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Deficiencies in Administrations of International Criminal Justice in Africa and the Role of International Criminal Court: Case Studies of Kenya and Sudan.
No full textThis study has made a discussion centered on the deficiencies in administration of international criminal justice in Africa and the role of the ICC, taking Kenya and Sudan as case studies. The study was formed with four objectives which reflects the problem identified in the statement of the problem which summarily is the deficiencies in the African legal framework and in the state responsibility for administration of international crimes, with case studies of Kenya and Sudan, as well as the challenges hindering the complementarity role of the ICC in its interventions
to prosecute international crimes in Africa. The study has employed doctrinal legal research methodology along with documentary review or the library-based data collection methods and have been qualitatively analysed, involving a critical analysis of the primary sources such as the national legislations aiming to describe how they cover the administration of international criminal justice in Africa. The findings of this study reveal that the African legal framework, particularly of Kenya and Sudan, are insufficiently effective in administration of international criminal justice, also there are no effective measures in the context of state responsibility to prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish international crimes in their jurisdictions. On the other side, the ICC has been unsuccessful in advancing international criminal justice in Africa, particularly in Kenya and Sudan because its role has not adequately effective and fully promising in ending impunity or dealing with international crimes in Africa. The study finally recommends for improvements on the domestic legal and institutional frameworks, African political will and reforms to the ICC.
Keywords: International Criminal Justice, the International Criminal Court, International Crimes, State Responsibility, the Principal of Complementarity
Assessment of Factors Influencing Biomedical Waste Management among Healthcare Workers at Tanga Regional Referral Hospitals.
No full textAddressing the underlying drivers of biomedical waste management practices at Tanga Regional Referral Hospital (TRRH) is essential for protecting healthcare workers and the wider community. This study characterized types and quantities of biomedical solid waste generated, assessed the BMW management practices and identified key drivers influencing adherence to recommended practices. A cross sectional design was employed with quantitative research methods, seventy-four (74) healthcare workers were sampled. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, direct observation, and document review. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression to identify predictors of proper BMW management. Research was guided by Health Belief model (HBM) and Waste Management Hierarchy theories (WMH). TRRH generates 1,313 kg of biomedical
waste weekly 60.8% (798 kg) highly infectious and 39.2% (515 kg) infectious. The study reveals gap in adherence to BWM practices. 81% (n=60) of staff received BMW training, training alone was not a significant predictor of compliance (p>0.05).
Instead, full-time employment (OR=4.9, p<0.05) and age 41–50 years (OR=12.9, p<0.05) were statistically significant. These findings indicates that institutional role and experience, drive compliance. The study recommends to implement a color
coded segregation system aligned with WHO standards, maintain bins, gear, and storage facilities, and digitize recordkeeping. Apply In service practical training and
mentor younger ones and part-time staff and develop a hospital Waste management plan to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice.
Keywords: Drivers, Biomedical waste, Waste management
Factors Affecting Employee Retention in Small and Medium Enterprises in Babati Town, Tanzania.
No full textThe study assessed the factors affecting employee retention in small and medium enterprises in Babati town in Tanzania. The specific objectives that guided this study included: To determine the effect of remuneration on employee retention in SMEs in Babati town, to assess the relationship between organizational performance and employee retention in SMEs in Babati town and to examine the effect of working conditions on employee retention in SMEs in Babati town. The study employed positivist philosophy, the deductive approach, the explanatory design and simple random sampling design. The survey strategy and the structured questionnaires were utilized to collect the data from 326 SME employees. The data were cleaned, coded and entered into IBM SPSS software version 27 for analysis. The analysis employed the descriptive and ordinary least squares multiple regression techniques. The study revealed that the remuneration packages, the working conditions and SME’s performance significantly and positively influenced the SME employees’ retention in the Babati town. The study concludes that the remuneration packages, the working conditions and SME’s performance were essential determinants for employees’ retention in the Babati town. The study recommends that SMEs continue improving the remuneration packages, the working conditions and their performance so as to have sustainable employee retention practices. The policy makers should devise policies that enforce better remuneration packages, working conditions and SMEs’ performance.
Keywords: Factors, Employee Retention, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Babati Town in Tanzani
The Impact of School Leadership Transitions on Teachers’ Morale in Government Secondary Schools in Tanzania: A Case of Ruangwa District Council.
No full textThis study explores the impact of school leadership transitions on teachers' morale in government secondary schools in Ruangwa District Council, Tanzania. The research was guided by three specific objectives that were to assess the level of teachers’ morale during leadership transitions, to examine teachers’ perceptions of administrative support during these transitions, and to investigate the immediate effects of leadership changes on teacher morale. A convergent parallel design was employed. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The sample included 76 teachers and 10 heads of schools, selected purposively to ensure diverse perspectives on leadership transitions. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software and Microsoft Excel, while qualitative data were analyzed through thematic content analysis. The findings revealed that teachers’ morale during leadership transitions was mixed, with both positive and negative experiences reported. On the positive side, effective communication and administrative support from outgoing and incoming leaders helped ease the transition and sustain teacher motivation. Conversely, the absence of clear guidance and inconsistent administrative support led to stress, uncertainty, and reduced morale among teachers. The study further established that leadership transitions had immediate negative effects on teacher morale, particularly in situations of poor communication or lack of teacher involvement. The study concludes that strong administrative support, clear communication, and active teacher involvement in decision-making are essential for minimizing the negative effects of leadership transitions and sustaining teacher morale. It recommends the adoption of effective communication strategies, the development of clear handover procedures, and the provision of both professional and emotional support to teachers during periods of leadership change
Influence of Electronic Human Resource Management on the Performance of Public Organizations with Special Reference to Arusha City Council.
No full textElectronic human resource management (e-HRM) is extensively regarded as one of the most important sources of sustainable competitive advantage in the public institution to support the growth of government economy. This study analyzed the relationship between e-HRM and organizational performance in Tanzania specifically in Arusha City council. The study used random simple sampling to select 135 public servants. Quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire and the data collected was processed using IBM-SPSS Statistics Version 20. The descriptive statistics of the demographic characteristics of respondents and performance indicators were analyzed by IBM-SPSS Statistics Version 20 using analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results indicates that Performance Expectancy, effort expectancy and facilitating condition influence performance in public organization because they rejected null hypothesis while social influence and knowledge inertia do not facilitate performance in government organization since they show positive results. These results concluded that, the performance of public organization is associated with performance expectancy, effort expectancy and facilitating condition while social influence and knowledge inertia do not influence performance of public institutions. Therefore, the government as the owner of government institutions should; organize the workshop to train not only administration but also other employees since they are all interact with this e-HRM systems, provide strong internet and power supply in their offices and organize events for female employee to inspire them on using electronic human resource systems in their working place.
Keywords: e-HRM, sustainable competitive advantage, public institution, government economy, organizational performance, Arusha City council
Investigating the Effects of Instructional Management Strategies on Students’ Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Butiama District Council.
No full textThis study investigated on the Effects of School Instructional Management Strategies on Students’ Academic Performance in Butiama Public Secondary Schools, Mara Region. Three research objectives guided this study namely: To identify the different instructional management strategies used in Butiama Public Secondary Schools, analyse the relationship between instructional management strategies and the academic performance of students and determine the challenges faced by teachers in implementing instructional management. The study was guided by Scientific Management Theory by Frederick Winslow Taylor. An explanatory sequential design using both simple random and purposive sampling techniques enabled for selection of a sample of 124 respondents comprising of teachers, ward education officers, heads of schools and district education officer. The study adopted a mixed methods approach under the pragmatism paradigm. The study used interview and questionnaire to collect data. Descriptive analysis was conducted focusing on frequencies, percentages, mean and SD. This was then followed by inferential statistics using Pearson Moment-Correlation. The findings revealed that secondary school teachers use various instructional management strategies such as effective management of classroom time. The findings also revealed a number of challenges including large class size, limited access to digital tools etc. Moreover, it was concluded that instructional management strategies directly correlate with students’ academic performance in public secondary schools. Lastly, this study recommends that teachers should consistently develop various instructional management strategies in public secondary schools in order to enhance students’ learning.
Key words: School instructional strategies, strategies and public secondary school
Effectiveness of Carrying Out Works Under Force Account in Tanzania Local Government Authorities: The Case of Bukoba District Council.
No full textThis study assessed the effectiveness of carrying out works under FA in Bukoba DC. Specifically, assessed the influence of resource factor, examined the influence of management support as well as identified the influence of regulatory factor in effective project implementation. Only 75 people participated in the study, which used a qualitative and quantitative research design. Only two main techniques were used to obtain the data: surveys and interviews. Multiple regression analysis, factor analysis, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the study's quantitative data, while explanations were developed for the qualitative data analysis. The results of the study show that resource factors have a beneficial impact on force account projects' value for money. Similarly, it was noted that value for money was also influenced positively by the management support, and regulatory factor. These imply that a unit increase in organization resources, organization management support and regulations awareness in force account projects leads to effecctive project implementation as well as value for money. Generally, it was recommended that, due to their enormous sphere of effect, it was generally advised that resource, management support, and regulatory factors be considered and given priority while implementing public projects, particularly when the force account approach is being used.
Keywords: Force Account, Local government authorities, Value for money, Effectiveness
The Contribution of Science Subjects towards Development of Creativity and Innovation among Young Generation in Public Secondary Schools in Kwimba District.
No full textThis study assessed the contribution of science subjects to the development of creativity and innovation among the young generation in public secondary schools in Kwimba District. It was guided by four objectives: to determine the driving forces for students to undertake science subjects, to examine how these subjects promote creativity and innovation, to assess students’ levels of creativity and innovation, and to evaluate challenges and solutions in teaching science subjects. The study was guided by the theories of creativity and diffusion of innovation and adopted a pragmatic paradigm with a mixed-methods approach using a convergent design. Data were collected from eight public secondary schools in Kwimba District, involving 380 students, 40 teachers, and 8 head teachers selected through purposive and stratified random sampling. Validity and reliability were ensured through pilot testing, and data analysis was systematically conducted with ethical considerations observed. Findings revealed that parental influence, peer relationships, and school systems significantly affected students’ choices of science subjects. Science subjects enhanced creativity and innovation through practical learning, though traditional teaching methods limited this potential. Challenges included a shortage of qualified teachers, inadequate laboratory facilities, and insufficient resources. The study concluded that collaboration among parents, schools, and communities is vital for enhancing creativity in science education. It recommended that the government strengthen science education by improving laboratory facilities and teacher training to foster creativity and innovation.
Keywords: Science Subjects, Development, Creativity And Innovation, Public
Secondary Schools
Assessing the Effect of Headteachers’ Leadership Styles on Teachers’ Performance in 12-Year Basic Education in Nyarugusu Rwanda.
No full textThis study assessed the effect of headteachers‘ leadership styles on teachers‘ performance in 12 year-basic education in Nyaruguru district-Rwanda. The study was guided by three theories: participative, transformational leadership, and transactional leadership theories. This study adopted mixed method and convergent research design with the sample size of 178 including 164 teachers and 12 headteachers from 12 schools. Proportional sampling determined the number of teachers from each school. Simple random sampling was used to select teachers from schools, while purposive sampling was employed for selecting headteachers. Data were gathered through questionnaires and structured interview. Questionnaires were administered to teachers, and structured interviews were conducted with headteachers. With the aid of V.27 of SPSS, quantitative data were analyzed. Descriptive statistics (percentage, means, frequencies, and standard deviations) were used to summarize the data, while inferential statistics (correlation, and regression analysis) were used to examine relationships between variables. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that democratic and transformational leadership styles positively affect teachers‘ performance, whereas autocratic leadership style has a negative effect. To improve their performance, teachers recommended behaviours drawn from democratic, transformational, transactional, autocratic, and laissez-faire leadership. The findings revealed the detrimental impact of Autocratic, though a few of its behaviours were positively recognized in teachers‘ recommendations. From the findings, the study recommended government to develop and distribute a comprehensive guideline document outlining effective leadership behaviours particularly those associated with democratic and transformational styles, which were found to positively influence teachers‘ performance. Additionally, it suggests that the district integrate leadership style in all program which aimed at enhancing teachers‘ performance
Determination of Lead Levels and Evaluation of Kaolinite Clay for Lead Removal from Groundwater in the Mirerani Area, Tanzania.
No full textAccess to safe drinking water remains a critical public health concern worldwide, particularly in mining communities where heavy metals contamination is widespread. In Mirerani Tanzania, where mining and agricultural activities dominate, groundwater sources are increasingly at risk of Lead (Pb) pollution. This study aimed to establish current Pb levels in groundwater and to evaluate the efficiency of kaolinite as a natural treatment method. An experimental research design guided by a positivist philosophy was applied in this study. A stratified sampling approach was used to select 223 boreholes across the study area. Data were analyzed using descriptive, thematic, and inferential statistical methods. The findings revealed that mining areas recorded the highest mean Pb concentration of (0.026 mg/L), exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 0.015 mg/L. Agricultural, residential, and commercial areas recorded mean concentrations of 0.016 mg/L, 0.014 mg/L, and 0.016 mg/L, respectively. Kaolinite treatment demonstrated significant effectiveness, reducing Pb levels from an initial mean of 0.019 mg/L at 95% Confidence level to 0.015–0.023 and finally to 0.004 mg/L. Thus, kaolinite consistently reduced Lead (Pb) levels with most reduction falling between 0.015 and 0.023 mg/L to 0.004 mg/L. The study concludes that Pb contamination in Mirerani’s groundwater poses serious health risks. It recommends continued monitoring, encourage wider adoption of the kaolinite method as a cost-effective remediation technique to ensure safe water consumption.
Keywords: Mirerani groundwater, Kaolinite reduction method, Lead (Pb) levels, Safe water consumptio