BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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THE DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF MIMOSA PIGRA L. IN INDONESIA
Full text linkMimosa pigra L. (Mimosa asperata L.) of the family Mimosaceae is an introduced species from South America which is locally naturalized in Indonesia. The present known distribution sites are still restricted to Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. It is found in almost all provinces of Java and many heavily infested areas have been noted in Jakarta and West Java. The introduction of the plant to other islands has not been reported yet. The separation of the islands by sea is preventing the further spread of the plant in Indonesia. Control is basically occasional and on an individual basis. There is no sustained effort yet to control the plant. The urgency of controlling and restricting its spread cannot be over emphasized
BIOECOLOGY OF DIORYCTRIA ABIETELLA DENIS AND SCHIFF. A PEST OF CONIFERS IN THE NORTH-WESTERN HIMALAYA
Full text linkCones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in the North-Western Himalayan region of India. Bioecological studies carried out during 1991 - \u2792 revealed that the females laid whitish, elliptical eggs singly on the depressed surface of the young cones. The average egg size was 1.00 ± 0.11 x 0.60 ±0.08 mm and this stage lasted for 3 - 5 days. The larval stage passed through five instars. All the instars differed in appearance, size and duration and larvae became full-fed in an average of 24.8 ± 1.9 days. The full-fed larva spun a cocoon around itself, sealed it with white papery membrane and pupated inside the cone or any other outside protected place. The prepupal and pupal periods lasted for 7-8 and 10-14 days, respectively. The pupa was dark brown, 13.8 ± 0.07 mm in length. Total period from egg to adult varied from 46 to 59 days (52.7 ±4.8 days). Adults were dirty brown in appearance and were 13.59±0.115 mm long with an average wing expanse of 29.0 ± 1.00 mm. They lived for 4 to 5 days. Under laboratory conditions, the pest completed two generations per year and full-fed larvae of 3rd generation overwintered during September - October. Two larval parasites belonging to order Hymenoptera and Diptera, and a fungal pathogen (Fusarium sp.) were found associated with this pest. The detailed biology, nature and extent of damage, along with its distribution have been discussed and methods of control suggested. Key Words: Insect biology, Insect ecology, Dioryctria abietella, Coniferae, North-Western Himalaya, Forest pest
SCREENING FOR NATURAL PRODUCTS OF SHOREA Spp. AND ANISOPTERA Spp. OF THE FAMILY DIPTEROCARPACEAE FROM PASIR MAYANG, JAMBI, SUMATERA
Full text linkScreening of 12 species of Shorea and 2 species of Anisoptera from the forest of Pasir Mayang, Jambi with brine shrimp (Anemia salina) lethality bioassay showed that Shorea gibosa and Anisoptera marginata have sufficient activity for further investigation. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the active extract of S. gibosa led to the isolation of stigmasterol and the shoreaphenol. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the active extract of A. marginata resulted in the isolation of lupenone and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid O-p-C glucopyranoside as the bioactive compound. Key words: Plant natural products/Sftorea gibosalAnisoptera marginatalActive extracts/Bioassay/Pasir Mayang
NOTES ON SOME GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MIKANIA CORD AT A (BURM. F.) B.L. ROBINSON*
Full text linkMikania follows a sympodial dichotomy pattern of branching. Both stem (branches) and leaves give rise to new plants with relative ease. Internodes also root easily but do not give rise to new plants. Flower formation and seed germination are strongly influenced by light. Numerous seeds are produced but only few are filled; still fewer are the seeds that germinate. The period from early emergence to about the 3-leafed stage is most critical for survival of the new plant.
Keywords: Mikania cordata, Growth, Weed physiolog
ANTIBACTERIAL AND DIASTASE ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF HONEY Apis mellifera FROM INDONESIA
Full text linkThe quality of monofloral honey from Apis mellifera as an antibacterial can be influenced by the activity of the diastase enzyme and the secondary metabolites from the nectar source. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the activity of the diastase enzyme and the effectiveness of monofloral honey derived from Apis mellifera bees as a natural antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Sampling for monofloral honey was carried out from nine different nectar sources, namely Acacia carpa, Calliandra calothyrsus, Nephelium lappaceum, Melaleuca laucadendron, Ceiba pentandra, Mangifera indica, Coffea robusta 1, Coffea robusta 2, and Hevea brasiliensisensi. Furthermore, diastase content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the bacterial inhibition zone using the disc diffusion method. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the clustering of diastase enzyme and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the highest diastase activity in monofloral honey was Mangifera indica, Nephelium lappaceum, and Coffea robusta 2 at 20.00 DN. This was followed by Nephelium lappaceum, Ceiba pentandra, and Hevea brasiliensisensisensi at 10.00 DN, Acacia carpa at 6.67 DN, Coffea robusta 1 at 5.00 DN, and Calliandra calothyrsus 4.00 DN. The clear zones for Staphylococcus aureus on Coffea robusta 2, Acacia carpa, Nephelium lappaceum, Coffea robusta 1, Ceiba pentandra, Hevea brasiliensisensisensi, Nephelium lappaceum, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Mangifera indica were 19.47, 18.53, 17.73, 17.03, 16.12, 16.10, 16.03, 15.73, and 14.73 mm, respectively. Additionally, the clear zones for Escherichia coli on Ceiba pentandra, Coffea robusta 2, Acacia carpa, Coffea robusta 1, Melaleuca laucadendron, Mangifera indica, Hevea brasiliensisensisensi, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Nephelium lappaceum were 27.93, 26.13, 24.60, 24.53; 24.53, 24.07, 21.90, 21.60, and 21.53 mm, respectively. In conclusion, clustering analysis was conducted based on nectar sources to evaluate antibacterial and diastase activity. The clusters identified are cluster 1 consisting of Hevea brasiliensisensi, cluster 2 including Mangifera indica, and Nephelium lappaceum. Others are cluster 3 consisting of Acacia carpa and Calliandra calothyrsus, and clustergroup 4 including Nephelium lappaceum, Ceiba pentandra, Coffea robusta 1, and Coffea robusta 2. Therefore, it was necessary to carry out antibacterial testing of other bacteria, specifically Salmonella typhi, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of honey with the best antibacterial activity in various concentration variations
TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DILLENIA sp. AGAINST ESCHERICHIA coli
Full text linkArticle Highlights- The study first reported taxonomic study of Dillenia sp. in Malita, Davao, Occidental Philippines. - This is the first reported findings of the bacterial activity of the bark extract of Dillenia sp. against Escherichia coli. AbstractThe study aimed to provide a taxonomic description of Dillenia sp. and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The taxonomic description was characterized using the taxonomic keys and field guides. The antibacterial activity of Dillenia sp. was screened using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. Taxonomic description confirms Dillenia sp. to be an angiosperm flowering seed plant native to the Philippines, characterized by its round-shaped growth and evergreen foliage. The antibacterial activity of Dillenia sp. bark extracts against E. coli were assessed using different concentrations (100 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm) and extraction solvents (ethanolic, aqueous, and decoction). There are significant differences in the antibacterial activity observed among treatments within the decoction extracts, indicating varying effects on antibacterial activity. Post-hoc analysis revealed that concentrations of 100 ppm and 500 ppm were significantly more effective in inhibiting bacterial growth compared to 1000 ppm within the Decoction treatment. Each treatment showed distinct patterns of antibacterial activity, with ethanolic and aqueous extracts displaying relatively consistent activity across different concentrations, while the decoction extract exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. The study provides evidence of the antibacterial potential of Dillenia sp. bark extracts against Escherichia coli, with implications for further research and potential practical applications in combating bacterial infections. Recommendations include exploring different lower concentration ranges, considering different treatment formulations, investigating combination treatments, and assessing antimicrobial mechanisms to enhance efficacy and guide the development of novel antibacterial strategies
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RAINFALL AND LAND COVER ON THE NUMBER OF HOTSPOTS IN LORE LINDU NATIONAL PARK
Full text linkForest and land fires in Indonesia need concern in handling it, specifically in conservation areas. Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) is a conservation area that plays a role in preserving endemic plants and animals and their habitats. Research on the factors that influence forest fires in TNLL needs to be carried out to protect and prevent the risk of forest fires to protect the ecosystem. This study aims to analyze the relationship between rainfall and land cover on the number of hotspots as an indicator of forest fires in TNLL in 2017-2021. Thus, preventive strategies can be carried out as early as possible to prevent forest fires. This research was conducted by analyzing spatially and statistically 2017-2021 rainfall data in Sigi and Poso Regencies, hotspot data from the TERRA/AQUA, SNPP, and MODIS-NASA satellite in 2017-2021 in TNLL, and TNLL land cover data. In statistical analysis, rainfall data for hotspots was analyzed using Bivariate Pearson, and land cover data for hotspots was analyzed spatially using ArcMap. The results showed 55 hotspots in TNLL from 2017-2021. The Bivariate Pearson correlation test results between rainfall and hotspots are -0.028. The relationship between rainfall and hotspots shows a non-directional correlation. The lower the rainfall intensity, the more hotspots are found. Spatially, the highest number of hotspots occurred in areas with the land cover of secondary dryland forest types, with a total of 29 spots
EFFECTS OF THE HEAVY METAL, ZINC, ON THE FRESHWATER FISH TILAPIA NILOTICA L.
Full text linkGills, gonads, and blood of Tilapia nilotica exposed to different concentrations of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4. 7H2O) exhibited histological effects. Gills of posthatch larvae exposed chronically for 21 days to 2 ppm zinc sulfate and fingerlings to 10 ppm sublethal zinc concentrations exhibited hyperplasia that resulted in fusion of adjacent secondary gill lamellae. The same effects were observed in 4-hour short-term exposure to 30 ppm lethal dose. Posthatch larvae subjected to 2 and 5 ppm sublethal levels of zinc for 30 days retained undifferentiated gonads with differentiation with oogonial proliferation. Ovaries of control fish demonstrated healthy oocyte growth and other normal histological features after 57 days. In contrast, ovaries in treated groups exhibited excessive amounts of connective tissue, hyperemia and markedly reduced oocyte number. Oocytes had wavy irregular surface outlines. Deviation from normal was observed to be dose dependent. In juvenile tilapia, spermatogenesis was observed in control testes. Testes of zinc-exposed fish, on the other hand, remained immature. Hyperemia was markedly pronounced in both testes and ovary after 90 days exposure to zinc. Blood of Tilapia nilotica fingerlings exposed to sublethal concentrations of 2, 5, and 10 ppm zinc for 30, 60, and 90 days exhibited anisocytosis and poikilocytosis. There was an increase in hematocrit values in zinc-reared fish which, however, reverted to control/near control levels at day 90. Hemoglobin values were inversely proportional to the level of zinc in the rearing water. The marked reduction in hemoglobin values in fish reared at the higher zinc concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm suggests the development of some degree of anemia which is also supported by the observations of anisocytosis and poikilocytosis
THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS, FUNGI AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS IN STORED COFFEE BEANS IN LAMPUNG
Full text linkA survey on postharvest handling and technology processing of coffee beans at farmer, trader and exporter levels was conducted in West Lampung and Tanggamus regencies of Lampung province during harvest time (July 1998). Interviews and sampling of coffee beans were carried out during the survey. The number of respondents at farmer, trader and exporter levels was 22, 20 and 4, respectively, while the number of samples collected from each level was 20. All samples were analyzed for moisture content, physical quality, insect and fungal infestation, reducing sugar content, and coffee cupping. The results of the interviews indicated that postharvest handling and technology processing became better from farmers to exporters. Moisture contents of coffee beans collected from farmers and traders were higher than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (13%). Physical quality of coffee beans collected from exporters was higher than that collected from farmers and traders. Insects were found on coffee beans collected from farmers, traders and exporters, but the number of species and the percentage of samples infested by insects from each level were relatively low. The predominant species was Liposcelis entomophila. The number of fungal species on coffee beans collected from farmers was higher than that collected from traders and exporters. The predominant species at the three levels was Aspergillus niger, but the lowest percentage of beans infected by this fungus was found on coffee beans collected from exporters. The lowest percentage of samples infected by all fungi was also found on coffee beans collected from exporters. Reducing sugar content of coffee beans collected from exporters was lower than that from farmers and traders. Aroma and flavor values tended to increase from farmers through traders to exporters, while the body decreased. Some off-flavors (i.e. earthy, mouldy, fermented and woody) were encountered in a few coffee samples from farmers as well as from traders. There was no off-flavor encountered in the coffee samples from exporters. Key words:   Stored products pests/Postharvest handling/Technology processing/Moisture content Physical quality/Insect/Fungi/Reducing sugars/Coffee cupping/Coffee/ Lampung
EFFECTS OF PISOLITHUS TINCTORIUS AND LACCARIA FRATERNA ON THE GROWTH AND MYCORRfflZAL DEVELOPMENT OF PINUSPATULA SEEDLINGS*)
Full text linkVegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and Laccariafraterna were inoculated to Pinuspatula seedlings grown in both steam sterilized and unsterilized shola soil. After 4 months of seedling growth, 10 seedlings from each treatment were harvested and various growth parameters were studied. Inoculation of these two fungi resulted in the production of ectomycorrhizas and increase in growth of P. patula seedlings when compared to uninoculated seedlings. Laccariafraterna inoculated seedlings showed more number of mycorrhizas than P. tinctorius inoculated seedlings at the end of one year. Both these fungi poorly colonized the root system in both soil treatments. There was no significant difference between these two fungi in improving the seedling growth in the nursery.
Key words: Pisolithus tinctorius/Laccaria fraterna/Pinus patula/Inoculum/Seedlings/Growth