethanol Fraction of Pandan Laut Leaves (Pandanus odorifer) against Male Mice (Mus musculus) Induced by DPT-HB Vaccine
Get PDFFever is a condition where the body temperature exceeds 37 °C caused by disease or inflammation resulting from a viral or bacterial infection. People consume synthetic drugs or commonly called antipyretics, to treat fever. This study aims to determine the antipyretic activity of the Ethanol fraction of sea Pandanus leaves (Pandanus odorifer) against male mice (mus musculus) induced by the DPT-HB vaccine. Sample extraction was done by the maceration method with various solvent polarities (non-polar; n-Hexane, semi-polar; Ethyl Acetate, polar; Ethanol). All three fractions were tested for their secondary metabolites of Flavonoids with antipyretic activity. In addition, an antipyretic activity test was carried out on male mice induced by the DPT-HB vaccine-induced by an intramuscular method in the lower abdomen. An infrared thermometer (ANENG AN201) measured the mice's body temperatures every 30 minutes for 180 minutes after induction. Phytochemical identification results show that the n-Hexane fraction contains Tannins and Steroids as secondary metabolites. The Ethyl Acetate fraction contains Tannins, Triterpenes, Steroids, and the Ethanol fraction contains Tannins, Triterpenes, Steroids, Saponins, and Flavonoids. The antipyretic activity test results show that the Ethanol fraction of sea Pandanus leaves (Pandanus odorifer) has the potential to be antipyretic against mice (Mus musculus), and the most effective antipyretic effect was found in infraction with a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight
Analysis of Students’ Critical Thinking Skills by Applying Flipped Classroom Learning Model using Powtoon Application on The Topic of Salt Hydrolysis
Get PDFThis study aims to determine students' critical thinking skills by applying flipped classrooms using the Powtoon application on the topic of salt hydrolysis. This study, which included 36 participants—15 men and 21 women—used a descriptive methodology and was carried out at one of Jakarta's public high schools. The instrument used was an observation sheet to observe the flipped classroom model’s learning process, critical thinking skills tests, reflective journals, and depth interviews. The flipped classroom method entails four steps: pre-class by studying independently and providing stimuli. In-class by fostering critical thinking; and post-class by evaluating. Combining asynchronous and synchronous activities was the process. Students learn independently during the pre-class stage by answering pre-learning questions and watching videos. During the class phase, Zoom meetings are used for synchronous learning to discuss salt hydrolysis applications in particular contexts. Discussion assignments on the salt hydrolysis case help students learn asynchronously after class. The study results showed that the flipped classroom using the Powtoon application can be an alternative for distance learning and can influence the students’ critical thinking at a very good level. It also helps them be more active and critical in learning, like exchanging opinions with others and doing assignments on the topic of salt hydrolysis
Esterification of Cinnamic Acid using Menthol and its Activity as Lowering Glucose Levels using Anthrone Sulfate
Get PDFThis study aimed to synthesize menthyl cinnamate and its activity as a glucose-lowering agent. Synthesis of methyl cinnamate using Fischer esterification of cinnamic acid and menthol with sulfuric acid as a catalyst using reflux at a temperature of 60oC with a synthesis time variation of 4,5 and 6 hours. Identification of synthesis results using FTIR spectrophotometry and GC-MS. Glucose lowering activity of the synthesis product using anthrone sulfate. The synthesized compound was a yellow oil liquid with a sweet fruity aroma typical of cinnamic esters with a yield % of 95.83%, 96.38, and 91.79%, respectively, at 4, 5, and 6 hours. The synthesized product was soluble in nonpolar solvents. Analysis by FTIR showed several functional groups such as C=O, C=C, C-O, and C-H aliphatic. Analysis of the synthesis results with GC-MS showed a retention time of 18.38 minutes for menthyl cinnamate with m/z = 286. Test with anthrone sulfate gave an optimum concentration of 300 ppm with a % decrease in the glucose of 48.62%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that menthyl cinnamate can be synthesized with optimum yield in 5 hours and has potential as an antidiabetic agent
Formulation and Antioxidant Activity of Peel Off Gel Mask from Paederia Foetida Extract
Get PDFThe peel-Off gel mask is one of the unique characteristic forms of the mask that will form an elastic transparent film layer. It can be removed without rinsing after drying and leaving no residue. The manufacture of masks using natural material is better than synthetic materials as it can cause side effects and damage the natural shape of the skin. One of the natural materials that can be used as a natural ingredient mask is the Paederia Foetida leaf. Paederia Foetida leaf contains antioxidants beneficial as the antidote to free radicals. One of the antioxidants contained in the Paederia Foetida is a flavonoid compound. The research aimed to determine the best concentration of Paederia Foetida leaf extract in the formulation of pell off gel masks with high antioxidant activity. The research method consists of preparing the sample by macerating Paederia Foetida leaf powder using ethanol. Making peel-off gel mask with variation in concentration from Paederia Foetida leaf extract of 0%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%. mask quality test include organoleptic test, pH, Homogeneity, stability, Drying, and dispersibility—antioxidant activity test by using DPPH with expressed as IC50 concentration. The Result of the research is that Paederia Foetida leaf extract can be formulated into a peel-off gel mask stock. The formulation of a peel-off gel mask with a concentration of Paederia Foetida leaf extract of 20% was chosen because it meets the criteria of peel-off gel mask of Indonesian Nasional Standard (It is homogeneous and stable, pH 6, spreadability 6,5 cm, and dry time 28 minutes with an IC50 of 167.74 which is a weak antioxidant)
Study of BOD, COD and TSS Removal in Batik Industry Wastewater using Electrocoagulation Method
Get PDFCentral Java, especially Pekalongan, is one of the largest batik centres with a high amount of batik waste and has the potential to pollute the environment. Wastewater treatment using the electrocoagulation method as an alternative to environmental pollution prevention in Pekalongan Regency. This study determined the effect of stress and resistance time on decreasing COD, BOD and TSS levels in batik wastewater. The analysis performed on the samples included BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (total suspended solids), and pH. Voltage variations of 12, 24, and 30 volts and holding times of 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes were applied. A pair of aluminium metals (Al-Al) was used with a thickness of 0.1 cm, an area of 12x14 cm, and a volume of 2500 ml. The results showed that the voltage and contact time decreased the amount of COD, BOD and TSS. In addition, the results showed that the electrocoagulation method at a voltage of 30 volts and a contact time of 180 minutes could reduce COD levels by 75.78%, TSS levels by 93.9%, and BOD levels by 83.75%
Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Lime Leaf Extract (Citrus auraantifolia) for Identification of Latent Fingerprints
Get PDFFingerprints are an identification tool in forensic science because of their unique properties. Unfortunately, some of the chemicals used in fingerprint powders are toxic and pose a potential health hazard. This study was conducted to analyze the ability of ZnO nanoparticles to identify latent fingerprints. ZnO nanopowder was synthesized with lime leaf extract using the green synthesis method with double-distilled water solvent and characterized by FT-IR at a wavenumber of 4000-400 cm-1 and SEM-EDX analysis to provide information about the morphology and to detect the elemental composition nanoparticles. The average particle diameter through SEM was around 173.4 nm and formed a spherical with a rough surface with beige color. Identification of latent fingerprints using the powder dusting method on various porous surfaces (craft paper and greaseproof paper) and non-porous surfaces (glass preparations, aluminium foil, and compact disk) shows visualization with the characteristics of the ridges that look good and clear. The study showed the highest frequency of loops (47%), followed by double loops (20%), plain whorls (30%), and central pocket whorls pattern (3%) from 30 fingerprint samples consisting of 14 men and 16 women. Development identification fingerprints using TiO2 show visualization more clearly because color contrast from bright white color and detail ridges is shown better with ZnO nanopowder
Recovery of Valuable Metals from Fly Ash via Hydrometallurgy Method for Li-ion Battery Anode Material
Get PDFCoal-derived fly ash, or CFA, is a harmful waste for humans. CFA waste handling by its processing and utilization has become the most promising approach, which not only decreases the waste's hazard level but also improves its economic potential. This research aims to recover metals from CFA and utilize them as anode material for Li-ion batteries. Iron, magnesium, aluminum, and calcium are retrieved from the CFA via a two-step hydrometallurgical method, i.e., acid leaching followed by alkaline precipitation. The leaching process utilizes various acids, such as acetic acid (CH3COOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Metal precipitation is carried out using sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). Morphological and quantitative metal composition analysis are investigated using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The physical and chemical properties of the as-prepared samples are characterized using Fourier-transformed Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermal Gravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA). Based on the analysis, iron, magnesium and calcium are successfully recovered in a mixed hydroxide precipitate. The type of acid affects the final morphology and composition of the product. Therefore, our approach can be considered effective in CFA waste processing and producing high-quality product
Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 4’-Bromochalchone Utilizing 4-Bromoacetophenone and Benzaldehyde as Starting Material in Alkaline Condition
Get PDFThis study focuses on synthesizing 4’-bromochalcone through conventional and irradiation microwave methods to determine each method's time efficiency and yield. 4-Bromoacetophenone was treated with benzaldehyde in the presence of a base. Conventionally, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. While in the microwave irradiation method, the reaction mixture was irradiated at a power of 140 watts. The compound was identified, including the melting point and physicochemical properties. The structure of the compound was confirmed by infrared, 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy spectral data. The results showed that 4’-bromochalcone had been successfully synthesized using conventional and microwave irradiation methods in a good yield (94.61%±0.6793 and 89.39%±0.6418, consecutively). The structure assignment based on infrared, 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy spectral data revealed that the synthesized product was 4’-bromochalcone. Synthesis of 4’-bromochalchone using microwave irradiation could be done in a shorter time than the conventional method.
Molecular Docking of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum) Active Compounds to Lanosterol Enzym 14-Alpha Demethylase and Squalene Monooxygenase for Antifungi Potential Activity
Get PDFShallots (Allium ascalonicum) are one of the important horticultural export commodities in Indonesia, but the productivity of shallots has decreased due to the attack of pathogenic fungi. This study was aimed to determine the potential of active shallot compounds as ligands for inhibiting the activity of the enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase (ID: 4LXJ) and squalene monooxygenase (ID: 6C6R) enzymes which play an important role in the biosynthesis of ergosterol or fungal cell membranes. The molecular docking used the Autodock Vina (PyRx) program, an analysis of molecule interaction used PyMol, and Discovery Studio 2019 to analyze the types of bonds between molecules. Thirty-nine ligands from shallot compounds are docked to the anti-fungal target protein. The results showed ascalonicoside A1, ascalonicoside A2, ascalonicoside B, quercetin, isorhamnetin, quercetin di glucoside, quercetin tri glucoside, ethyl palmitate and benzyl salicylate have the potential to be anti-fungal to the enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase and squalene monooxygenase enzyme that responds to the synthesis of fungi cell wall. These ligand compounds bind to the target protein's amino acid residues with hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. This research showed that shallot was the potential to be replicated as an anti-fungus for many purposes