BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MANGROVE CRAB (Scylla serrata) AT THE BELADEN ESTUARY, DOMPAK, TANJUNGPINANG, RIAU ISLANDS
Full text linkMangrove crab (Scylla serrata) is one of the marine organisms that are of significant economic importance. The habitat is distributed in the coastal areas of Indonesia, within the extensive mangrove ecosystems, such as the estuary of Beladen in Dompak, Tanjungpinang. The Beladen estuary area features a flourishing mangrove ecosystem, which supports a diverse range of crab species, with a particular focus on the populations. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain several aspects of mangrove crab in the Beladen estuary, Tanjungpinang. Sampling by the census method was also carried out once every two weeks from May to June 2022. The results showed that the size composition of mangrove crab had a carapace width (CW) of 70-144 mm. The length-weight relationship reported that female and male exhibited a negative and positive allometric growth pattern (b < 3) and (b > 3), respectively. The proportion of male and female was 63% compared to 37% (sex ratio 1:0.59). The value of gonadal maturity index (GMI) in each size class ranged from 2.6512-7.1445 and 1.8751-6.7979 for male and female mangrove crab. Male and female gonadal maturity levels were predominantly categorized as II and III, indicating that crab with mature gonads was not encountered
EVALUATION OF INDONESIAN LOCAL SOYBEAN BASED ON CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND VISIBLE - NEAR INFRARED SPECTRA WITH CHEMOMETRICS
Full text linkSoybean characterization is essential to ensure product quality during distribution according to internal values. In this context, non-destructive characterization method, such as spectroscopy, offer an effective and efficient approach to testing soybean quality in field applications. Among the instruments that are widely used for testing soybean quality, the semi-portable visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectrometer operating at a specific range of 345 to 1033 nm has been proven effective. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate soybean seeds characterization using Vis-NIR spectroscopy with PCA and PLSR chemometric methods. The investigation was carried out using soybean seeds consisting of eight varieties locally produced on Java Island, Indonesia, including Dega1, Dena1, Deja2, Dering1, Devon1, Yellow Flap, Green, and Detam4, in the form of intact, crumble, flour, and paste. Several quality parameters such as protein, fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate, ash, water, chlorophyll, total carotene, vitamin C, and L*, a*, and b* values were measured across intact, crumble, flour, and paste samples. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that sample form and genotypes affected soybean classification. Furthermore, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) showed adequate model calibration for crude fiber, chlorophyll, total carotene, and vitamin C parameters. Based on this analysis, it could be concluded that Vis-NIR spectroscopy proved to be suitable for the classification and prediction of soybean characterization
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION POTENTIAL OF Inga edulis Martius: SEED COLLECTED IN THE AMAZON - BRAZIL: Potential of Inga edulis seeds
No full textArticle highlights- Inga edulis offer potential for biotechnological and environmental applications.- High protein and carbohydrate content in seeds support diverse agro-industrial uses.- edulis seeds enhance environmental education via forest nurseries schools.- Biotechnological potential of I. edulis seeds extends to ecosystem services.
AbstractInga edulis Martius is a native species of the Amazon Forest with great potential for urban afforestation in the cities of the Brazilian Amazon and widely used for the recovery of degraded areas. It is commonly cultivated by the Amazonian population for its edible fruit, quality wood, and excellent agroforestry components. This study aimed to select the matrices and obtain information about the behavior of the seeds in terms of drying, biometry, purity and germination, and chemical composition. The seeds collected in the environmental education action were recognized about potentialities of use for biotechnological products and environmental protection. The seed exploitation of this species is attractive due to its composition (protein and carbohydrates) and forest integration. I. edulis seedlings in the schools contribute to environmental education as a sustainable practice with biotechnological potential for the Amazon region
EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON CALLUS BROWNING OF COCONUT ENDOSPERM CULTURE IN VITRO
Full text linkThe possibility of physiological age and growth regulators affecting callus browning of coconut endosperm was investigated. Solid endosperm explants of four coconut fruits from same brunches of two coconut cultivars “Samoan Dwarf†were grown on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) formula with addition of 10 mg l-1 putresine, 2.50 g l-1 activated charcoal (AC), 1.70 g l-1 phytagel, 0, 10-6, 10-5, 10-4, 10-3 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (Picloram)  combined with 10-5M 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Callogenesis occurred on 98.83% of explants.  Callus browning between different physiological ages (antipodal and micropylar tissues) of coconut endosperm at  9, 26 and 31 weeks of culture (WOC) was significantly different, but not at 16 and 21 WOC. Auxins of 2,4-D and Picloram did not affect significantly callus browning of endosperm cultures. Auxin doses at 10-6, 10-5, and 10-4M decreased significantly callus browning at 9 and 16 WOC, respectively,  but at 10-6M  browning was less significant compared to  other doses at  21 WOC. Auxin dose at 10-3 M caused  less significant  browning compared to  other doses at  31 WOC. The addition of BA decreased significantly callus browning at  9 WOC , but did not affect callus browning thereafter.
Key words: Coconut, in vitro, Picloram, 2,4-D, BA
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OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTIONAL RANGE OF MANGROVE VASCULAR FLORA OF CATANDUANES ISLAND, LUZON, PHILIPPINES
Full text linkMangroves play very significant roles not only on the economic aspects but also on the ecological aspects as biobelting for tidal surges and tsunamis. The loss of human lives due to the deadly tsunamis in East Asia and the unabated destruction of coastal vegetation have resulted in a renewed focus on the mangrove resources. The purpose of this paper is to report the existing mangrove database of the typhoon-prone island province of Catanduanes in Luzon, Philippines which will be used as bases in determining the appropriate educational management initiatives of various sectors for mangrove rehabilitation and regeneration.  A total of 37 species of mangrove vascular flora (13 species of major mangrove elements, 10 species of minor mangrove elements and 14 associated mangrove species) were identified in the island under study. Two species of the genus Avicennia (A. marina and A. officinalis) were noted in the island. The other genera (Bruguiera, Ceriops, Sonneratia and Rhizophora) are well distributed in the designated eco-zones. Nypa fruticans is the most important mangrove plant species and a member of the screwpine family (Pandanaceae), Pandanus tectorius which is an associated mangrove species is well-distributed all throughout the island.Key words: Mangroves, vascular flora, Catanduanes, Philippines, occurrence and distribution
IN VITRO INOCULATION OF ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS TISSUE CULTURE SHOOTS WITH FUSARIUM PROLIFERA TUM
Full text linkABSTRACT Artificially inoculated asparagus tissue culture plantlets with a virulent fungus, Fusarium proliferatum showed signs of infection as early as 4 days after inoculation. Macroscopic observations revealed presence of early symptoms such as necrotic lesions at the affected area and light microscopic examinations clearly revealed the post-penetration events that took place including the destruction of surrounding cells. However, little is known of the hyphal activity or advancement on the host\u27s surface at the initial stage after inoculation. Scanning electron microscopic examination clearly revealed the hyphal advancement on the surface and the mode of entrance into the host tissues beneath. Four days after inoculation, the fungi proceeded to spread out from the inoculation point onto the host surface which eventually developed into a sparse network of both aerial and non-aerial hyphae. Non-aerial hyphae form a network of mycelium that adheres to the surface and it\u27s movement appeared to be oriented towards the stomata. Hyphal penetration occurs more often through the stomata, natural openings or wounds. In some cases, the hyphae crossed over the stomatal opening without entering the host tissues. At places where the cuticle layer is absent or not well developed the hyphae successfully grew in between the epidermal cells into the tissues beneath. Key words: Tissue culture/Asparagus officinalis/shoots/Artificial inoculstion/Fusarium proliferatum
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN ALGINATE BEADS IN PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF SEVERAL DIPTEROCARP SEEDLINGS
Full text linkThe effectiveness of six species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Scleroderma columnare, S.dictyosporum, Laccaria toccata, Rhizopogon luteolus, Amanita umbronata and Descomyces sp.) in alginate beads in promoting the growth of four species of dipterocarp seedlings (Shorea pinanga, S.leprosula, S.ovalis and Hopea odorata) were studied. Different sodium alginate concentrations of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g/L were tested to find out the best bead\u27s elasticity and spore germination. Seedling height, Relative Field Mycorrhizal Dependency, percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, nutrient absorption, and the formation of Hartig\u27s net and mantle structure of dipterocarp seedlings were observed 4 months after inoculation. The best elasticity of alginate beads was found in the concentration of sodium alginate of 15 g/L. The best growth increment was found in Hopea odorata inoculated with Amanita umbronata (126.60 %) followed by Shorea pinanga inoculated with Descomyces sp. (27.10%), Shorea ovalis inoculated with Amanita umbronata (26.90 %) and Shorea leprosula inoculated with Descomyces sp. (24.20 %) over the control. The highest Relative Field Mycorrhizal Dependency was found in Hopea odorata followed by Shorea ovalis, S. pinanga and S. leprosula. The highest mycorrhizal colonization was obtained in Shorea pinanga inoculated with Descomyces sp. (75%), while inoculation with Amanita umbronata on S.leprosula, S.ovalis and Hopea odorata increased mycorrhizal colonization i.e. 64.5 %, 52.5%, and 46.2 %, respectively. Hartig\u27s net and mantle structures were well formed in Shorea leprosula as well as S.ovalis seedlings with all mycorrhizal fungi tested, while in S.pinanga seedlings these structures were only well formed with Descomyces sp. There is no clear difference in P levels in the leaves following inoculation as compared to the controls. Key words: Mycorrhizas/Alginate beads/Scleroderma columnare/Scleroderma dictyosporumlLaccaria laccatalRhizopogon luteoluslAmanita umbronatalDescomyces sp./Growth/Dipterocarpace-ae/Seedlings
CYTOTOXIC PROTEIN FROM Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var anguina (L.) Haines
No full textThree proteins were discovered, they were: TF2 from fruit, TS3 from seed and TR3 from root of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var anguina (L.) Haines by extraction with Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS). The proteins were precipitated using 80% saturated ammonium sulphate and then were dialysed using cellophane. Furthermore, the dialysate was fractionated through gel filtration chromatography. The highest protein yield was 1.109%, resulted from TS3, then 0.356% from TR3, and the lowest was 0.014% from TF2. Characterization of the proteins using SDS-PAGE indicated that all of the protein fractions showed more than one sub unit molecular masses (Mr) in the range of 16 - 29 kDa. The toxicity (LC50) of proteins on brine shrimp lethality test were within range of 19 µg/ml - 25 µg/ml. The cytotoxicities of the TR3 and TS3 proteins on cancer cell line indicated that both of the active proteins inhibit proliferation of HeLa and K-562 cells with IC50 up to 45 µg/ml. Keywords : Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var anguina (L.), plant part, protein, yield, toxicity, cytotoxicity, molecular mass
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF DAMPING-OFF FUNGI OF AGOHO (CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA L.) USING ANTAGONISTIC BACTERIA
Full text linkA series of laboratory and nursery experiments were conducted specifically to determine the efficacy of 85 strains of Bacillus species and 15 actinomycetes against six fungal pathogens isolated from damped-off agoho. These damping-off fungi were: Fusarium oxysporum Schet., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn., Phytophthora parasitica Dastur, Pythium debaryanum Hesse, and two unidentified pathogens temporarily designated as Unk 1 and Unk 2. Preliminary test using the agar-plug technique revealed that 18 of the bacterial isolates could suppress two or more of the six damping-off fungi. Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited by 17 bacterial isolates, R. solani by 8 isolates, P. parasitica by 14 isolates and P. debaryanum by 15 isolates. The unidentified damping-off fungi Unk 1 and Unk 2 were inhibited by 13 and 9 isolates, respectively. Further screening using the agar-diffusion method disclosed that 10 isolates were effective antagonists with Bacillus subtilis (Code No. R060), Bacillus sp. (Code No. R071), and Streptomyces sp. (Code No. R086) as the consistent and most effective inhibitors. Application of the three most promising antagonistic bacteria as seed treatment s howed that they effectively inhibited the growth of the damping-off fungi in the laboratory as exhibited by an increase in percent germination. Bacillus subtilis however, was not able to antagonize the effect of P. debaryanum in this particular experiment. Seed germination and seedling survival were likewise improved with the application of the three most promising antagonistic bacteria as seed treatment. This was shown after three months under nursery conditions. There were possible mechanisms of control by the antagonistic bacteria against the damping-off fungi. The mycelium and spores of the pathogenic fungus may have been attacked and parasitized by the antagonist when they were simultaneously grown in culture media. There must have been a competitive interaction between the two microorganisms. Any essential requirement of microorganisms can serve as potentially possible basis for competition. Another was antibiosis which is an inhibitory effect exerted by an organism upon another organism through the production of antibiotic compounds. Moreover, several strains of bacteria are effective in lysing cell walls of pathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions. Lysis is often attributed to production of cell wall degrading enzymes like chitinase and gluconase that may hydrolyze major constituents of fungal cell walls
Reviewers For Vol 15 No. 1
No full textProf. Dr. Mirnawati Sudarmanto, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor (IPB), Indonesia Dr. Ratih Dewanti Hariyadi, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia Prof. Dr. M.A. Chozin, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Soekisman S. Tjitrosemito, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Dahlia Sukma, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Jakarta 13220, Indonesia Dr. Lisdar M. Sudirman, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Nurita L. Toruan-Mathius, Tissue Culture Laboratory, SMART Research Institute (SMARTRI), Bogor, Indonesia Ir. Soemaryono M.Sc., Biotechnology Research Unit For Estate Crops, Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Okky S. Dharmaputra, SEAMEO BIOTROP/Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Gayuh Rahayu, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Yadi Haryadi, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Zainal Mahmud, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (Puslitbangbun), Bogor, IndonesiaÂ