BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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Calamus vitiensis (ARECACEAE), A NEW RECORD OF RATTAN IN SUMBAWA ISLAND, INDONESIA
No full textCalamus vitiensis, previously known to occur only in Papua New Guinea, Australia (Queensland), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Fiji is now also found in the mountainous area of Batudulang, West Sumbawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. This paper presents a complete report of the description, notes, and illustrations of the species
THE EFFECTS OF RAINFALL ON Penaeus monodon Fabricius POPULATIONS IN THE SEGARA ANAKAN LAGOON, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
No full textSegara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) is widely known as a traditional fishing ground for many aquatic organisms and is located in Central Java, an area with high rainfall. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of rainfall on the distribution of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in SAL and/or mangrove waters, and to explain the cause of yearly fluctuations in fish catch during a 13-year period (1998–2011). The effects of rainfall on the local distribution and abundance of shrimp in SAL, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia, were examined using the Anco method for three periods, namely: the first period (commercial catch production, 1998–2011), the second period (December 2010–November 2011), and the third period (December 2011–April 2012), as part of a shrimp fishery and eco-biology study in this region. The marked increase in rainfall from 557 mm during the East Monsoon (June–August) to 1,225 mm in the second transition season (September–November) and West Monsoon (December–February) in the Segara Anakan region enhanced the seasonal movement of shrimp into the Zone IV fishing ground and produced an initial increase in the abundance of adults (CL > 25 mm) from 312 to 2,630 individuals. This initial increase in adult abundance enhanced the shrimp\u27s reproductive potential, while heavy rainfall indirectly supported the recruitment, growth, and survival of juvenile shrimp, increasing the shrimp population in the following year. Lower rainfall from July to September adversely affected the shrimp population and typically resulted in smaller catches (312 individuals). Statistical analysis of the relationship between shrimp catch and annual rainfall showed a high level of significance at 1%
TIGER BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: CICINDELINAE) OF COMPOSTELA VALLEY PROVINCE, MINDANAO ISLAND, PHILIPPINES
Get PDFThe first faunistic record of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) in Compostela Valley Province, Mindanao with notes on their habitat is presented. Opportunistic sampling, standard light trapping and photo documentation were conducted in selected areas from January to April 2013 and in September 2015. One hundred four tiger beetles belonging to twelve species and seven genera were recorded. An astonishing (100%) endemicity was observed identified to subspecies level. Thopeutica and Calomera species, specifically Thopeutica anichtchenkoi Wiesner, 2015 and Calomera mindaoensis Cassola, 2000 were observed to be abundant in the samples mostly found in the mountainous and forested open riparian ecosystem of Cagan, New Bataan. Cylindera (Ifasina) discreta elaphroides (Dokhtouroff 1882) was the most common species and was found in different habitat types, but the majority of the species showed a narrow and specialized habitat preference. Protection and conservation of remaining forest areas in Cagan is especially important in preserving endemic species
INVASION OF Acacia decurrens Willd. AFTER ERUPTION OF MOUNT MERAPI, INDONESIA
No full textThe eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 led to the dense establishment of Acacia decurrens Willd., an Invasive Alien Plant Species (IAPS). This dense cover occurred across all areas of Mount Merapi National Park (MMNP) in Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to describe the relationship between large-scale natural disturbance caused by volcanic eruption and the subsequent invasion of A. decurrens in MMNP. Vegetation data were collected using line transects at two locations: Cangkringan, which was affected by pyroclastic flow, and Selo, which was not affected. The distribution pattern and association of A. decurrens with other plant species at each site were analyzed using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). Microclimate variables, including temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil moisture, were also recorded at each site. The correlation between species abundance and microclimate variables was further analyzed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The results showed that the population of A. decurrens was more dominant at the Cangkringan site compared to the Selo site. In Cangkringan, A. decurrens exhibited a clumped distribution pattern, whereas in Selo the species was distributed randomly. Ordination analysis (NMDS) indicated a positive association between A. decurrens and herbaceous plant species, while a negative association occurred between A. decurrens and other tree species. CCA analysis revealed that temperature and light intensity were positively correlated with A. decurrens abundance. Overall, the findings indicate that the invasion of this IAPS in MMNP is strongly associated with the disturbance caused by the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption
SECONDARY POLLEN PRESENTATION, PSYCHOPHILY AND ANEMOCHORY IN Lagascea mollis Cav. (ASTERACEAE)
No full textInformation on pollination ecology and seed dispersal aspects is essential to understand sexual reproduction in Lagascea mollis Cav. The study was aimed at providing details of pollen presentation system, pollination syndrome, pollinators and seed dispersal mode for L. mollis based mostly on field study. Paper chromatography technique was used for recording sugar and amino acid types in the nectar, since they are important to evaluate the pollination syndrome. The study indicated that L. mollis flowers during August-November. The plant produces synflorescences consisting of several capitula. Each capitulum produces a single disc floret. The plant is protandrous, temporally dioecious and exhibits secondary pollen presentation using brush mechanism to prevent autonomous selfing. The floral characteristics such as having synflorescence, narrow tubular corolla, production of sucrose-rich nectar with essential and non-essential amino acids and pollen charactersistics such as having spherical shape, tri-colpate apertures and strongly spinulose exine suggested that the plant is adapted for insect pollination. The plant is principally psychophilous. Other insects also visited the florets opportunistically and acted as supplementary pollinators. Further, thrips used this plant as breeding and feeding sites; their effect mostly geitonogamy. The fruit is an achene, anemochorous and also anthropochorous. Regeneration occurred from seeds and perennial root stock during rainy season
ISOLATION OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM THE COASTAL PLANT TERONG PUNGO (Solanum sp.) AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
No full textCoastal plant locally known as terong pungo (Solanum sp.) was used by Aceh community as traditional medicine for toothache. The objectives of this study were to isolate endophytic fungi from the leaves of terong pungo and determine the antibacterial activity of the fungi against bacteria causing dental caries and infection. Eight endophytic fungi were isolated. Antagonism test among the isolates was performed to select the most dominant fungus. TP6 was the selected fungus based on the antagonism assay. Crude extracts of the fungus were macerated from the culture broth using ethyl acetate. The strongest antibacterial activity of the extracts was obtained when the fungus was at 12 days of cultivation. The fungal crude extract was strongly active against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhibition zone diameter of 20, 21 and 23 mm, respectively
POTENCY OF RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA TO PROMOTE RICE GROWTH UNDER SALINE CONDITION
Get PDFSaline soil is a common problem in coastal paddy field, especially in Indonesia. Salinity affects rice growth and the activities of soil functional microbes, including functional bacteria, which play roles in plant growth. Some of these microbes are associated with rice plants and are able to survive under saline condition. The presence of functional microbes is also important to improve soil quality. Nitrogen and phosphate are essential soil nutrients and is available in soil due to the activities of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and free-living plant-associated bacteria. The objective of the present study was to obtain nitrogen-fixing, phosphate solubilizing and Indole Acetic Acid  (IAA)-producing bacteria that are able to survive and promote the growth of rice under saline conditions. From rice and peanut rhizosphere, Ca-phosphate (Ca-P) solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated separately using specific media. Then, the Ca-P solubilizing ability, phosphomonoesterase activity and IAA-producing ability were quantitatively examined. Based on the abilities, 20 strains were selected and identified as Burkholderia cepacia-complex, Burkholderia anthina, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Bacillus cereus-complex (three strains), Achromobacter spanius, Azospirillum sp. (four strains), Azotobacter sp. (three strains), Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium sp. (two strains), and Pseudomonas sp. (three strains). The inoculation of several single strains or the mixture of the selected strains promoted the growth of rice under saline conditions. These inoculants could be potential as biofertilizer in saline paddy fields
PROPOSED MODEL ON LEVELS OF DEGRADED LAND AT MERAWU WATERSHED, BANJARNEGARA REGENCY, CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA
No full textConservation of degraded land in Indonesia requires maps of degraded land. The maps were established based on a model developed in 1998 by the then Indonesia Department of Forestry. The model has 2 weaknesses, i.e., 1. high level of uncertainty due to vector-based data used to build the thematic maps, and 2. parameter redundancy or duplication from the model. This research was aimed to build up a proposed model on levels of degraded land at Merawu Watershed using fully raster-based data supported with remote sensing and GIS techniques. Parameters analyzed were Slope, Erosivity (R), Erodibility (K), Slope Length and Steepness (LS), Cover and Management (C), Support Practice (P), and Percentage of Canopy Cover. These data were presented in fully raster format. The Management parameter was not explicitly used in this research because it was already represented by the C and P parameters. Five parameters were directly obtained using fully raster format, i.e., Slope, LS, C, P, and Percentage of Canopy Cover. The other 2 parameters went through spatial interpolation process before being presented as fully raster format. Correlation analysis among parameters was carried out. Parameters having high correlation coefficient (r ≥ 0.8) were excluded from the model to avoid redundancy. The proposed model only used parameters having low correlation coefficient. The research result showed that the determination of levels of degraded land was more accurate when using only erosion parameters, formulated as: Level of Degraded Land (LoD) ≈ Erosion ≈ R × K × LS × C × PL
EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXICITY OF THE AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. (JAVA PATCHOULI)
No full textSeveral plants have been recently reported to possess anticancer potential. Allium cepa root tip assay is a preliminary study to assess the cytotoxic effect of plant extracts. The cytotoxic activity of plants can be correlated to their anticancer potential. Cytotoxic potential of Pogostemon heyneanus (Lamiaceae) was evaluated using A. cepa root meristematic cells. This study was aimed at analyzing cytotoxic potential of P. heyneanus using Allium cepa root tip assay. Four different concentrations of the aqueous leaf extracts at three different durations were examined. Distilled water was used as control. The extract was found to be cytotoxic at all tested concentrations, when compared to control. Mitotic index was found to be decreasing with the increase in extract concentrations and treatment durations. The aqueous extract of P. heyneanus was found to be an effective cytotoxic agent, inducing various clastogenic and non-clastogenic aberrations such as chromosome gaps, bridges, multipolar anaphase, fragments, nuclear budding and lesions, hyperchromasia, laggards and mitotic pairing
DNA BARCODE CHARACTERIZATION OF MISTLETOE INFESTATION IN TEAK CLONAL SEED ORCHARD (CSO) IN PADANGAN, EAST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Get PDFFor effective teak plantation management, early detection system in controlling teak mistletoe requires various basic information, including degree of infestation and accuracy of the species names. Mistletoe infestations in teak and mistletoe species name have been reported, but there are still problems in identifying the correct species or subspecies due to morphological similarity. The objective of this study was to clarify the species identity of hemi-parasitic mistletoe plants, which were found in teak Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) in Padangan, East Java Province, Indonesia using DNA barcodes. Species identification of teak mistletoe based on leaf morphological characteristics and universal DNA barcode regions (i.e. matK and rbcL) were carried out. The results showed that the Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) could differentiate Dendrophthoe pentandra and Macrosolen tetragonus based on leaf morphological characteristics. Variables having high correlation to distinguish both species were length of petiole, width of the widest leaf, number of secondary leaf veins, leaf base shape, aspect ratio, form factor and perimeter ratio of diameter. The results of DNA barcoding showed that the two DNA barcode regions presented good amplification and sequence results. Both DNA barcode regions successfully differentiated two species i.e. D. pentandra and M. tetragonus which belong to Loranthaceae family and have similar leaf morphological characteristics. Those regions were also able to identify Viscum articulatum and other species belonging to Santalaceae family. These results suggested that the two DNA regions could become recommended universal DNA barcode for identifying teak mistletoe