International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences
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Simple and Multiple Relationships between morningness/eveningnessOrientation, anxiety sensitivity and Addiction in University Students
Get PDFBackground:Simultaneous occurrence of psychiatric disorders and substance abuse isorders have widespread effects and are associated with worse prognosis. Addicts should be treated in accordance with the requirements of each of these people. This study aimed at investigating the simple and multiple relationships between morningness/eveningness, anxiety sensitivity and addiction potential in university students.Methods: For this purpose 380 students were selected by cluster sampling from Islamic zad University and payamenoorfarshband. The scales used for this descriptive study were anxiety sensitivity index (ASI), Composite Scale Of morningness (CSM) and Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS). For data analysis, simple correlation and regression ethods were used.Results: There were simple and multiple relationships between morningness/eveningness, anxiety sensitivity and addiction potential. Multiple regression analysis showed that morningness/eveningness, anxiety sensitivity had significant multiple correlation with addiction potential. But Anxiety sensitivity towards morningness further predicted addiction potential.Conclusion: According to research results can be said to individuals that have anxiety and fear and unable to control their anxiety, May have to use drugs to control their own. Inaddition Individuals who have morning personalities are less inclined to use drugs because they are more refreshed in the morning.
Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Child Anxiety: The Role of Child and Mother Schemas
Get PDFThis study investigated the relationship between symptoms of anxiety in children and early maladaptive schemas in children and their mothers. Early maladaptive schemas are dysfunctional ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that develop as a result of adverse experiences with significant others in childhood, and lead to a higher risk of psychopathology. A sample of 200 non-clinical children (aged 9-13 years) completed the SCARED (Birmaher et al., 1997) and SIC (Rijkeboer and De Boo, 2010), their mothers completed the YSQ-SF (Young 1998). The psychometric properties of the SCARED separation anxiety and social phobia scales were inadequate. Regression analyses found that child anxiety scores were mainly predicted by the child schemas of loneliness, submission and vulnerability, which are similar to the anxiety predictors identified in adult samples. The failure schema was strongly related to anxiety symptoms in girls. Differences in schema predictors were found between girls and boys, and between different anxiety scales. Mother schemas were generally poor predictors of child anxiety symptoms. Support was found for the proposal that the schemas of self-sacrifice and enmeshment may not be maladaptive in children. This study identified several early maladaptive schemas that are significantly related to child anxiety symptoms, but further research is required to establish the causal direction of these relationships. Research in clinical samples is recommended to determine whether specific child schemas can differentiate between different types of psychopathology. The reliability and validity of the SCARED in Iranian children is questionable, and requires further examination.
A review of comorbid disorders with PTSD in psychiatric centers in Tehran between 2009-2010
Get PDFIntroduction: Vulnerability has an important role in PTSD, which can be either genetic or acquisitive. According to research, the disorder coexists simultaneously with at least another psychiatric disorder and can be a disorder comorbid with a predictive factor, which influences the process from afflicting to medication. This study was performed to determine PTSD accompanying disorders in the patients referring to psychiatric centers in Tehran between 2009-2010.Methods: A total of 71 patients referring to psychiatric centers were examined for the co-occurring symptoms and disorders through questionnaires after initial interview, DSM-IV-TR criteria, and PTSD diagnosis.Results: 78.9% of the studied group was female and 21.1% was male. 39.4% of patients had acute PTSD, 60.5% chronic PTSD, and 93% had at least one other disease simultaneously.Conclusion: Insomnia, depression, and anxiety are the most important co-occurring diseases, and physiological symptoms are the most common symptoms of the disorder.Declaration of Interest: None.Keywords: Symptoms, Comorbidity, Posttraumatic stress disorder
Family functioning components as predictors of internalizing and externalizing disorders in children
Get PDFThe aim of the present research was to study correlation between family functioning components and internalizing and externalizing disorders as well as to determine the contribution of each family functioning component in creating these disorders in 7-11 year old children. This was a descriptive (correlation of prediction type) kind of research. Family functioning components were as predictor variables and internalizing and externalizing disorders were as criteria variables. Research sample was in the form of cluster sampling in which 95 mothers responded to family assessment device (FAD) and child behavior check list (CBCL) questionnaires. In this research, statistical method of correlation and regression analysis with entry method were utilized. Findings showed that all subscales of emotional/behavioral disorders in children have negative correlation with family functioning indexes and all these indexes have meaningful negative correlation with internalizing disorders and only the two indexes of problem solving and control of behavior have meaningful negative correlation with externalizing disorders. Amongst family functioning indexes, the two indexes of emotional responsiveness and overall performance are capable of predicting internalizing disorders and only the control of behavior index is capable of predicting externalizing disorders in children
Reflections from Indigenous Psychology on Emotional Disorders: A Qualitative Study from Iran
Get PDFAbstractIntroduction: Depression and Anxiety literature in Iran is suffering from the lack of culture/indigenous studies in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of emotional disorders especially in Azeri ethnic zone, and still there is no comprehensive research on how Azeri speaking individuals percept and experience depression and anxiety. Current study is carried out in order to identify depression and anxiety dimensions in Azeri ethnic group with emphasis on dimensional classification of emotional disorders.Methods: In a cross sectional qualitative design, 32 informants from Azeri ethnicity (14 patients, 13 lay people, and 5 professionals) participated in the study from September 2013 till December 2014. Individual in-depth interviews had been conducted with regard to highlighted themes of explanations, reporting the experiences and perceptions of the participants from emotional disorders. Data were analyzed through content analysis technique.Results: Primary results indicated that 11 main theme categories identified in Azeri ethnic group which are dimensional constructs related to emotional disorders: Avoidance, Dysfunction, Arousality, Disorganized Personality, Repetition, Somatization, Problematic Behavior, Maladaptive Cognition, Awareness, Positive, and Negative Emotionality.Discussions: In the same line with related researches in the field, Somatization had the highest frequency of symptom report by participants. However, current evidences are not supporting the hypothesis of "Somatizing" depression and anxiety in non-western people including Iran, and perhaps other psychological processes are involved in somatic symptom report. Theoretical advantages and implications of the study in the framework of clinical and indigenous studies are discussed. Keywords: Depression, Anxiety, Emotional Disorders, Azeri Ethnic Group, Cultural Dimensions, Qualitative Stud
Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder in early and late onset manic depressive disorder
Get PDFoai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/7249Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) comorbidity in early and late onset bipolar I disorder and to explore the pattern of obsessive symptoms in these two groups.Methods: A total of 100 inpatients with early and late bipolar disorder were admitted in the child, adolescent and adult psychiatric ward. They were recruited to the study through convenience sampling. All patients had a current DSM-IV episode based on using K-SADs and SCID. They were evaluated to abut obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidity using Y-BOCS. Clinical data were compared using multivariate test.Results: Fifty-two percent with early onset versus twenty-eight percent of late onset bipolar cases had a comorbidity of OCD and the difference was significant (p<0.05). Obsessive symptoms in early onset group were more religious, aggressive, sexual and somatic types.Conclusion: Our study showed high comorbidity rate of OCD among patients with early onset bipolar disorder. Future large-scaled prospective studies are required for better understanding of factors related to bipolar and OCD co-occurrence.Declaration of Interest: None.Keywords:OCD, Bipolar disorder, Comorbidity.
Patterns of substance abuse among Iranian bipolar inpatients: a descriptive research on existing data
Get PDFIntroduction: Substance abuse/dependency is one of the most important comorbidity in bipolar patients. Therefore, recognizing the patterns of substance use is valuable in treatment and management of patients. This study was conducted to determine patterns of substance abuse among bipolar patients who were hospitalized in an educational hospital.Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study on existing data of 322 patients with bipolar disorder admitted in the psychiatric ward of Imam-Hossein hospital. Types of used substances studied and some variables such as gender, types of bipolarity, duration of admission, age of onset of bipolar disorder, number of hospitalization and types of prescribed treatments were compared in users and nonusers groups.Results: In this study, 84 patients (26.1%) had substance abuse. 40.5% were using opioids, 6% mood-elevators, 7.1% alcohol, and 46.4% were using multiple substances.Conclusion: It can be concluded that substance abuse frequency among patients with bipolar disorder is high. Using more than one substance was the most frequent pattern of substance abuse in these patients as well. Thus, it is necessary to consider possible comorbidity of bipolar disorder in front of patients with substance related disorder.Declaration of Interest: None.Keywords: Bipolar disorder, Substance abuse
Comparative Neurocognitive Functions of Schizophrenics and temporal lobe epileptic Patients
Get PDFIntroduction: Shared neuropathology hypothesis in schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy has been introduced long term ago. Similar neuropathology leads to the analogous clinical features like neuropsychological features as an example. The aim of this study was to examine this hypothesis by the means of comparing neuropsychological functions in these two patient groups.Method: Present study consisted of 28 DSM_IV_TR schizophrenics and 29 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy recruited from Roozbeh, Razi and khatamolanbia hospital in Tehran by convenient sampling method. SCID in schizophrenic group and EEG, MRI in epileptic patients were taken in regard to diagnostic determination. Neuropsychological tests were taken later. Package of neuropsychological tests consisted of Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color- Word Test, Logic Memory, Visual Reproduction and Digit Span subscales of Wechsler Memory Scale- Revised and Block Design, Vocabulary and Symbol Digit subscales of Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale- Revised.Result: there was no significant difference in two groups of patients with respect to demographic and clinical (Age, Depression, premorbid function and duration) variables. Analysis of MANOVA was taken to compare two groups of patients in neuropsychological functions. The results revealed no significant differences between schizophrenics and temporal lobe epileptic patients except for Symbol Digit subscale that was significantly lower in schizophrenic group (p<0.05).Conclusion: the result of current study is consistent with shared neuropathology hypothesis in schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy. Profile of neuropsychological functions in both groups was generalized and beyond temporal lobe. Keywords: schizophrenia, temporal lobe epilepsy, neuropsychological function
Prevalence of vulnerability for bipolar spectrum disorder among students of pakistan
Get PDFIntroduction: Bipolar Affective Disorder is cyclic swinging of mood between mania or hypo-mania and depression. Lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder is 2.4%. A numbers of risk factors are associated with bipolar disorders including age, sex, and genetic predisposition, environmental factors and socioeconomic status. The main objective of the conducted study was to assess vulnerability for bipolar spectrum disorder among the students of different Pakistani institutes.Methods: This cross sectional survey was conducted in different undergraduate and postgraduate institutes of Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. Students of both genders having age 18 or above fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in this study after verbal consent. 668 students included in this study were given a Mood Disorder Questionnaire, 634 students returned the filled questionnaire. Out of which, 10 questionnaires were discarded due to their inappropriate filling giving an overall usable return rate of 93.4 % (624 out of 668) which was further used for data analysis. Results: On screening of students included in study (624)the vulnerability for BSD was positive in 89 students (14.3%). Among the 89 students who were screened positive, 39 students were males (43.8%)and 50 were females (56.2%). The vulnerability for BSD was most common in student group of 20-21 year old. The family history of psychiatric illness was found to be positive in 39 students (43.8%). The diagnosis of bipolar disorders was also made by consultant psychiatrist in 28 (31.5%)students. Conclusion: The estimated rate of prevalence for bipolar spectrum disorder among students of Pakistan is 14.3%. No significant difference in prevalence of BSD was observed in either gender. However, the age group of 20-21 years was the most affected one. Genetic influence was found to have an impact on the prevalence rate. Declaration of Interest: None. Keywords: Bipolar Disorder, Prevalence, Risk Factors
Effect of fruit essential oil on ephedrine induced manic like behavior: evidence from a new protocol
Get PDFIntroduction: Estimating ephedrine’s effect on animal’s locomotor activity and evaluation of cumin fruit essential oil (FEO) effect and mechanism of ephedrine-induced hyper-locomotion.Methods: A new protocol developed for evaluation of manic behavior induced by ephedrine in a dose and time dependent manner. Following the suppressive effects of cumin FEO on acquisition and expression of ephedrine induced manic behavior was examined. Furthermore, the effect of L-NAME on expression of manic behavior and effect of bicuculline on suppressive effects of cumin FEO was evaluated.Results: Ephedrine at the dose of 100 mg/kg (i.p.) in a five days protocol significantly increased the locomotor activity in mice. In addition, cumin FEO at the specific dose of 2% significantly suppressed the acquisition and expression of hyperactivity induced by ephedrine. L-NAME at doses of 30 (p<0.01) and 40 mg/kg (p<0.05) showed similar effects as cumin FEO at the dose of 2%. Bicuculline (as a GABAA antagonist) at the specific dose of 2 mg/kg (p<0.01) could significantly reverse the suppressive effects of cumin at the dose of 2%.Conclusion: It could be concluded that cumin can suppress the manic behavior induced by ephedrine through the both previously suggested mechanisms of nitric oxide syntheses pathway and GABAergic system.Declaration of Interest:None.Keywords: Cuminum cyminum fruit, Ephedrine, Manic disorder