Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan
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Karyomorfologi dan Jumlah Kromosom Empat Grup Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke. di Lombok
Get PDFLombok memiliki empat grup Gyrinops versteegii yang merupakan penghasil gaharu, yaitu grup Pantai, Buaya, Madu, dan Beringin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karyotipe dan jumlah kromosom empat grup G. versteegii yang bermanfaat dalam taksonomi dan program pemuliaan. Dalam penelitian ini pembuatan preparat kromosom ujung akar menggunakan metode squash. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah semua grup G.versteegii memiliki jumlah kromosom yang sama (n = 9) dan bentuk kromosom yang sama, yaitu berbentuk metasentrik dan memiliki pola karyotipe yang sama (2n = 18m). Ukuran kromosom setiap grup bervariasi, yaitu grup Pantai memiliki ukuran yang paling panjang yaitu 0,53 μm dari ketiga grup yang lain: Buaya (0,27 μm), Madu (0,21 μm), dan Beringin (0,18 μm).Kata kunci: gaharu; Gyrinops versteegii; karyotipe; kromosom; Lombok Karyomorphology and Chromosome Number of Four Groups of Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke. in LombokAbstractLombok has four groups of Gyrinops versteegii i.e. Pantai, Buaya, Madu, and Beringin group. Studies of karyomorphology and the number of chromosomes could be very useful for taxonomy and plant breeding. In this study, the preparation used a root tip squash method. The results obtained from this study: groups of G. versteegii had similar chromosome number (n = 9), and similar metacentric chromosomes. Therefore, the karyotype formula of the four groups of G. versteegii was 2n = 18m. Each group of G. versteegii showed a variation of chromosome size: Pantai group has a size of 0.53 ìm which is the longest than the other three groups: Buaya (0.27 ìm), Madu (0.21 ìm), and Beringin (0.18 ìm)
Variasi Karakter Pembungaan Antar Varian dan Ras Lahan Cendana Sepanjang Gradien Geografis di Gunung Sewu
Get PDFCendana merupakan spesies asli Indonesia bagian timur, yang menjadi ras lahan di Gunung Sewu. Sembilan ras lahan di Gunung Sewu, seluruhnya tersusun atas tiga varian yang berbeda struktur dan warna bunganya (MK, merah kecil; MB, merah besar; dan KB, kuning besar). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakter pembungaan ketiga varian cendana di Gunung Sewu pada periode pembungaan tahun 2015; di tiga ras lahan yang mewakili tiap zona yaitu Nglanggeran (Zona Utara), Bleberan (Zona Tengah), dan Petir (Zona Selatan). Observasi meliputi fenologi, kemasakan organ reproduksi, display, dan struktur pembungaan. Struktur pembungaan dan longevity organ reproduksi berbeda antar varian. MB dan KB didominasi warna merah dan marun, perigonium lebih besar, organ reproduksi lebih panjang, posisi putik sejajar/lebih rendah dari benang sari, dan longevity lebih singkat. MK didominasi kuning hingga oranye, lebih kecil, posisi putik sejajar/lebih tinggi, dan longevity lebih lama. Display pembungaan berbeda antar ras lahan, namun tidak berbeda antar varian. Petir, dengan ukuran populasi terbesar, memproduksi paling banyak pohon berbunga dan total bunga untuk seluruh varian. Ras lahan dan varian berbunga dua kali setahun, namun dengan inisiasi dan durasi yang berbeda. KB berbunga lebih awal di seluruh ras lahan, sedangkan MB paling akhir. MK memiliki durasi pembungaan terpanjang. Perbedaan antar ras lahan lebih dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan seperti ketinggian, jenis tanah, dan iklim. Ras lahan yang lebih rendah, kering, dan panas berbunga lebih awal dan singkat. Peningkatan temperatur dan turunnya status air tanah menyebabkan keguguran massal yang diikuti sequential replacement, mengakibatkan perubahan frekuensi pembungaan. Strategi konservasi cendana di Gunung Sewu perlu dirancang berbasis keragaman genetik, sinkroni pembungaan, dan kompatibilitas antar varian, dengan tetap mempertimbangkan keberagaman tempat tumbuhnya.Kata kunci: cendana; Gunung Sewu; pembungaan; ras lahan; varian bunga The Flowering Characters Variation Among Floral Variants and Landraces Along Geographical Gradients in Gunung SewuAbstractSandalwood was origin to the south-eastern islands of Indonesia, but is recently occured as new land-races in Gunung Sewu, Java island. All of land-races consisted of three floral variants (MK, refers to “merah kecil”; MB, “merah besar”; and KB, “kuning besar”, respectively). This research aimed to determine flowering of these variants among three of land-races which were representing geographical zone in Gunung Sewu: Nglanggeran, Blebera, and Petir. Observation on phenology, sexual organs maturity, floral structure, and display was conducted in 2015. Floral structures varied among variants. MB and KB dominated by red and maroon colors, possessed bigger perigonium, longer sexual organs but with shorter longevity, and similar/lower position of stylus to stamens. MK dominated by yellow to orange colors, smaller, similar/higher position of stylus, and longer longevity. Floral display varied among land-races but were similar among variants. Petir, with biggest population size, produced the most abundant flowers and flowering trees at all variants. Sandalwood flowered twice a year in all of land-races and variants, however, the onset and duration varied. KB flowered earliest while MB was the latest. MK possessed longest flowering period. Flowering varied among land-races due to the altitude, soils, and climatic differences. Lower altitude, drier, and warmer sites flowered earlier and shorter. Mass abortion and sequential replacement, resulting in the alteration on flowering frequency, occured due to the extreme temperature increment. Conservation strategy should be arranged based on genetic differentiation, flowering differences, and crossing abilities among variants. Differences of landscapes, which may contribute to the differences of environmental conditions and flowering processes, should also be considered
Keragaman Fenotipik Buah dan Daya Perkecambahan Benih Swietenia macrophylla King. dari Beberapa Populasi di Indonesia
Get PDFMahoni daun lebar (Swietenia macrophylla King) merupakan salah satu jenis yang banyak dikembangkan pada hutan tanaman maupun hutan rakyat. Meskipun jenis ini bukan jenis asli Indonesia tapi dilaporkan memiliki keragaman genetik yang tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui variasi morfologi buah dan benih S. macrophylla serta daya perkecambahannya dari beberapa populasi di Jawa dan Nusa Tenggara Barat. Penelitian disusun menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan asal populasi dan pohon induk sebagai perlakuan. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan adanya variasi antar populasi dan pohon induk pada karakter berat buah, panjang buah, diameter buah, jumlah biji dalam satu buah serta daya berkecambahnya kecuali jumlah benih per kilogram. Rerata berat buah setiap populasi berkisar antara 275-385 g, panjang buah 12-15 cm, diameter buah 7-9 cm, jumlah biji per buah 59-64 butir, dan daya berkecambah 44-96%. Rerata berat buah per pohon induk berkisar antara 153-490 g, panjang buah 10-20 cm, diameter buah 6-10 cm, dan jumlah biji per buah 52-69 butir. Fenotipik buah S. macrophylla beragam antar populasi dengan daya erkecambah benih terbaik ditunjukkan oleh populasi Lombok Tengah dan Banjar sebesar 86-96%.Kata kunci: daya berkecambah; keragaman fenotipik; morfologi buah; Swietenia macrophylla Variation of Fruits Phenotipic and Seeds Germination of Swietenia macrophylla King. Taken from Several Populations in IndonesiaAbstractBroad leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) is one of popular species developed in the state forest plantations and smallholder forest. Although it is not native in Indonesia, but the species has high genetic diversity. This study was conducted to determine the morphological variation of fruits, seeds, and also seeds germination of broad leaf mahogany from several populations in Java and West Nusa Tenggara. The research was arranged in completely randomized design with native populations and parent trees as treatments. The results showed significant variations between the populations and parent trees on fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of seeds in the fruit, and seeds germination rate except the number of seeds per kilogram. The average per population of fruit weight ranged from 275 to 385 g, fruit lengths from 12 to 15 cm, fruit diameter from 7 to 9 cm, the number of seeds per fruit 59 to 64 grains and 44 - 96 % of seeds germination rate. The average per parent trees of fruit weight ranged from 153 to 490 g, fruit lengths from 10 to 20 cm, fruit diameter from 6 to 10 cm, and the number of seeds per fruit 52 to 69 grains. Fruit phenotipic of S. macrophylla varies between populations with the best seed germination indicated by the populations of Central Lombok, Bantul and Banjar amounted to 86-96%
Keanekaragaman Potensi Regenerasi Vegetasi pada Hutan Rawa Gambut: Studi Kasus di Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus (KHDTK) Tumbang Nusa, Kalimantan Tengah
Get PDFDegradasi ekosistem hutan termasuk hutan rawa gambut umumnya diwakili oleh degradasi tutupan vegetasi. Degradasi hutan cenderung mengikuti gradien jarak dari tepi hutan menuju ke dalam hutan. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan dominasi potensi regenerasi alami di hutan rawa gambut di Kalimantan Tengah. Anakan alam, guguran buah, dan biji yang tersimpan di lapisan tanah sebagai indikator potensi regenerasi alami diukur dari serangkaian plot terletak mengikuti gradien jarak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan potensi regenerasi alami mengikuti gradien jarak secara signifikan. Keragaman potensi regenerasi alami cenderung menurun mengikuti gradien gangguan, di mana yang terendah ditemukan di tepi hutan. Anakan alam di tepi didominasi oleh Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq.) Danser sementara Litsea oppositifolia L.S. Gibbs mendominasi di bagian dalam. Guguran buah didominasi oleh Combretocarpus rotundatus di semua gradien jarak pada musim kemarau, sementara itu Palaquium sp. mendominasi gradien dalam hutan dan Combretocarpus rotundatus mendominasi gradien tepi hutan selama musim pancaroba. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa musim memberi efek signifikan pada jumlah biji, jumlah spesies, dan keanekaragaman guguran buah, dan ketiga indikator potensi regenerasi ternyata lebih tinggi selama musim pancaroba. Biji di lapisan tanah didominasi oleh Tristaniopsis obovata (Benn.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh di gradien dalam hutan dan Diospyros sp. di gradien tepi. Namun, biji di lapisan tanah di gradien tepi ini merupakan jenis yang menyusun pada gradien dalam hutan (50% indeks kesamaan). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penyebaran benih dari hutan sebagai sumber inokulum masih bisa mencapai tepi dan juga menunjukkan bagaimana kehadiran vegetasi di gradien tepi sebelum terjadi gangguan.Kata kunci: anakan alam; biji di lapisan tanah; gradien jarak; guguran buah; hutan rawa gambut Potential Diversity of Natural Regeneration in Peat Swamp Forest: A Case Study at Forest for Specific Purpose (KHDTK) Tumbang Nusa, Central KalimantanAbstractDegradation of forest ecosystem including peat swamp forest is generally represented by the degradation of its vegetation cover. Forest degradation tends to follow edge-to-interior distance gradient. This study aimed to determine the diversity and dominance of natural regeneration potential in peat swamp forest at Central Kalimantan. Seedling bank, seed rain, and seed soil bank as the indicators of natural regeneration potential were measured from series of plots located following the distance gradient. The results showed that the difference in natural regeneration potentials followed the distance gradient significantly. The diversity of natural regeneration potential tends to decrease following disturbance gradient, where the lowest was found near the edge. Seedling bank at the edge was dominated by Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq.) Danser while Litsea oppositifolia L.S. Gibbs dominated at the interior. The seed rain was dominated by Combretocarpus rotundatus at all sites during dry season while during intermediate season, Palaquium sp. dominated the interior and Combretocarpus rotundatus near the edge. It was showed that climatic season gave significant effects on seed number, species number, and diversity of seed rain in which all the three regeneration indications were higher during intermediate season. The seed soil bank was dominated by Tristaniopsis obovata (Benn.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh near to the interior and by Diospyros sp. at the edge. However, seed soil banks at the edge zone were dominated by species composing the interior forest (50% similarity index). This shows that the seed dispersal from forest as inoculum source can still reach the edge and also indicates existing vegetation at the edge prior to disturbance
Kemelimpahan dan Struktur Tingkat Trofik Serangga pada Tingkat Perkembangan Agroforestri Jati yang Berbeda di Nglanggeran, Gunungkidul Yogyakarta
Get PDFModifikasi pemanfaatan lahan memiliki dampak baik ekonomi maupun ekologi. Perlindungan terhadap keanekaragaman hayati menjadi pusat perhatian dari sisi ekologi sementara pemanfaatan lahan demi produktivitas dianggap sebagai solusi ketahanan pangan. Serangga berada di dua isu tersebut yaitu konservasi dan ketahanan pangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas serangga berdasarkan pada peran mereka dalam tingkatan trofik pada tiga tingkat perkembangan agroforestri (AF) jati yang berbeda (awal, tengah, lanjut). Pengambilan data dilakukan di Nglanggeran, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta sepanjang musim kemarau (April, Mei, dan Juni 2016). Metode koleksi serangga yang digunakan adalah sweep net, pitfall dan sticky trap yang ditempatkan pada petak ukur (PU) 20 x 20 m2. Petak ukur dibuat dan diletakkan secara purposive pada masing-masing tingkatan AF. Total terdapat 8 PU yang terdiri dari 3 PU untuk tingkatan AF awal dan tengah, serta 2 PU untuk AF lanjut. Serangga yang tertangkap bervariasi berdasar pada tingkat perkembangan agroforestri dan bulan pengamatan. Terdapat perbedaan keragaman serangga (jumlah dan jenis) berdasarkan perbedaan tingkatan agroforestri (awal, tengah, dan lanjut) pada lahan lahan agroforestri berbasis jati di Desa Nglanggeran, Zona Batur Agung, Gunungkidul. Agroforestri awal dan tengah menunjukkan kemelimpahan serangga (ordo) terbanyak dengan proporsi tertinggi serangga yang berperan sebagai hama berasal dari ordo Lepidoptera, Diptera, Blattaria, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera, dan Dermaptera. Tingkatan AF berpengaruh terhadap kehadiran serangga dari ordo Hymenoptera dan Diptera, lebih lanjut keragaman vegetasi pada agroforestri (awal dan tengah) dapat meningkatkan keragaman serangga baik yang berperan sebagai hama (trofik 2) maupun musuh alami (trofik 3).Kata kunci: agroforestri; hama; jati; serangga; trofik Insect Abundance and Its Structure Trophic Level on Different Level of Teak-Based Agroforestry Development at Nglanggeran Village, Gunungkidul District, YogyakartaAbstractModifications of land use have the economic and ecological implications. Protection upon biodiversity has been the center of concern on ecological side, while productivity of the land use has been considered a solution for food security. Insects are between these two major issues, namely conservation and food security.This study was aimed at tracing the structure of insect community based on its role on the trophic level on three different phases of teak-based agroforestry systems (early, middle, and advanced). The data was obtained in the area of Nglanggeran, Gunungkidul Regency of Yogyakarta during the dry season (April, May, and June 2016). Further, method of insect sample inventory utilized sweep net, pitfall trap, and sticky trap placed on measured area of 20 x 20 m2. The plots were placed purposively on each of agroforestry land, with the total of 8 plots, consisting of 3 areas of early and middle levels of agroforestry land, and 2 for late phase. Catched insects varied according to agroforestry growth and observation time. This research suggests that insect’s variety (abundance and morphospecies) is found based on agroforestry levels (early phase, middle phase and late phase) on observed teak agroforestry land in Nglanggeran Village of Batur Agung Zone, Gunungkidul. Early and middle agroforestry showed an abundance of insects (order), in which the largest proportion of them is categorized as pest (Lepidoptera, Diptera, Blattaria, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera, and Dermaptera). The growth level of agroforestry has a direct impact on the presence of insects of Hymenoptera and Diptera orders. Furthermore, the variety of vegetation in early and middle agroforestry could increase the variety of insects functioning as either pest (trophic 2) or natural predators (trophic 3)
Creating New Forest Governance Structure for the 12.7 Million-Promise
Get PDFIn the National Mid-Term Development Plan for2014-2019, the Government of Indonesia has an ambitious plan to allocate 12.7 million ha of state forests for local communities and indigenous peoples through social forestry projects. Recently, President Joko Widodo has taken a strong step toward fulfilling the promise by handing of 13,000 ha to nine customary communities. He underlined that it is a beginning of the big thing. The policy is a strong political will; it is the first time that customary land rights are legally recognized. Over the years, uses of forest resources by local people were prevented (Maryudi 2011; Maryudi &Krott 2012a). Webb (2008: 26) argues that in many economically-developing countries, traditional forest uses are often labelled as illegal since the governments favour corporate-based/ industries forestry as development strategies. The policy breakthrough is a result of long struggles to main streaming social forestry, nearly 50 years after Jack Westoby’s anthropocentric views regarding forestry and forest management. Before his death, Westoby stated: “a clear forest policy is one condition of a truly social forestry...all forestry should be social”. His thinking seemed to repudiate the idea of forest-based industrial development (Leslie 1989). As he claimed, the enormous expansion in the utilisation of the tropical forests had limitedly done for the people that continued to live in chronic poverty. At the same time, the application of the industrial forestry in the developing world led to environmental crisis of rapid forest destruction (Westoby 1969). Westoby’s address to the 1978’s World Forestry Congress further inspired forest policy makers across the globe, including in Indonesia, to formulate strategies that can tackle both problem in one single package of forest problem (Maryudi et al. 2012). We have since witnessed experiments and pilot projects translating the alternative thinking on the ground,also as manifestation of decentralization anddevolution policy (Sahide et al. 2016a). In Indonesia,however, social forestry is often understood as only involvement of local people in forest management that generate subsistent livehood (Maryudi & Krott2012b). Numerous pilot projects and programs failed to address the central issue of power relations and decision-making authority (Maryudi 2014; Sahide etal. 2016b). In most cases, external actors remain powerful in shaping the programs; they try to skew the outcomes of decision-making processes in their direction (Schusser et al. 2015; Schusser et al. 2016;Mery et al. 2010). Local communities, who are supposedly the core actors, remain peripheral; social forestry has yet to produce the intended outcomes as a result.What does that mean in relation to the new promise by the Indonesian government to rural communities? Rights and access are two central keywords for social forestry. There might be arguments that in social forestry programs in Indonesia, local people have been granted with different types of rights so that they can benefit from the forest resources. Such is not always the case. Quite often, local communities are not able to benefit from the forests despite being given the rights (see Maryudi2014). As such, conflicts persist even in forests where social forestry is implemented (see Maryudi et al.2015). Ribot and Peluso (2003) distinguish access from property. To them, access is defined as “a bundle ofpower” whereas property is defined as “a bundle ofrights”.The new policy clearly needs new approach so that we do not repeat the same mistakes and consequences. New forest governance structure is needed. Local communities should have explicit mandate and legal authority(Krogman & Beckley2002) and power “to influence decisions regarding management of forests, including the rules of access and the disposition of products” (McDermott &Schrekenberg 2009:158). Thus, genuine social forestry entails the following characteristics (Charnley & Poe2007: 1) the degree of responsibility and authority for forest management is formally vested by the state to the local communities, 2) a central objective of forest management is to provide local communities with social and economic benefits from the forest, and 3)ecollogically sustainable forest use is a central management goal, with forest communities taking some responsibility for maintaining and restoring forest health
Hidrolisis Media Sisa Budidaya Jamur Kuping Menggunakan Tiga Jenis Enzim Selulase
Get PDFJamur kuping (Auricularia polytricha) termasuk dalam kelas Basidiomycetes yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Setelah 6-8 bulan masa pembudidayaan media budidaya jamur kuping harus diperbaharui. Sejauh ini media sisa budidaya jamur kuping belum dimanfaatkan dengan baik, bahkan limbah tersebut hanya dibuang begitu saja sebagai limbah. Hal ini sangat berbahaya karena sisa miselia yang terdapat di dalam media sisa dapat mendegradasi lebih lanjut media dan mengakibatkan pencemaran lingkungan yaitu terlepasnya gas metana ke udara. Oleh karena itu pemanfaatan sisa media budidaya kuping perlu dilakukan antara lain untuk memproduksi gula pereduksi dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis enzim selulase. Penelitian ini menggunakan media sisa budidaya jamur kuping yang berasal dari 3 jenis kayu, yaitu sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jati (Tectona grandis), dan meranti (Shorea sp.), yang dihidrolisis menggunakan 3 jenis enzim selulase yaitu Driselase, Cellulase “Onozuka” R-10, dan Meicelase. Setelah hidrolisis, kemudian diukur laju hidrolisisnya dan dianalisis kadar gula pereduksinya. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan aras 3 x 3 serta ulangan sebanyak 3 untuk setiap perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media sisa budidaya jamur kuping memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku gula pereduksi yang selanjutnya dapat difermentasi menjadi bio-etanol atau bahan kimia lainnya. Laju hidrolisis berkisar antara 1,43-21,29%, dengan kombinasi tertinggi yaitu media sisa budidaya yang terbuat dari serbuk kayu meranti dengan menggunakan enzim Meicelase. Kadar dan rendemen gula pereduksi tertinggi juga dihasilkan dari kombinasi perlakuan yang sama, yaitu berturut-turut sebesar 127,7 mg/g dan 12,8% dengan kisaran hasil antara 56,01-127,7 mg/g atau rendemen 5,6-12,8%.The Hydrolysis of Ear-Mushroom Cultivation Media Residue by Using Three Kinds of Cellulase EnzymesAbstractEar mushrooms (Auricularia polytricha) belongs to class Basidiomycetes is widely cultivated in Indonesia. After 6-8 months of cultivation, the media should be renewed. Therefore, the rest of the media is under utilized and just thrown away as a waste. This is dangerous because the residual mycelia that contained in the rest of the media may further degrade the media. This pollutes the environmental pollution due to discharge of methane into the air. Therefore, the utilization of residual ear mushroom media needs to be processed. In fact, this residue can produce a reducing-sugar using various commercial cellulase enzymes. This study used the residual media of the cultivation of mushroom derived from three types of wood, i.e. sengon (Falcataria moluccana), teak (Tectona grandis), and meranti (Shorea sp.), and then they were hydrolyzed using three types of cellulase enzymes, i.e. Driselase, Cellulase “Onozuka” R-10, and Meicelase. The hydrolysis rate was measured and the reducing-sugar yield was analyzed. The design used was completely randomized design with 3 x 3 factors and 3 replications for each treatment. The results showed that the residue of the mushroom cultivation media has the potential of reducing sugar as a raw material which can then be fermented into bio-ethanol or other chemicals. Hydrolysis rate ranged from 1.43 to 21.29%. The highest combination of residual cultivation medium was made from meranti sawdust by using Meicelase enzyme. The highest reducing sugar content yield were also resulted from the combination of the same treatment, which amounted to 127.7 mg/g or 12.8% with output range between 56.0 and 127.7 mg/g (or yield 5.6-12.8%)
Studi Mutu Kayu Jati di Hutan Rakyat Gunungkidul. VI. Kadar Zat Anorganik dan Keasaman
Get PDFZat anorganik dan keasaman telah terbukti dalam mempengaruhi sifat-sifat kayu. Paper-paper sebelumnya dalam seri ini telah membahas sifat fisik dan kimia kayu jati dari hutan rakyat. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kadar zat anorganik dan keasaman kayu jati dari hutan rakyat Gunungkidul di 3 tempat tumbuh dengan zona ekologis berbeda (Panggang, Playen, Nglipar). Parameter yang diteliti adalah nilai pH, kadar abu (ASTM D-1102), kadar silika dan silikat (SNI 14-1031-1989), dan kadar unsur zat anorganik (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, dan Cu) melalui Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Kisaran kadar abu serta kadar silika dan silikat secara berurutan adalah 0,38-2,62%, dan 0,01-1,17%. Kisaran nilai kadar zat anorganik Ca, K, Mg, Na, dan Fe adalah 408–2919 ppm; 69-23705 ppm; 947-1653 ppm; 4-31 ppm; dan 0-326 ppm, secara berturutan sedangkan Mn dan Cu tidak terdeteksi di semua sampel. Selanjutnya, kisaran nilai pH yang diperoleh sebesar 5,23 – 6,98. Berdasarkan analisis variansi, kadar abu, silika-silikat, dan Na dipengaruhi oleh faktor tempat tumbuh dan arah radial pohon (gubal, teras luar, dan teras dalam). Kayu dari Playen (zona tengah/Ledok Wonosari) menunjukkan nilai yang cukup tinggi untuk kadar abu dan silika-silikat. Faktor arah radial pohon berpengaruh nyata pada unsur Ca, K, dan Mg melalui uji Kruskal-Wallis. Dari analisis korelasi Pearson, didapatkan hubungan kuat antara kadar abu dengan kadar silika-silkat (r = 0,77-0,88) serta kadar abu-Ca (r=-0,51) dan kadar abu-Mg (r=0,59) di bagian teras. Dalam tingkat unsur, hubungan terkuat diamati pada kadar Ca-Mg (r = -0,46). Perhatian khusus perlu diberikan pada kadar silika-silkat yang relatif tinggi di sampel yang diamati karena pengaruhnya terhadap penumpulan peralatan gergaji.Study of Teakwood Quality from Community Forests in Gunungkidul. VI. Inorganic Material Contents and AcidityAbstractInorganic materials and acidity in the wood has been proved to affect the wood properties. The previous paper in this series reported on the physical and chemical properties of teak wood from community forests. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the content of inorganic materials and acidity of teak wood grown in the 3 sites (Panggang, Playen, Nglipar) with different ecological attributes from community forests in Gunungkidul. The evaluated parameters were pH values, the contents of ash (ASTM D-1102), silica and silicates (SNI 14-1031-1989), and inorganic matters (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, and Cu) by means of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The ranges of ash and silica-silicates content were 0.38-2.62%, and 0.01-1.17%, respectively. The ranges of inorganic element content for Ca, K, Mg, Na, and Fe were 408–2919 ppm; 69 – 23705 ppm; 947–1653 ppm; 4 – 31 ppm; and 0 – 326 ppm, respectively whereas Mn and Cu were not detected in any samples. Further, the obtained pH values range was 5.23–6.98. On the basis of analysis of variance, the contents of ash, silica-silicates, and Na were affected significantly by site and radial direction (sapwood, outer heartwood, and inner heartwood) factors. The woods from Playen (middle zone/Ledok Wonosari) had significantly high in ash and silica-silicate contents. By Kruskal-Wallis test, radial direction factor affected significantly the levels of Ca, K, and Mg. As defined by Pearson’s correlation analysis, it was found a strong correlation between the ash and silica-silicates contents (r=0.77-0.88), as well as between the ash-Ca content (r=-0.51) and the ash-Mg content (r=0.59) in the heartwood part. In the inorganic element levels, the strongest correlation was measured between Ca-Mg content (r=-0.46). Special attention should be given to the comparatively high amounts of the silica-silicates content in the observed samples as it would dull cutting tools considerably
Variasi Cendana (Santalum album Linn.) Berdasarkan Morfologi Daun dan Bunga di Desa Petir, Rongkop, Gunungkidul
Get PDFCendana (Santalum album Linn.) merupakan salah satu spesies yang digunakan sebagai tanaman rehabilitasi, dikenal mampu tumbuh di lahan dengan keterbatasan hara, dan memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi dari kandungan minyak santalol yang wangi. Cendana merupakan spesies asli di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) namun dijumpai permudaan alami di beberapa kawasan Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), salah satunya di Desa Petir, Kecamatan Rongkop, Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Permudaan alami tersebut memiliki variasi morfologi yang relatif besar pada populasinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan variasi cendana dan mengklasifikasikan cendana yang ditemui di lokasi penelitian berdasarkan karakter morfologi. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa (1) cendana (meliputi organ generatif dan vegetatif) yang diambil secara sengaja (purposive) dan (2) Ximenia americana sebagai spesies pembanding. Data dideskripsi secara morfologi dan dilakukan analisis filogeni menggunakan metode maksimum parsimoni dengan penanda morfologi. Karakter morfologi cendana bervariasi pada ukuran dan bentuk daun, warna tenda bunga (perigonium), bunga, bentuk cuping, bentuk appendiks, warna batang, bentuk dan ukuran buah. Ditemui dua karakter cendana yang belum dijelaskan pada sumber sebelumnya di Indonesia yaitu bentuk daun lanset dan bulat telur serta karakter warna tenda bunga (perigonium), bunga oranye. Hasil analisis filogeni menunjukkan karakter daun kecil cendana lebih dekat dengan yang dimiliki oleh spesies pembanding. Karakter diagnostik secara tegas mengelompokan ukuran daun kecil dan ukuran daun besar. Ukuran daun kecil pada kisaran 2,8-7,7 cm sampai dengan 1,1-2,2 cm dan 7,9-10 cm sampai dengan 3,1-4 cm untuk cendana berdaun besar. Variasi bentuk daun serta warna bunga ditemukan pada masing-masing kelompok ukuran daun.Variation of Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) Based on Morphology of Leaves and Flowers at Petir Village, Rongkop, GunungkidulAbstractSandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) is one of the flora that are commonly used as rehabilitation species, known as a plant that can grow in a lack of nutrient soil, and has a high economic value of santalol oil. This plant is indigenous in East Nusa Tenggara but it has a natural regenaration in some areas of Gunungkidul Yogyakarta, including in Petir Village, Rongkop, Gunungkidul. Morphological variation of Sandalwood in this area was relatively high. This research aimed to describe and classify sandalwood variations that exist in the research site based on the morphological characters. The materials used in this study were (1) sandalwood as the target species (including generative and vegetative organs) with purposive sampling and (2) Ximenia americana as the outgroup species. Data were analyzed using description and phylogeny analysis using maximum parsimony method with morphological markers. Morphological characters of Sandalwoods were varied in size and leave shapes, flowers perigonium, lobes shapes, appendices shapes, stem color, shapes and fruit size. There were two characters that have not been described in the previous sources in Indonesia, form of leaves (oblong and oval) and orange color of perigonium. Phylogeny results showed that a small leaf sandalwood character was closer to the outgroup character. Diagnostic characters explicitly classified small leaf size and leaf size large. Size of small leaf was from 2.8 -7.7 cm to 1.1-2.2 cm and from 7.9-10 cm to 3.1-4 cm for large leaf. Leaf form and colour of flower variation was found in each group of leaf size