BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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EFFICIENCY OF FERMENTED SEAWEED EXTRACT AS FOLIAR FERTILIZER AT VARYING FREQUENCY AND CONCENTRATION IN PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) PRODUCTION
Get PDFFermented seaweed extract (FSE) was used as fertilizer in peanut production at MSU Sulu –BARMM, Philippines. The experiment was set up in a 3 x 5 factorial in split-plot randomized complete block design (RCBD), with the main plot (A) as the frequency of the fertilizer applied - once a week, twice a week, and once a month while, the sub-plot (B) as the concentration at 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The application of fermented seaweed extract significantly influenced the growth parameters and yield responses in peanut production. The treatment combinations of once- and twice-a-week application of 5-10% fermented seaweed extract provided the best results in peanut growth and yield. FSE applied twice a week at 5% concentration gave the highest yield of 2.49 tons per hectare. Peanut applied with FSE once a week at a 5% concentration gave the lowest cost of expenses and the highest return on investment of 179%
NOTES ON SOME FUSARIUM AND CYLINDROCARPON ON DIPTEROCARPACEAE OF INDONESIA*
Get PDFSix species of pathogenic fungi belonging to the genera Fusarium (Fusarium sacchari var. sacchari, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. spl, F. sp2) and Cylindrocarpon (Cylindrocarpon destructans) on seeds, seedlings and saplings of Dipterocarpaceae in Sumatra and West Java were identified
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTIAL CDNA OF SUCROSE SYNTHASE PUTATIVE GENE IN PALMYRA PALM (BORASSUS FLABELLIFER)
Get PDFIntensification of biofuel resources is urgently needed considering the decrease in availability of world’s fossil fuel. Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) is highly potential to be developed as bioethanol source regarding the high sucrose content in its nira. It was observed that nira produced in dry season is sweeter than that in rainy season, which presumed to be influenced by a difference in expression level of sucrose-related genes during the two seasons. Studies on   Sucrose Synthase (SUS) gene of palmyra are therefore required prior to study the gene expression. Palmyra SUS gene sequence is currently unavailable in GenBank, thereby pair of primers was designed from highly conserved region of SUS proteins among monocots. A 1866 bp partial cDNA fragment of SUS putative gene has been succesfully isolated from RNA of the young leaves of B. flabellifer. BLASTn and BLASTp aligments showed that either BfSUS cDNA or BfSUS polypeptide has high similarity with SUS cDNA and proteins from diverse plant species, with the highest similarity shown by Tulipa gesneriana. The phylogenetic tree showed that SUS protein sequences of monocot species were distinctively grouped and splitted from those of dicot species. The BfSUS was clustered in monocot group, although not specifically grouped with particular monocot species. Nevertheless, B. flabellifer showed nearest genetic distance with Tulipa gesneriana and Oncidium cv.’Goldiana’. Characterization of BfSUS polypeptide using Geneious 4.6.2 indicated the presence of sucrose synthase (SUS) and glycosyl transferase (GT) domains, four putative UDP-glucose binding pockets within the GT domain, and a calcium-dependent Ser/Thr protein kinase binding site within the SUS domain. These domains and motifs are highly conserved in SUS proteins across plant species, hence confirming that the cDNA fragment obtained in this study is the putative gene of sucrose synthase of B. flabellifer.
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Keywords: Borassus flabellifer, nira, sucrose, sucrose synthase, SUS domain, GT domain,
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THE POSSIBILITY OF CONTROLLING SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII ON SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX) USING TRICHODERMA AND TEBUCONAZOLE*)
Get PDFThe possibility of controlling S. rolfsii on soybean (Glycine max) var. Rinjani using T. aureoviride and Tebuconazole under field conditions was studied. The experiment was conducted at the experimental plot of SEAMEO BIOTROP. The pathogen was mixed with the soil (2 kg/plot) 4 days before the inoculation of the antagonist (2.25 kg/plot). The measurement of each plot was 2.5 x 6 m2 . N, P and K (120 kg/ha) were applied at the same day with the inoculation of the pathogen. Soybean seeds were planted 7 days after the inoculation of the antagonist. The distance between plants and between plots were 20 and 40 cm, respectively. The fungicide at concentration of 100 g/ha (in vitro concentration) and 210 g/ha (field or recommended concentration) were applied using 2 methods, i.e. 1) spraying on the planting hole at the same day as the planting of soybean seeds, and 2) spraying on the soil surrounding the plants 7 days after planting. Soils that were neither inoculated with the antagonist nor the fungicide were used as controls. Three replications (3 plots) were used for each treatment (including the control). The results showed that the inoculation of the antagonist, the concentrations of the fungicide, and time of application gave very significant differences in the percentages of the plants infected by the pathogen and significant differences in seed production; while the interaction between the inoculation of the antagonist and the concentrations of the fungicide, between the concentrations of the fungicide and the time of application, and between the inoculation of the antagonist, the concentrations of the fungicide and the time of application did not give significant differences either in the percentages of the plants infected by the pathogen or seed production. The percentage of plants infected by the pathogen was lower on soil inoculated with the antagonist (31.6%) than on soil not inoculated with the antagonist (52.9%). The percentage of plants infected by the pathogen was lower on soil treated with the fungicide either at in vitro concentration (37.5%) or at field concentration (37.4%) than on the soil not treate
EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON SHOOT MULTIPLICATION AND ROOT INDUCTION OF CASSAVA VARIETIES CULTURE IN VITRO
Get PDFA study on propagation of three superior cassava Manihot esculenta( Crant) varieties i.e.Darul Hidayah, Malang-6 and Adira-4 through tissue culture technique was conducted at theTissue Culture Lab of SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor. The objective of the experiment was tostudy effect of plant growth regulators on Manihot esculenta propagation, which can be used in cassavamicropropagation protocol. Plant materials used were auxiliary shoots of a stem node. Theexperiment consisted of (i) shoot multiplication, (ii) roots induction, and (iii) acclimatization.The multiple shoot regeneration was observed by using Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal mediasupplemented with 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L of benzylaminopurine (BAP) combined with 0.0,0.1 and 1.0mg/L of thidiazuron. The root induction was observed by using 0.1 and 1.0mg/Lof IBA and NAA. The resulting plantlets were transplanted into plastic polybags containingsoil mixed with organic fertilizer (1:1) covered with plastic sheets and transferred to agreenhouse. The result of the study showed that the highest number of shoots for DarulHidayah, Malang-6 and Adira-4 varieties were 4.93 shoots treated with BAP 1 mg/L +thidiazuron 0.1 mg/L, 4.20 shoots at BAP media of 1 mg/L, and 7.20 shoots at the mediaof BAP 1 mg/L + thidiazuron 0.1 mg/L respectively. The highest number of nodes producedwas 2.9 nodes for Darul Hidayah at BAP 5 mg/L, 5.13 nodes for Malang-6 at BAP 0.1 mg/L,and 6.18 nodes forAdira-4 at BAP 5mg/L + thidiazuron 1mg/L. The utilization of auxin IAAor NAA could induce and accelerate the growth of roots which finally could increase thesuccess of acclimatization process. With an average of four multiplication factors of eachculture period, the potency of each cassava shoot propagated through tissue culture couldproduce around 37 000 plants/year. Keywords:Manihot esculenta, shoot multiplication, root induction, BA, thidiazuron, IBA,NA
INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND LENGTH OF STORAGE ON FUNGAL INVASION OF PADDY RICE *)
Get PDFThe relationship of moisture content and storage period to fungal population, seed germination, grain whiteness and translucency was determined. Various fungal species predominated at different moisture conditions and storage periods. The fungi observed belong to the groups of Aspergillus flavus-oryzae, A. glaucus, A. mdulans. A. candidus, A. versicolor, A. terreus and A. niger and an unidentified species of Penicillium, Trichoconiella, Curvularia, Fusarium, Syncephalastrum and Verticillium. The predominant storage fungi were A. fla\iis-oryzae and A. candidus whereas, the predominant field fungi were Trichoconiella sp., Cun-ularia sp. and Syncepfialastrwn sp. A decrease in the number of field fungi and an increase in the number of storage fungi with storage time were observed. Storage fungi were noted as early as five weeks after storage at moisture contents from 9.3 to 18.33%. The percentage germination of paddy remained high when stored at moisture contents of 9.3 to 14% but decreased with storage time at 14.5 to 18.33% moisture content. The percentage germination of paddy reached a peak at 10-15 weeks of storage. A significant negative correlation between percent germination and moisture content was observed. At 14.5-18.33% moisture content, the germination of stored paddy decreased with a marked increase of storage molds. Changes in grain whiteness was not affected by moisture content. However, a decrease in percent whiteness and translucency was noted after 25 weeks of storage.Keywords:      Stored products pests / Rice / Moisture content / Storage / Time / Fungi / Aspergillus sp. / Penicillium sp. / Trichoconiella sp. / Curvularia sp. / Fusarium sp./ Syncephalastrum sp. / Verticillium sp.Â
INFLUENCE OF INSECT AND SEED SAMPLE SIZE AND HEAT TREATMENT ON THE INFESTATION OF CALLOSOBRUCHVS CHINENS1S (L.) ON MUNGBEAN, VIGNA RADIATA (L) Wilczek *)
Get PDFThe influence of different insect and seed sample size and heat treatment on the infestation of bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis on mungbean,Vjg/m radiata (L.) Wilczek, was studied. Insect and seed sample size as well as varieties/genotype had significant influence in obtaining large responses in the number of eggs and progenies of the bean weevil. Use of at least 10 adult weevils to infest test samples containing at least 40 seeds for a 5-day oviposition period should produce reliable results when infesting mungbean seeds with unsexed weevils. Dry heat treatment was very effective in disinfesting mungbean seeds from the bean weevil in different developmental stages. It improved germination depending upon the condition of the seed before tr eatment and certain temperature limits. A suggested treatment for mungbean dismfestation using dry heat would be 60°C and 70°C for two-and one-hour treatments, respectively at 12% moisture content. For seeds in bulk, 60°C is much preferred.Key words:  Callosobruchus chinensis/ Insect and seed sample size/Mungbean infestation/Heat treatmen
PREOVULATORY CHANGES AND OVULATION IN CATTLE UNDERGOING SPONTANEOUS OR CLOPROSTENOL-INDUCED LUTEOLYSIS
Get PDFThe follicular population, diameter of the ovulatory and subordinate follicles, corpus luteum (CL) size, concentration of progesterone and estradiol-17p were studied following spontaneous or cloprostenol-induced luteolysis. A total of 14 heifers received cloprostenol treatment on Day 9-11 of the cycle to synchronize their estrus. Subsequently, they were divided into two groups, one group which was allowed to undergo spontaneous luteolysis and the other group in which estrus was induced from days 9 to 12. In the induced-group, transrectal ultrasonography were performed daily started two days prior to injection until the onset of estrus. In the spontaneous-group, ultrasonography was done daily from day 15 until the onset of estrus. In both groups scanning were performed every 4 h from the onset of estrus until ovulation was ascertained. Small (SF, 2-4 mm), medium (MF.5-9 mm ) and large (LF,>9mm) size follicles were recorded. The diameter of largest and subordinate follicles were measured and blood were drawn from jugular vein at approximately around scanning and the plasma were used for measurement of progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17p (E2) concentration. There was no different in term of number of SF, MF and LF (P>0.05) between the two groups. Similarly, no effect of side (left vs. right ovary) and CL position (ipsi- vs contralateral to the ovary) was found (P>0.05). However, it was demonstrated that mean number of ovulatory follicles was higher (PO.01) in the spontaneously ovulating group while the regressing-CL size was larger in the cloprostenol induced animals (
MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ON Shorea javanica
Get PDFIt was April 1985, under the leadership of Dr. Ir. Z. Goto, then Tropical Forest Biology Program Manager, that it was decided to launch in BIOTROP a multidisciplinary research on Shorea javanica. This followed the publication in 1984 by E.F. Torquebiau of a paper describing the traditional planting of this tree for resin production by farmers near the small town of Krui, in Lampung Province, Southern Sumatra (Man-made dipterocarp forest in Sumatra. Agroforestry Systems, 2: 103-127). A proposal was subsequently made to develop in BIOTROP different research topics around this species in order to promote it for plantation forestry. The choice of this species was justified by the important knowledge from its traditional uses and planting, while in the long term, it is hoped that the development of plantations of this species will promote the use of other dipterocarps and native trees for plantation forestry
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FROM THE RfflZOSPHERES OF SOYBEAN CROPS IN LAMPUNG AND WEST JAVA*)
Get PDFThe occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the rhizospheres of field-grown soybean crops in the provinces of Lampung and West Java was examined. Nineteen taxa of AM fungi were identified as follows: Acaulospora delicata, A. Foveata, A. rehmii, A. scrobiculata and A. tuberculata; Gigaspora cf. gigantea and Gigaspora sp. 1; Glomus clavisporum; Glomus cf. fasciculatum, Glomus micro-aggregatum, Glomus sp. 1, Glomus sp. 2, Glomus sp. 3 and Glomus sp. 4; Scutellospora cf. heterogama, Scutellospora cf. pellucida, Scutellospora sp. 1. Scutellospora sp.2. and Scutellospora sp. 3.
Key words: Mycorrhizas/Soybean/Rhizosphere fungi/Identification