BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA IN EASTERN WATERS OF SEGARA ANAK LAGOON IN CILACAP
Get PDFBenthic foraminifera are types of organisms that are sensitive to environmental changes, so they are often used as a bioindicator for aquatic environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the community structure of benthic foraminifera community, sediment types and the relationship between the abundance of foraminifera with the sediment types in the eastern waters of Segara Anakan Lagoon in Cilacap. Method used in this study was a survey method. Samples were taken by using random sampling method. The study was conducted at 5 stations with 3 repetitions. Laboratory observations carried out included the types and numbers of benthic foraminifera. Community structure of foraminifera among stations were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, while the relationship between community structures and water quality parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The results showed that in the the eastern waters of Segara Anakan Lagoon there were 58 species of foraminifera which abundance ranged from 532 ind/m2 to 927 ind/m2. The diversity index of foraminifera was in the medium to high diversity categories. The uniformity index of foraminifera was in the high uniformity in a stable community. The dominance index of foraminifera was in the low category. The sediment types was fine sand, medium sand and coarse sand. The relationship between the abundance of foraminifera with the sediment types was strong with high R values (0.763-0.809)
DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHO-ANATOMY AND GERMINATION OF THE SEEDS OF Pterocarpus indicus f. echinatus Willd. VARIANTS
Get PDFPrevious studies on the embryo structure of legumes species had resulted in the division of the Fabaceae family into two great subfamilies based on embryo axis curvature. Research on seed morphology and anatomy adds to the knowledge of taxonomy, evolution and ecology. This study determined the seed developmental anatomy, pod and seed morphology as well as germination characteristics of the observed variants (T1 - small prickles; T2 - medium prickles; T3 - long prickles) of Pterocarpus indicus Willd. f. echinatus locally known as prickly narra in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR). Based on the anatomy of the root (radicle) and shoot apex, the formation of the leaf primordium in T2 seeds after radicle protrusion was more progressive. It was observed that the germination rate and the percentage were the highest in T2, where the apical dome was welldeveloped. The germination, pod and seed morphological characters as well as seed anatomical characters were proven to be systematically informative by showing significant differences among the variants
POSTHARVEST QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans)
Get PDFNutmeg (Myristica fragrans) or fragrant nutmeg is an important commodity that has been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, hence its quality should be monitored. The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify Critical Control Points (CCP) in nutmeg’s postharvest handling process and prepare nutmeg HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) System and 2) provide a recommendation on GHP (Good Handling Practices) of nutmeg in order to maintain its quality in relation to food safety issue which is very important for international trade. Ripe fruits of nutmeg were collected after the fruits had reached maturity and fallen from their trees. A paranet was placed under each nutmeg tree to prevent the ripe nutmeg fruits from falling on the ground. The subsequent processes were taking out the nutmeg seeds from the fruits and separating the nutmeg seeds from the pulps and maces. After that, the nutmeg seeds underwent the drying process by using the smoke- and oven-dried methods until the moisture content of the nutmeg seeds was reduced by 10%. Subsequently, the nutmeg seeds were divided into two parts, prior to the storing process. The first part was fumigated by using phosphine (2 g/m3) for eight days and the second part was not fumigated. The sampling of nutmeg seeds was conducted at the beginning of storage and after four months of storage. The parameters observed were moisture content, percentage of damaged kernels, the population of each fungal species, and aflatoxin content. The results showed that moisture content, fungal population, aflatoxin B1, and total aflatoxin contents of nutmeg kernels having been dried by using the smoke- and oven-dried methods with and without fumigation still complied with the requirements related to food safety, although the nutmegs were stored for four months. The results of this research could also determine the Critical Control Point (CCP) in the postharvest handling process of nutmegs, i.e., 1) choosing only ripe nutmeg fruits to be harvested; 2) harvesting method by preventing the ripe nutmeg fruits from falling on the ground; 3) drying process of nutmeg seeds should be conducted immediately after separating the nutmegs from the maces by using the smoke- or oven-dried methods; and 4) nutmeg seeds were stored with the shells
HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETER CONDITIONS IN JATILUHUR RESERVOIR, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
No full textWaste pollution into the Citarum River (main water source of Jatiluhur Reservoir) was dominated by the manufacturing industry sector (textile, chemical, metal, pharmaceutical). Industrial was the most common contributor to heavy metal waste. Heavy metal contamination into waters will cause any problems, one of which was the emergence of various diseases both short and long term. Based on the issues, the study of heavy metal contamination and also water quality parameter conditions in the Jatiluhur Reservoir was necessary. The heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb, Cd) contents were determined using the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometry method (for sediment) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method (for water). The other water quality parameters were analyzed using the methods from the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Furthermore, the data were compared to the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines (for heavy metal in sediment) and water quality standards from Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2001 (Class 3) (for water quality parameters). Concerning the discussion, Jatiluhur Reservoir was divided into three zones i.e. the inlet area, main inundation area, and outlet area. Conditions in the sedimentary layer, mercury (Hg) have accumulated throughout the Jatiluhur Reservoir area with conditions exceeding the maximum limit, while Cu metal tends to accumulate in the inlet area with conditions exceeding the minimum limit. For other heavy metals, exceed the minimum limit at some locations, but more results were below that. Although all heavy metals have not been detected in water, this was a warning that the presence of heavy metals in sediments can potentially dissolve into the water, the most extreme thing that can happen was upwelling. If this happens, the heavy metals can be contained excessively in water, harmful to and possibly consumed by aquatic biota and human. Considering these conditions, the biota that was most likely to be exposed was benthic organisms. In general, the water quality parameters in Jatiluhur Reservoir meet the quality standards. Only ammonia that does not meet the quality standards for sensitive fish life, regarding the massively of aquaculture activity in this reservoir
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ULIN WOOD LIQUID SMOKE AND GOGO RICE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI AGAINST PATHOGEN Pyricularia oryzae
Get PDFDiseases in rice plants (paddy) caused by microorganisms such as Pyricularia oryzae lead to a decrease in rice production. Therefore, it is essential to find out biological agents for protecting paddy and plants in general, against plant diseases. Liquid smoke and endophytic fungi have been known as biological agents to enhance the protection of plants against disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of liquid smoke, endophytic fungi and the concentrations combinations to suppress the growth of P. oryzae. The results showed that liquid smoke concentrations of 0.17% to 1.75% and endophytic fungi filtrate of 2% to 10% showed significant ability against pathogen P. oryzae. However, the combination of liquid smoke and endophytic fungi filtrate at selected concentrations (0.17% liquid smoke combined with 2% endophytic fungi filtrate and 0.34% liquid smoke combined with 2% endophytic fungi filtrate) showed no significant inhibition percentage against P. oryzae compared to control. In conclusion, this study showed that the respective applications of liquid smoke and endophytic fungi filtrate inhibit the growth of P. oryzae
HEAVY METAL BIOACCUMULATION IN DUCKS AND POSSIBLE RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH
Get PDFMeat is part of duck carcass mostly consumed by humans compared to other parts. This study aimed to analyze the heavy metal bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of duck meat and its possible risks to human health. A total of 25 duck samples with their drinking water and feed were taken from five intensive duck farms in Central Java Province, i.e., Semarang (A), Temanggung (B), Magelang (C), Pati (D) and Salatiga (E). Heavy metals concentration (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) were measured following the ICP-OES method. Heavy metals concentration data obtained were then compared with the quality standard. The BAF value was calculated and the risks to human health were assessed. Our study found that drinking water provided for ducks in all farms contained heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) concentrations exceeding the quality standards. Hg concentration of 0.089 - 5.01 ppm in duck feed exceeded the quality standard. Concentrations of Cd (0.0713 - 0.075 ppm) and Hg (3.1 - 4.84 ppm) in duck meat exceeded the quality standard. The average of BAFduck meat values was in the range of 0.443 - 0.955. The EDI value of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) for adults and children through consumption of duck meat in the Central Java region was lower than RfD. This study showed that the health risk parameters (EDI, HQ, and HI) were within safe limits. Exposure to heavy metals through duck meat consumption both in adults and children was unlikely to cause adverse health effects
SECONDARY METABOLITE OF SUMBAWA ALGAE AND ITS POTENTIAL AS NATURAL PRESERVATIVE CANDIDATES (AN ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES)
No full textPathogenic bacterial contamination was a serious matter due to its capability in reducing food quality and health. This study aimed to select various types of algae in Luk Coast, Sumbawa Regency that have the potential to produce antibacterial compounds for natural food preservatives. Algae on Luk Coast was identified by means of morphological characters, followed by sample preparation and extraction of secondary metabolites (bioactive compounds). Algae extracts were used in antibacterial tests against food spoilage bacteria, such as Escherecia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypi, Enterobacter cloacae and Pantoea agglomerans. Five types of algae identified were Padina sp., Halimeda opuntia, Sargassum horneri, Sargassum crassifolium and Galaxaura rugose. The five algae have the growth-inhibiting ability toward the tested bacteria. The highest inhibition zone was obtained from the 100% algae extract concentration
MERCURY CHLORIDE (HgCl2) EXPOSURE CHANGES THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FIGURE OF EYE AND BRAIN OF TILAPIA FISH (Oreochromis mossambicus)
Get PDF Mercury pollution brings harmful effects to aquatic animals, the environment and eventually to human health. Mercury accumulates in the liver, kidney, eye lens and brain of fish, resulting in organ damage. This study aimed to determine the effect of HgCl2 exposure on anatomical pathology and histopathology of tilapia fish eye and brain. A total of 36 male tilapia fish were allotted into 4 treatment groups with 3 replications. Fish were exposed to 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 ppm of HgCl2 for 10, 20, and 30 days. Subsequently, the anatomical pathology was observed followed by histopathological examination. Anatomical pathology examination of fish eye on day 30 showed white membrane on the eye lens surface, pupil diminution, and sunken eyes. The brain demonstrated hemorrhage, necrosis, discolorations, and granulated area. The retina showed necrosis, retina pigmentation flexiform layer widened, and cone cell atrophy. Brain depicted structural and cellular damage such as degeneration necrosis and vacuolation. HgCl2 exposure changes the anatomical pathology and histopathology of tilapia fish eye and brain
THE MOLECULAR APPROACH REVEALS THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG VENUS CLAMS ( Meretrix spp.) COMMUNITY IN MALAYSIA
Get PDFMolecular study is important to detect variations and similarities among species from the same genus, in case if they do not encompass any morphological or physiological differences. The study was conducted to differentiate among species of Meretrix spp. (Meretrix lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria) obtained from two locations in Malaysia through the phylogenetic tree. The adductor muscle tissues were used to extract DNA and to perform other procedures; the samples were subjected to analyses using PCR and gel electrophoresis. The multiple sequence comparison was conducted by MUSCLE and the phylogenetic relationships were established using Maximum Likelihood (ML) statistical methods with MEGA 6.0 statistical software. M. lyrata samples showed 99% similarity to the three accessions sequence, where M. lyrata indicated 87% similarities, and M. meretrix showed not more than 89% similarities from the deposited sequence. The nucleotide base composition sequences consisted of the mean of Thiamine (T) 37.9%, Cytosine (C) 15.4%, Adenine (A) 27.4%, and Guanine (G) 19.4%. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted using the Tamura 3-parameter model to establish five major clades on Meretrix spp. and two out-groups clades significantly different from the Meretrix spp. These major clades were closely related to each other at the 50% evidence of bootstrap, which grouped as genus Meretrix. The present study on Meretrix spp. from the Sarawak locality was able to differentiate COI sequences between M. lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria. M. lusoria was close related to M. meretrix with strong bootstrap supporting evidence at 96% scoring. Moreover, M. lyrata was inferred as the ancestor to M. meretrix, and M. lusoria from Sarawak, Malaysia
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITIES OF CORN WITH DIFFERENT MOISTURE LEVELS SUPPLEMENTED WITH MOLD INHIBITOR
Get PDFCorn grain is used as the main energy source in poultry diet formulation. The quality of corn is easy to deteriorate during storage because of insect, fungal, and mycotoxin contamination. Efforts should be made to maintain the quality of corn during storage. The present study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of different moisture levels of corn supplemented by a mold inhibitor. A total of 750 kg of corn grain was used in the present study. A commercial mold inhibitor was used with a dose of 0.075%. The experimental design used was a 3 x 2 factorial complete randomized design. The first main factor was the different moisture levels (ML) of corn (≤10%, 10.0-10.9%; 11.0-11.9%), while the second main factor was mold inhibitor (MI, - or +). Thus, there were six treatment combinations, and each treatment comprised five replications. The results showed that ML, MI, and ML x MI interaction significantly (P<0.05 to 0.001) affected the percentage of grain damage and fungal grain but not (P>0.05) the moisture level of corn during 90 days of storage. Except for crude protein content, the ML did not affect (P>0.05) the proximate composition (PC) and gross energy (GE) content of corn. Except for dry matter (DM), the PC and GE content of corn were not affected (P>0.05) by MI. ML x MI interaction did not affect (P>0.05) the PC and GE content. The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content was similar (P>0.05) among all treatments. Except for histidine and lysine contents, the amino acid contents of corn were not affected by ML, MI, or ML x MI combination. In conclusion, the supplementation of MI in corn with different ML improved the physical quality, DM, ash, and GE content of corn grain during the storage; MI maintained the DM content but did not reduce the AFB1 content of corn. Except for histidine and lysine, the supplementation of MI in corn with different ML did not affect the amino acid content of corn.